ONCOLOGY LETTERS 13: 1797-1806, 2017
TRIM24 promotes the aggression of gastric cancer via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway ZILING FANG*, JUN DENG*, LING ZHANG, XIAOJUN XIANG, FENG YU, JUN CHEN, MIAO FENG and JIANPING XIONG Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China Received July 7, 2015; Accepted November 3, 2016 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5604 Abstract. Tripartite motif‑containing 24 (TRIM24) is important in tumor development and progression. However, the role of TRIM24 in gastric cancer (GC) and the mechanisms underlying the dysregulated expression of TRIM24 remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, it was found that TRIM24 was frequently overexpressed in GC cell lines and tissues compared with normal controls, as determined by western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. The high nuclear expression of TRIM24 was correlated with the depth of invasion (P=0.007), tumor‑node‑metastasis stage (P=0.005), and lymph node metastasis (P=0.027), and shorter overall survival rates (P=0.010) in patients with GC. Small interfering RNA‑mediated knockdown of TRIM24 inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion and the nuclear accumulation of β‑catenin, and it delayed cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis. In addition, the expression of TRIM24 was positively correlated with that of β‑catenin in GC tissues. TRIM24 knockdown decreased the expression of Wnt/β ‑catenin target genes, whereas the activation of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling by lithium chloride reversed the effects of TRIM24 knockdown. Taken together, these data suggested that TRIM24 was a prognostic or potential therapeutic target for patients with GC and was important in the activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway during the progression of GC. Introduction Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality worldwide (1). Despite substantial advances
Correspondence to: Professor Jianping Xiong, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China E‑mail: [email protected] *
Contributed equally
Key words: tripartite motif‑containing 24, gastric cancer, aggressiveness, Wnt/β‑catenin
in surgery, chemo‑ and radiotherapy, and targeted molecular therapy, the 5‑year survival rate of patients with advanced GC remains low. Therefore, identifying novel diagnostic and prognostic markers, and elucidating the mechanisms underlying disease progression are essential for preventing and treating gastric tumorigenesis. The Wnt/β ‑catenin signaling pathway is implicated in oncogenesis, and contributes to the initiation and progression of GC (2). In the absence of Wnt ligands, cytoplasmic β ‑catenin is phosphorylated by a multi‑protein complex consisting of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, casein kinase 1 and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‑3β, leading to its ubiquitination and degradation (3,4). This is inhibited upon activation of Wnt signaling; β ‑catenin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it initiates the transcription of a variety of target genes. The accumulation of nuclear β ‑catenin is a hallmark of Wnt signaling activation (5). Somatic mutations in APC, β ‑catenin and axin, among other factors, are responsible for activating the Wnt/β ‑catenin pathway (6‑8). However, the mechanisms by which the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway is activated in GC remain to be fully elucidated. The tripartite motif (TRIM) family, identified as a subfamily of the RING‑type E3 ubiquitin ligase family, is involved in a broad range of biological processes, including cell growth and apoptosis, development and tumorigenesis (9). TRIM24, formerly known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1α, is a member of the TRIM family, which is characterized by a RING domain, two B‑box zinc fingers and a coiled‑coin region (10). The aberrant overexpression of TRIM24 is a prognostic factor in several types of cancer, and promotes tumor development and progression through various mechanisms. TRIM24 ubiquitinates and induces the proteasome‑mediated degradation of p53 (11,12), and can also bind to chromatin and the estrogen receptor to activate target genes associated with cell proliferation and tumor development in breast cancer (13). TRIM24 also promotes tumorigenesis by activating aerobic glycolysis (14) and serves as a target of chromosomal translocations leading to the formation of oncogenic fusion proteins (15‑17). However, the role of TRIM24 in the development of GC and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Previous studies have indicated that TRIM proteins regulate Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. TRIM29 promotes proliferation and metastasis via Wnt/β ‑catenin
1798
FANG et al: TRIM24 ACTIVATES THE WNT/β-CATENIN PATHWAY IN GASTRIC CANCER
pathway activation in pancreatic cancer (18), whereas TRIM24 knockdown in human HepG2 liver cancer cells downregulates β‑catenin and cyclinD1, two major downstream genes of the Wnt pathway (19). Therefore, the present study hypothesized that TRIM24 promotes the aggressiveness of GC by activating Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. To confirm this hypothesis, the present study examined the expression and functions of TRIM24 in GC cell lines and tissue samples. It was found that TRIM24 was upregulated in GC, which was positively correlated with the expression of β ‑catenin. In addition, TRIM24 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, arrested cells at the G0/G1 phase, inhibited migration, invasion and the nuclear translocation of β‑catenin, and induced apoptosis. It was confirmed that TRIM24 exerted its oncogenic functions through activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Therefore, the findings of the present study indicated that TRIM24 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for GC and is important in activation of the Wnt/β ‑catenin pathway during the progression of GC. Materials and methods Ethics statement. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University (Nanchang, China). Informed consent was provided by patients from whom tissue samples were obtained for investigation. Cell lines and culture. The human MGC803 and SGC7901 GC cell lines were purchased from the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Science (Shanghai, China). GES‑1, a normal human gastric mucosa cell line, and the AGS, BGC823 and HGC‑27 GC cell lines were obtained from the Sun Yat‑Sen University Cancer Center (Guangzhou, China). All cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium (HyClone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences) for 24 h in a humidified chamber at 37˚C and 5% CO2. Patients and tissue samples. A total of 4 fresh GC tissues and paired noncancerous gastric mucosal tissues were collected by gastrectomy from the Department of General Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. All the fresh samples were immediately snap-frozen in liquid and stored at -80˚. Paraffin‑embedded GC tissues (n=90) and gastric normal tissues (n=60) were collected from the Department of Pathology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University between 2007 and 2009. None of these 90 patients with GC had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy prior to surgery. The overall survival (OS) of the patients with GC was defined as the period between the date of surgery to the time at which the patient succumbed to mortality from any cause, or the date of the last follow‑up if no event was documented. Tumor stage was determined according to the 2010 American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria (20). Histological differentiation was based on World Health Organization criteria (21). The detailed clinical information of the patients is summarized in Table I.
Immunohistochemistry. The tissue samples were formalin‑fixed overnight and then paraffin‑embedded at room temperature, prior to being cut into 4‑µm serial sections. The sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated by incubation in 3% hydrogen peroxide for 15 min at room temperature. Antigen retrieval was performed by heating the sections in citrate buffer at 95˚C for 1 h. The sections were then incubated with rabbit anti-human polyclonal TRIM24 antibody (1:200 dilution; catalog no. , ab70560; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) or rabbit antihuman monoclonal β-catenin antibody (1:100 dilution; catalog no. 8480; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) in a humidified chamber overnight at 4˚C. Following washing three times with phosphate‑buffered saline (PBS), the sections were incubated at room temperature with a horseradish peroxidase system and DAB substrate (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA), followed by incubation with PBS containing diaminobenzidine for 10 min at room temperature. The tissue samples were examined by two investigators who were blinded to the pathological information, and immunoreactivity was scored using the German Semi‑Quantitative method (22). For TRIM24 staining, each specimen was scored according to its staining intensity (0, none; 1, weak; 2, moderate; 3, strong) and the percentage of stained cells (0, 0%; 1, 1‑24%; 2, 25‑49%; 3, 50‑74%; 4, 75‑100%). A final staining index (SI) was calculated as the product of the intensity and percentage scores, yielding a value between 0 and 12, which was classified as negative (‑, 0‑1), weak (+; 2‑4), moderate (++; 6‑8) or strong (+++; 9‑12). An SI ≥6 was considered a high expression of TRIM24 and an SI50 cells) were visualized using 5% crystal violet staining and counted. The results are reported as the average of three independent experiments. Cell cycle and apoptosis analyses. The cells were collected 48 h following siRNA transfection, and cell cycle phase was determined using flow cytometry (Beckman‑Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA). The NC‑transfected and TRIM24 siRNA‑transfected cells were washed in cold PBS and fixed overnight in 1 ml of 70% ethanol. The following day, the cells were collected, washed and stained with propidium iodide (PI) for 30 min at 4˚C. Apoptosis was quantified using an Annexin V‑Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Apoptosis Detection kit (Sigma‑Aldrich; Merck Millipore) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, 1x10 6 NC‑transfected and TRIM24 siRNA‑transfected cells were collected 48 h following transfection, washed twice in cold PBS, resuspended in 500 µl binding buffer, incubated with Annexin V‑PI for
Immunofluorescence. The cells were cultured in confocal dishes and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min washed three times with PBS and then permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X‑100 for 10 min, all at room temperature. Following blocking with 5% BSA at room temperature for 2 h, the cells were incubated with rabbit anti-human monoclonal anti‑β‑catenin antibody (1:200 dilution; catalog no. 8480; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) overnight at 4˚C. Following washing in PBS three times, the cells were incubated with appropriate Alexa Fluor 488‑conjugated secondary antibodies (1:500 dilution; catalog no. ab150077; Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature, and then counterstained with 4',6‑diamidino‑2‑phenylindole for 10 min. Fluorescence images were captured using laser confocal microscopy. Statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using paired t‑tests to compare quantitative variables. Differences in the expression of TRIM24 between tumor and normal tissues were compared using the Mann‑Whitney U test. χ2 tests were used to assess the correlation between the expression of TRIM24 and clinicopathological characteristics. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan‑Meier method, and OS rates were compared using the log‑rank test. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P
TRIM24 promotes the aggression of gastric cancer via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway ZILING FANG*, JUN DENG*, LING ZHANG, XIAOJUN XIANG, FENG YU, JUN CHEN, MIAO FENG and JIANPING XIONG Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China Received July 7, 2015; Accepted November 3, 2016 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5604 Abstract. Tripartite motif‑containing 24 (TRIM24) is important in tumor development and progression. However, the role of TRIM24 in gastric cancer (GC) and the mechanisms underlying the dysregulated expression of TRIM24 remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, it was found that TRIM24 was frequently overexpressed in GC cell lines and tissues compared with normal controls, as determined by western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. The high nuclear expression of TRIM24 was correlated with the depth of invasion (P=0.007), tumor‑node‑metastasis stage (P=0.005), and lymph node metastasis (P=0.027), and shorter overall survival rates (P=0.010) in patients with GC. Small interfering RNA‑mediated knockdown of TRIM24 inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion and the nuclear accumulation of β‑catenin, and it delayed cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis. In addition, the expression of TRIM24 was positively correlated with that of β‑catenin in GC tissues. TRIM24 knockdown decreased the expression of Wnt/β ‑catenin target genes, whereas the activation of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling by lithium chloride reversed the effects of TRIM24 knockdown. Taken together, these data suggested that TRIM24 was a prognostic or potential therapeutic target for patients with GC and was important in the activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway during the progression of GC. Introduction Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality worldwide (1). Despite substantial advances
Correspondence to: Professor Jianping Xiong, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China E‑mail: [email protected] *
Contributed equally
Key words: tripartite motif‑containing 24, gastric cancer, aggressiveness, Wnt/β‑catenin
in surgery, chemo‑ and radiotherapy, and targeted molecular therapy, the 5‑year survival rate of patients with advanced GC remains low. Therefore, identifying novel diagnostic and prognostic markers, and elucidating the mechanisms underlying disease progression are essential for preventing and treating gastric tumorigenesis. The Wnt/β ‑catenin signaling pathway is implicated in oncogenesis, and contributes to the initiation and progression of GC (2). In the absence of Wnt ligands, cytoplasmic β ‑catenin is phosphorylated by a multi‑protein complex consisting of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, casein kinase 1 and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‑3β, leading to its ubiquitination and degradation (3,4). This is inhibited upon activation of Wnt signaling; β ‑catenin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it initiates the transcription of a variety of target genes. The accumulation of nuclear β ‑catenin is a hallmark of Wnt signaling activation (5). Somatic mutations in APC, β ‑catenin and axin, among other factors, are responsible for activating the Wnt/β ‑catenin pathway (6‑8). However, the mechanisms by which the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway is activated in GC remain to be fully elucidated. The tripartite motif (TRIM) family, identified as a subfamily of the RING‑type E3 ubiquitin ligase family, is involved in a broad range of biological processes, including cell growth and apoptosis, development and tumorigenesis (9). TRIM24, formerly known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1α, is a member of the TRIM family, which is characterized by a RING domain, two B‑box zinc fingers and a coiled‑coin region (10). The aberrant overexpression of TRIM24 is a prognostic factor in several types of cancer, and promotes tumor development and progression through various mechanisms. TRIM24 ubiquitinates and induces the proteasome‑mediated degradation of p53 (11,12), and can also bind to chromatin and the estrogen receptor to activate target genes associated with cell proliferation and tumor development in breast cancer (13). TRIM24 also promotes tumorigenesis by activating aerobic glycolysis (14) and serves as a target of chromosomal translocations leading to the formation of oncogenic fusion proteins (15‑17). However, the role of TRIM24 in the development of GC and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Previous studies have indicated that TRIM proteins regulate Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. TRIM29 promotes proliferation and metastasis via Wnt/β ‑catenin
1798
FANG et al: TRIM24 ACTIVATES THE WNT/β-CATENIN PATHWAY IN GASTRIC CANCER
pathway activation in pancreatic cancer (18), whereas TRIM24 knockdown in human HepG2 liver cancer cells downregulates β‑catenin and cyclinD1, two major downstream genes of the Wnt pathway (19). Therefore, the present study hypothesized that TRIM24 promotes the aggressiveness of GC by activating Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. To confirm this hypothesis, the present study examined the expression and functions of TRIM24 in GC cell lines and tissue samples. It was found that TRIM24 was upregulated in GC, which was positively correlated with the expression of β ‑catenin. In addition, TRIM24 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, arrested cells at the G0/G1 phase, inhibited migration, invasion and the nuclear translocation of β‑catenin, and induced apoptosis. It was confirmed that TRIM24 exerted its oncogenic functions through activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Therefore, the findings of the present study indicated that TRIM24 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for GC and is important in activation of the Wnt/β ‑catenin pathway during the progression of GC. Materials and methods Ethics statement. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University (Nanchang, China). Informed consent was provided by patients from whom tissue samples were obtained for investigation. Cell lines and culture. The human MGC803 and SGC7901 GC cell lines were purchased from the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Science (Shanghai, China). GES‑1, a normal human gastric mucosa cell line, and the AGS, BGC823 and HGC‑27 GC cell lines were obtained from the Sun Yat‑Sen University Cancer Center (Guangzhou, China). All cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium (HyClone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences) for 24 h in a humidified chamber at 37˚C and 5% CO2. Patients and tissue samples. A total of 4 fresh GC tissues and paired noncancerous gastric mucosal tissues were collected by gastrectomy from the Department of General Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. All the fresh samples were immediately snap-frozen in liquid and stored at -80˚. Paraffin‑embedded GC tissues (n=90) and gastric normal tissues (n=60) were collected from the Department of Pathology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University between 2007 and 2009. None of these 90 patients with GC had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy prior to surgery. The overall survival (OS) of the patients with GC was defined as the period between the date of surgery to the time at which the patient succumbed to mortality from any cause, or the date of the last follow‑up if no event was documented. Tumor stage was determined according to the 2010 American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria (20). Histological differentiation was based on World Health Organization criteria (21). The detailed clinical information of the patients is summarized in Table I.
Immunohistochemistry. The tissue samples were formalin‑fixed overnight and then paraffin‑embedded at room temperature, prior to being cut into 4‑µm serial sections. The sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated by incubation in 3% hydrogen peroxide for 15 min at room temperature. Antigen retrieval was performed by heating the sections in citrate buffer at 95˚C for 1 h. The sections were then incubated with rabbit anti-human polyclonal TRIM24 antibody (1:200 dilution; catalog no. , ab70560; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) or rabbit antihuman monoclonal β-catenin antibody (1:100 dilution; catalog no. 8480; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) in a humidified chamber overnight at 4˚C. Following washing three times with phosphate‑buffered saline (PBS), the sections were incubated at room temperature with a horseradish peroxidase system and DAB substrate (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA), followed by incubation with PBS containing diaminobenzidine for 10 min at room temperature. The tissue samples were examined by two investigators who were blinded to the pathological information, and immunoreactivity was scored using the German Semi‑Quantitative method (22). For TRIM24 staining, each specimen was scored according to its staining intensity (0, none; 1, weak; 2, moderate; 3, strong) and the percentage of stained cells (0, 0%; 1, 1‑24%; 2, 25‑49%; 3, 50‑74%; 4, 75‑100%). A final staining index (SI) was calculated as the product of the intensity and percentage scores, yielding a value between 0 and 12, which was classified as negative (‑, 0‑1), weak (+; 2‑4), moderate (++; 6‑8) or strong (+++; 9‑12). An SI ≥6 was considered a high expression of TRIM24 and an SI50 cells) were visualized using 5% crystal violet staining and counted. The results are reported as the average of three independent experiments. Cell cycle and apoptosis analyses. The cells were collected 48 h following siRNA transfection, and cell cycle phase was determined using flow cytometry (Beckman‑Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA). The NC‑transfected and TRIM24 siRNA‑transfected cells were washed in cold PBS and fixed overnight in 1 ml of 70% ethanol. The following day, the cells were collected, washed and stained with propidium iodide (PI) for 30 min at 4˚C. Apoptosis was quantified using an Annexin V‑Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Apoptosis Detection kit (Sigma‑Aldrich; Merck Millipore) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, 1x10 6 NC‑transfected and TRIM24 siRNA‑transfected cells were collected 48 h following transfection, washed twice in cold PBS, resuspended in 500 µl binding buffer, incubated with Annexin V‑PI for
Immunofluorescence. The cells were cultured in confocal dishes and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min washed three times with PBS and then permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X‑100 for 10 min, all at room temperature. Following blocking with 5% BSA at room temperature for 2 h, the cells were incubated with rabbit anti-human monoclonal anti‑β‑catenin antibody (1:200 dilution; catalog no. 8480; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) overnight at 4˚C. Following washing in PBS three times, the cells were incubated with appropriate Alexa Fluor 488‑conjugated secondary antibodies (1:500 dilution; catalog no. ab150077; Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature, and then counterstained with 4',6‑diamidino‑2‑phenylindole for 10 min. Fluorescence images were captured using laser confocal microscopy. Statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using paired t‑tests to compare quantitative variables. Differences in the expression of TRIM24 between tumor and normal tissues were compared using the Mann‑Whitney U test. χ2 tests were used to assess the correlation between the expression of TRIM24 and clinicopathological characteristics. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan‑Meier method, and OS rates were compared using the log‑rank test. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P
