Mitochondrial DNA The Journal of DNA Mapping, Sequencing, and Analysis
ISSN: 1940-1736 (Print) 1940-1744 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/imdn20
Complete mitochondrial genome sequence and mutations of the insulin resistance model inbred C57BL/6 mice strain Xiao-Mei Meng, Yu-Xiao Tang, Ji-Chang Wang & Yao-Zhong Dong To cite this article: Xiao-Mei Meng, Yu-Xiao Tang, Ji-Chang Wang & Yao-Zhong Dong (2014): Complete mitochondrial genome sequence and mutations of the insulin resistance model inbred C57BL/6 mice strain, Mitochondrial DNA To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2014.974159
Published online: 28 Oct 2014.
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Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=imdn20 Download by: [University of California Santa Barbara]
Date: 05 November 2015, At: 18:58
http://informahealthcare.com/mdn ISSN: 1940-1736 (print), 1940-1744 (electronic) Mitochondrial DNA, Early Online: 1–2 ! 2014 Informa UK Ltd. DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.974159
MITOGENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Complete mitochondrial genome sequence and mutations of the insulin resistance model inbred C57BL/6 mice strain Xiao-Mei Meng1, Yu-Xiao Tang1, Ji-Chang Wang2, and Yao-Zhong Dong3
Downloaded by [University of California Santa Barbara] at 18:58 05 November 2015
1
Department of Endocrinology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong Province, P.R. China, 2Department of Orthopaedic Beauty Burns, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China, and 3Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong Province, P.R. China Abstract
Keywords
In the present work we undertook the complete mitochondrial genome sequencing of an important insulin resistance model inbred rat strain for the first time. The total length of the mitogenome was 16,308 bp. It harbored 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 1 non-coding control region (D-loop region). The mutation events were also reported.
Insulin resistance, genome, mitochondrion
Animals have been used by humans for centuries to understand their own biology. In insulin resistance research, animal models have allowed the study of insulin resistance disease in the early stages, as well as the investigation of the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance disease and the effects of drug intervention (Ma et al., 2014). Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common and on the rise chronic metabolic disease worldwide. During 2010, the number of adults with diabetes reached 285 million. It is estimated that by the year 2030, DM would reach up to 439 million. In Iran, 2 million adults were reported to have diabetes during 2005. Clinical trials have shown that in both types of DM, oxidative stress plays an important role in causing the adverse effects of DM. Increase in free oxidized radicals causes
History Received 27 September 2014 Accepted 5 October 2014 Published online 28 October 2014
increase in peroxidation of lipids and increase in insulin resistance. Patients with insulin resistance are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome which is the main cause of heart disease, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Additionally, there is controversy regarding zonulin’s association with insulin resistance-the key feature of metabolic diseases. It has been reported that serum zonulin levels are significantly elevated in obese subjects and in subjects with glucose intolerance, and that zonulin levels closely correlate with obesity-associated insulin resistance (MozaffariKhosravi et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014). Inbred rat and mouse strains with variations in their mitochondrial genomic sequences serve as good substrates for construction of conplastic strains for examining genetic contributions. Several complex traits are
Table 1. Genes encoded by this mitochondrial genome. Position Gene
From Phe
tRNA 12S rRNA tRNAVal 16S rRNA tRNALeu ND1 tRNAIle tRNAGln tRNAMet ND2 tRNATrp tRNAAla tRNAAsn
362 432 1388 1455 3025 3102 4058 4124 4198 4267 5309 5377 5447
Base composition (%) To 429 1386 1454 3024 3099 4058 4126 4195 4266 5310 5375 5445 5519
Size (bp)
A
C
G
T
67 955 67 1570 75 957 69 72 69 1044 67 69 73
35.8 36.8 38.8 37.7 33.3 31.9 40.6 25.0 27.5 36.4 37.3 27.6 23.3
25.4 22.7 19.4 21.0 21.3 27.9 13.0 9.7 24.6 26.4 20.9 10.1 16.4
17.9 18.0 11.9 17.7 16.0 12.6 14.5 29.2 18.9 8.9 16.4 23.2 31.5
20.9 22.5 29.9 23.6 29.4 27.6 31.9 36.1 29.0 28.3 25.4 39.1 28.8
Start codon
Stop codon
ATG
TAA
ATA
TAG
Strand H H H H H H H L H H H L L (continued )
Correspondence: Yao-Zhong Dong, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264000, P.R. China. E-mail: [email protected]
2
X.-M. Meng et al.
Mitochondrial DNA, Early Online: 1–2
Table 1. Continued
Downloaded by [University of California Santa Barbara] at 18:58 05 November 2015
Position
Base composition (%)
Gene
From
To
Size (bp)
A
C
G
T
OL tRNACys tRNATyr COX1 tRNASer tRNAAsp COX2 tRNALys ATP8 ATP6 COX3 tRNAGly ND3 tRNAArg ND4L ND4 tRNAHis tRNASer tRNALeu ND5 ND6 tRNAGlu CytB tRNAThr tRNAPro
5520 5552 5619 5688 7230 7306 7375 8065 8130 8291 8971 9755 9824 10,171 10,240 10,530 11,908 11,978 12,039 12,110 13,914 14,442 14,515 15,658 15,727
5550 5618 5686 7232 7298 7373 8058 8127 8330 8971 9774 9823 10,180 10,239 10,536 11,907 11,977 12,037 12,109 13,930 14,441 14,510 15,654 15,727 15,789
31 67 68 1545 69 68 684 63 201 681 804 69 357 69 297 1378 70 60 71 1821 528 69 1140 70 66
35.5 25.4 33.8 28.8 26.1 36.8 34.2 34.9 39.8 33.6 26.5 31.9 30.3 40.6 32.3 32.3 41.4 31.7 38.0 32.7 22.2 29.0 31.2 34.3 24.2
29.0 20.9 16.2 25.3 14.5 13.2 23.8 17.5 23.9 27.4 28.7 18.8 29.4 10.1 24.6 28.2 15.7 18.3 14.1 29.3 8.7 11.6 30.2 21.4 13.7
25.8 25.4 20.6 16.3 27.5 17.6 14.6 17.5 7.9 11.1 14.8 16.0 12.9 10.1 11.5 10.9 8.6 16.7 18.3 10.5 28.2 20.3 13.4 17.1 28.8
9.7 28.3 29.4 29.6 31.9 32.4 27.4 30.1 28.4 27.9 30.0 33.3 27.4 39.2 31.6 28.6 34.3 33.3 29.6 27.5 40.9 39.1 25.2 27.2 33.3
controlled by genetic elements of the mitochondrial genome (Chen et al., 2014). Here, we reported the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of an insulin resistance inbred C57BL/6 mice model. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using 22 pairs of primers to amplify the entire mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial DNA information of this strain was described in the Table 1 and sequence from the current study were deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KJ939361). The mitochondrial genome was 16,308 bp long including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and one control region. The total length of the protein-coding gene sequences was 11,437 bp. Most proteincoding genes initiated with ATG except for ND2, ND3 and ND5 which began with ATA. Eight protein-coding genes terminated with TAA whereas the ND2, ND3 and COX3 genes terminated with TAG and the CytB gene terminates with AGA. The incomplete stop codon (T– –) is used in ND4. A strong bias against G at the third codon position is observed in the proteincoding genes. The length of tRNA genes vary from 60 to 73 bp. Sequence data obtained from the current study were compared with the reference BN sequence (AC_000022.1). Eighty-nine variations in mtDNA were observed between these two strains.
Start codon
Stop codon
ATG
TAA
ATG
TAA
ATG ATG ATG
TAA TAA TAG
ATA
TAG
ATG ATG
TAA T– –
ATA ATG
TAA TAA
ATG
AGA
Strand L L L H L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L L H H L
35.5% of the variations were within gene-coding sequences, 18.7% were within non-coding RNA sequences, and 45.8% were synonymous variants.
Declaration of interest The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
References Chen Z, Yang DD, Zhang XH, Wei L. (2014). Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Rattus norvegicus C57CE strain. Mitochondrial DNA doi: 10.3109/19401736. 2014.958694. Ma Y, Gao M, Liu D. (2014). Chlorogenic acid improves high fat dietinduced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. Pharm Res doi: 10.1007/s11095–014–1526–9. Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Ahadi Z, Tafti FM. (2014). The effect of green tea versus sour tea on insulin resistance, lipids profiles and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized clinical trial. Iran J Med Sci 39:424–32. Zhang D, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Yue F, Russell RD, Zeng Y. (2014). Circulating zonulin levels in newly diagnosed Chinese type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.08.017.
ISSN: 1940-1736 (Print) 1940-1744 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/imdn20
Complete mitochondrial genome sequence and mutations of the insulin resistance model inbred C57BL/6 mice strain Xiao-Mei Meng, Yu-Xiao Tang, Ji-Chang Wang & Yao-Zhong Dong To cite this article: Xiao-Mei Meng, Yu-Xiao Tang, Ji-Chang Wang & Yao-Zhong Dong (2014): Complete mitochondrial genome sequence and mutations of the insulin resistance model inbred C57BL/6 mice strain, Mitochondrial DNA To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2014.974159
Published online: 28 Oct 2014.
Submit your article to this journal
Article views: 22
View related articles
View Crossmark data
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=imdn20 Download by: [University of California Santa Barbara]
Date: 05 November 2015, At: 18:58
http://informahealthcare.com/mdn ISSN: 1940-1736 (print), 1940-1744 (electronic) Mitochondrial DNA, Early Online: 1–2 ! 2014 Informa UK Ltd. DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.974159
MITOGENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Complete mitochondrial genome sequence and mutations of the insulin resistance model inbred C57BL/6 mice strain Xiao-Mei Meng1, Yu-Xiao Tang1, Ji-Chang Wang2, and Yao-Zhong Dong3
Downloaded by [University of California Santa Barbara] at 18:58 05 November 2015
1
Department of Endocrinology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong Province, P.R. China, 2Department of Orthopaedic Beauty Burns, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China, and 3Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong Province, P.R. China Abstract
Keywords
In the present work we undertook the complete mitochondrial genome sequencing of an important insulin resistance model inbred rat strain for the first time. The total length of the mitogenome was 16,308 bp. It harbored 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 1 non-coding control region (D-loop region). The mutation events were also reported.
Insulin resistance, genome, mitochondrion
Animals have been used by humans for centuries to understand their own biology. In insulin resistance research, animal models have allowed the study of insulin resistance disease in the early stages, as well as the investigation of the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance disease and the effects of drug intervention (Ma et al., 2014). Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common and on the rise chronic metabolic disease worldwide. During 2010, the number of adults with diabetes reached 285 million. It is estimated that by the year 2030, DM would reach up to 439 million. In Iran, 2 million adults were reported to have diabetes during 2005. Clinical trials have shown that in both types of DM, oxidative stress plays an important role in causing the adverse effects of DM. Increase in free oxidized radicals causes
History Received 27 September 2014 Accepted 5 October 2014 Published online 28 October 2014
increase in peroxidation of lipids and increase in insulin resistance. Patients with insulin resistance are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome which is the main cause of heart disease, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Additionally, there is controversy regarding zonulin’s association with insulin resistance-the key feature of metabolic diseases. It has been reported that serum zonulin levels are significantly elevated in obese subjects and in subjects with glucose intolerance, and that zonulin levels closely correlate with obesity-associated insulin resistance (MozaffariKhosravi et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014). Inbred rat and mouse strains with variations in their mitochondrial genomic sequences serve as good substrates for construction of conplastic strains for examining genetic contributions. Several complex traits are
Table 1. Genes encoded by this mitochondrial genome. Position Gene
From Phe
tRNA 12S rRNA tRNAVal 16S rRNA tRNALeu ND1 tRNAIle tRNAGln tRNAMet ND2 tRNATrp tRNAAla tRNAAsn
362 432 1388 1455 3025 3102 4058 4124 4198 4267 5309 5377 5447
Base composition (%) To 429 1386 1454 3024 3099 4058 4126 4195 4266 5310 5375 5445 5519
Size (bp)
A
C
G
T
67 955 67 1570 75 957 69 72 69 1044 67 69 73
35.8 36.8 38.8 37.7 33.3 31.9 40.6 25.0 27.5 36.4 37.3 27.6 23.3
25.4 22.7 19.4 21.0 21.3 27.9 13.0 9.7 24.6 26.4 20.9 10.1 16.4
17.9 18.0 11.9 17.7 16.0 12.6 14.5 29.2 18.9 8.9 16.4 23.2 31.5
20.9 22.5 29.9 23.6 29.4 27.6 31.9 36.1 29.0 28.3 25.4 39.1 28.8
Start codon
Stop codon
ATG
TAA
ATA
TAG
Strand H H H H H H H L H H H L L (continued )
Correspondence: Yao-Zhong Dong, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangding East Road, Zhifu District, Yantai City, Shandong Province 264000, P.R. China. E-mail: [email protected]
2
X.-M. Meng et al.
Mitochondrial DNA, Early Online: 1–2
Table 1. Continued
Downloaded by [University of California Santa Barbara] at 18:58 05 November 2015
Position
Base composition (%)
Gene
From
To
Size (bp)
A
C
G
T
OL tRNACys tRNATyr COX1 tRNASer tRNAAsp COX2 tRNALys ATP8 ATP6 COX3 tRNAGly ND3 tRNAArg ND4L ND4 tRNAHis tRNASer tRNALeu ND5 ND6 tRNAGlu CytB tRNAThr tRNAPro
5520 5552 5619 5688 7230 7306 7375 8065 8130 8291 8971 9755 9824 10,171 10,240 10,530 11,908 11,978 12,039 12,110 13,914 14,442 14,515 15,658 15,727
5550 5618 5686 7232 7298 7373 8058 8127 8330 8971 9774 9823 10,180 10,239 10,536 11,907 11,977 12,037 12,109 13,930 14,441 14,510 15,654 15,727 15,789
31 67 68 1545 69 68 684 63 201 681 804 69 357 69 297 1378 70 60 71 1821 528 69 1140 70 66
35.5 25.4 33.8 28.8 26.1 36.8 34.2 34.9 39.8 33.6 26.5 31.9 30.3 40.6 32.3 32.3 41.4 31.7 38.0 32.7 22.2 29.0 31.2 34.3 24.2
29.0 20.9 16.2 25.3 14.5 13.2 23.8 17.5 23.9 27.4 28.7 18.8 29.4 10.1 24.6 28.2 15.7 18.3 14.1 29.3 8.7 11.6 30.2 21.4 13.7
25.8 25.4 20.6 16.3 27.5 17.6 14.6 17.5 7.9 11.1 14.8 16.0 12.9 10.1 11.5 10.9 8.6 16.7 18.3 10.5 28.2 20.3 13.4 17.1 28.8
9.7 28.3 29.4 29.6 31.9 32.4 27.4 30.1 28.4 27.9 30.0 33.3 27.4 39.2 31.6 28.6 34.3 33.3 29.6 27.5 40.9 39.1 25.2 27.2 33.3
controlled by genetic elements of the mitochondrial genome (Chen et al., 2014). Here, we reported the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of an insulin resistance inbred C57BL/6 mice model. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using 22 pairs of primers to amplify the entire mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial DNA information of this strain was described in the Table 1 and sequence from the current study were deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KJ939361). The mitochondrial genome was 16,308 bp long including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and one control region. The total length of the protein-coding gene sequences was 11,437 bp. Most proteincoding genes initiated with ATG except for ND2, ND3 and ND5 which began with ATA. Eight protein-coding genes terminated with TAA whereas the ND2, ND3 and COX3 genes terminated with TAG and the CytB gene terminates with AGA. The incomplete stop codon (T– –) is used in ND4. A strong bias against G at the third codon position is observed in the proteincoding genes. The length of tRNA genes vary from 60 to 73 bp. Sequence data obtained from the current study were compared with the reference BN sequence (AC_000022.1). Eighty-nine variations in mtDNA were observed between these two strains.
Start codon
Stop codon
ATG
TAA
ATG
TAA
ATG ATG ATG
TAA TAA TAG
ATA
TAG
ATG ATG
TAA T– –
ATA ATG
TAA TAA
ATG
AGA
Strand L L L H L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L L H H L
35.5% of the variations were within gene-coding sequences, 18.7% were within non-coding RNA sequences, and 45.8% were synonymous variants.
Declaration of interest The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
References Chen Z, Yang DD, Zhang XH, Wei L. (2014). Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Rattus norvegicus C57CE strain. Mitochondrial DNA doi: 10.3109/19401736. 2014.958694. Ma Y, Gao M, Liu D. (2014). Chlorogenic acid improves high fat dietinduced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. Pharm Res doi: 10.1007/s11095–014–1526–9. Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Ahadi Z, Tafti FM. (2014). The effect of green tea versus sour tea on insulin resistance, lipids profiles and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized clinical trial. Iran J Med Sci 39:424–32. Zhang D, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Yue F, Russell RD, Zeng Y. (2014). Circulating zonulin levels in newly diagnosed Chinese type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.08.017.
