Zootaxa 3869 (5): 573–578 www.mapress.com /zootaxa / Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press
Article
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ZOOTAXA
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http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3869.5.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1FE110B4-4BD3-47D0-941F-803851CEFC2B
A new species of Nilothauma Kieffer from China, with a key to known species of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae) XIN QI1, 2, XIAOLONG LIN3, XINHUA WANG3 & QINGJUN SHAO1, 4 1
College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China. E-mail: [email protected] College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China. E-mail: [email protected] 3 College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Corresponding author 2
Abstract A new species of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, N. pandum sp. n., is described, and its morphological descriptions and illustrations are also given. A key to the males of Nilothauma is given. The adult male of N. pandum sp. n. can be distinguished from known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: anal point very broadly lanceolate with microtrichia in median ridge and apical margin, rounded at apex; superior volsella pad-like, expanded distally; median volsella curved, rounded at apex, with 2 long basal setae and 1 long median seta. Key words: Nilothauma, new species, key
Introduction The genus Nilothauma was established by Kieffer (1921). The type species is Nilothauma pictipenne Kieffer, 1921. Most males of Nilothauma can be separated from all other Chironomini by the presence of at least one dorsal projection on tergite IX; some Neotropical species lack dorsal projection on tergite IX, but can be recognized by the absence of anal point and a long digitiform inferior volsella (Adam & Sæther 1999, Mendes & Andersen 2009). The males of Nilothauma differ from other Chironomini except some Paratendipes also by the combination of 13 flagellomeres in male, low to very low AR (less than 0.4, except in N. longissimum Mendes & Andersen, 2009), bare squama, high VR, front tibia with very long spur, each comb of mid tibia with one spur, hind tibia with 2 spurs; the pupae can be separated from all other Chironomini on the shape of the thoracic horn consisting of 4–8 slender branches, segment IV with 1 taeniate lateral seta, segments V–VIII with 4 taeniate lateral setae, and anal lobe with 1 long, taeniate dorsal seta; the larvae can be separated from all other Chironomini by the bean-shaped head in lateral view, antenna with 6 segments with basal segment shorter than flagellum, lauterborn organs absent, and pale mental and mandibular teeth (Mendes & Andersen 2009). The immatures of Nilothauma are found in the littoral and sublittoral sediment of standing and flowing waters (Pinder & Reiss 1983, 1986; Cranston et al. 1989). Adam & Sæther (1999) revised the genus and recognized 25 species. Since then, Yan et al. (2005) recorded 4 species of Nilothauma from China; Mendes & Andersen (2009) described 13 additional species from Neotropical Region, and placed Paranilothauma Soponis, 1987 and Neelamia Soponis, 1987 as synonyms of Nilothauma. To date, the genus comprises 42 species worldwide: 6 in the Palaearctic Region, 4 in the Nearctic Region, 16 in the Neotropical Region, 5 in the Oriental Region, 11 in the Afrotropical Region, and 2 in the Australasian Region (Adam & Sæther 1999, Yan et al. 2005, Mendes & Andersen 2009). In this contribution, a new species of Nilothauma in Oriental China is described, and a key to males of Nilothauma in the world is presented.
Accepted by B. Rossaro: 10 Sept. 2014; published: 3 Oct. 2014
573
Material and methods The morphological nomenclature follows Sæther (1980) and the abbreviations of parts measured follow Qi et al. (2012). The material examined was mounted on slides, following the procedure outlined by Sæther (1969). Specimens are deposited in the College of Life Science, Taizhou University, China.
Taxonomy Nilothauma pandum sp.n. (Figs.1−11) Type materials. Holotype male, CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Quzhou City, kaihua County, Suzhuang Town, 17.iv.2011, Lin XL, sweeping method. Paratypes: 4 males, same as holotype. Diagnostic characters. The adult male of N. pandum sp.n. can be distinguished from known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: anal point very broadly lanceolate with microtrichia in median ridge and apical margin, rounded at apex; superior volsella pad-like, expanded distally; median volsella curved, rounded at apex, with 2 long basal setae and 1 long median seta. Etymology.The species name is from Latin “pandum”, means curved, referring to the shape of the median volsella. Description. Male (n = 5). Total length 3.65−3.83 mm. Wing length 1.80−2.05 mm. Total length/wing length 1.82−2.06. Wing length/length of profemur 2.35−2.52. Coloration. Entire body brownish-yellow. Head (Fig. 1). AR 0.15−0.28. Temporal setae 5−7. Clypeus with 17−26 setae. Tentorium 92−125 mm long, 15−20 mm wide. Stipes 123−125 µm long, 5−8 µm wide. Palpomere lengths (in mm): 30−40, 20−40, 100−120, 160−170, 190−210. Third palpomere with 3−4 sensilla clavata, longest 12 µm long. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.80−1.91. Wing (Fig. 2). Wing transparent, without any pigmentation. VR 1.00−1.45. Brachiolum with 1−4 setae; R with 14−20, R1 with 17−20, R4+5 with 12−18 setae. Remaining veins and squama bare. Thorax (Fig. 3). Dorsocentrals 9−11, acrostichals 6−11, prealars 3−5. Scutellum with 1−2 setae. Legs. Spur of front tibia 70−83 µm long,with 27−30 µm long scale (Fig. 4); spur of mid tibia 23−45 µm long including 13−20 µm long comb (Fig. 5); spurs of hind tibia 18−32 mm and 28−35 mm long, combs 15−20 mm long (Fig. 6). Width at apex of front tibia 45−50 mm, of mid tibia 50−55 mm, of hind tibia 50−60 mm. Lengths (in mm) and proportions of legs in Table 1. TABLE 1. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs of Nilothauma pandum sp.n., male (n = 5). fe
P1
P2
P3
775−850
750−850
875−950
ti
575−650
600−625
900−950
ta1
875−950
725−800
475−500
ta2
475−500
325−375
250−275
ta3
350−400
120−125
250−275
ta4
175−300
70−75
175−200
ta5
125−150
50−75
75−125
LR
1.44−1.52
0.54−0.63
0.53−0.54
BV
1.49−1.98
3.78−4.24
2.79−3.00
SV
1.54−1.58
3.73−4.23
3.55−3.75
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FIGURES 1–11. Nilothauma pandum sp.n., male. 1. Head. 2. Wing. 3. Thorax, lateral view. 4. Front tibial apex, lateral view. 5. Mid tibial apex, lateral view. 6. Hind tibial apex, dorsal view. 7. Hypopygium. 8. Posterior projection of tergite IX. 9. Posterior margin of tergite IX. 10. Superior volsella and median volsella. 11. Median volsella.
A NEW SPECIES OF NILOTHAUMA FROM CHINA
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Hypopygium (Fig. 7). Tergite IX with 2 dorsal projections. Anterior projection completely divided into 2 oval lobes originating on posterior margin of anterior tergal band; each lobe 20−30 µm long, 15−20 µm wide in middle, each with 12−15 plumose setae 30−50 µm long. Posterior projection (Fig. 8) 40−50 µm wide at base, 10−15 µm wide at apex, apically rounded, with 11−13 setae 20−25 µm long. Anal point very broadly lanceolate with microtrichia in median ridge and apical margin, rounded at apex, 35−45 µm long, 30−40 µm at base, 40−50 µm in middle. Posterior margin of tergite IX (Fig. 9) with 10−12 long setae. Laterosternite IX with 3 setae. Phallapodeme 70−92 µm long. Transverse semi-circular, not medially widened, sternapodeme present. Gonocoxite 150−170 mm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 10) pad-like, expanded distally, 50−68 µm long, 10−12 µm wide at base, 30−40 µm wide subapically, densely covered with microtrichia. Median volsella (Fig. 11) curved, rounded at apex, 35−40 µm long, with 2 long basal setae and 1 long median seta. Inferior volsella 88−95 µm long, curved with pointed apex, microtrichiose, with 6−8 short, apically split setae at apex. Gonostylus 140−155 mm long, with 11−12 setae along inner margin in distal 1/3. HR 0.97−1.21, HV 1.43−2.55. Female, pupa and larva. Unknown Remarks. N. pandum sp.n. is similar to N. hibaratertium Sasa, 1993, but can be separated from N. hibaratertium on the basis of the following: (1) presence of microtrichia on the anal point of N. pandus sp.n., whereas absence of microtrichia on the anal point of N. hibaratertium; (2) the median volsella of N. pandus sp.n. curved, rounded at apex, with 2 long basal setae and 1 long median seta, whereas the median volsella of N. hibaratertium bifid, each branch with one apical seta, one branch with additional lateral seta. Adam and Sæther (1999) divided Nilothauma into four species groups, the duminola, babiyi, brayi, and pictipenne groups. The species of brayi, and pictipenne groups have 2 dorsal projections. N. pandum sp.n. is close to the species of the brayi group in having 2 dorsal projections on the tergite IX and absence of pigmentation on wings, but it differs from the members of the brayi group in the presence of microtrichia on the anal point. N. pandum sp.n. can not falls in the pictipenne group, as wings of N. pandum sp.n. lack dark pigmentation (dark pigmentation presence in members of the the pictipenne group). Distribution. The species is known from Zhejiang Province of Oriental China.
Key to males of the genus Nilothauma in the world [Data compiled from Adam & Sæther (1999), Yan et al. (2005), Mendes & Andersen (2009) and this study.] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Tergite IX without dorsal projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Tergite IX with one or two dorsal projections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Anal point absent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Anal point present. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. aripuanense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Inferior volsella simple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Inferior volsella with subapical branch. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. complicatum Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Superior volsella pediform or subquadrangular, without ventral transverse fold, with setae and microtrichia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Superior volsella diamond-shaped, with ventral transverse fold, with microtrichia only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Superior volsella subquadrangular; median vosella distinct; AR > 1.00; abdomen with oral dark bands. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. longissimum Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Superior volsella pediform; median and superior volsellae fused; AR < 0.40; abdomen without dark bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 R1 with setae; gonostylus nearly parallel-sided in apical 1/2. Brazil, Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. fittkaui (Soponis, 1987) R1 bare; gonostylus widest in apical 1/3. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. reissi (Soponis, 1987) Apex of superior volsella projecting caudad. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. sooretamense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Apex of superior volsella projecting mesad. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. involucrum Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Anal point lacking or rudimentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Anal point present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Dorsal projections of tergite IX in different shapes. Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. insolitum Adam & Sæther, 1999 Dorsal projections of tergite IX in the same shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Median volsella fused with superior volsella; superior volsella broadly pediform. Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. fazzariense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Median volsella distinct and separated from superior volsella; superior volsella digitate, curved, with or without lateral spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Dorsal projections of tergite IX overreaching posterior margin of tergite. Brazil . . . . . . . N. roquei Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Dorsal projections of tergite IX not extended beyond posterior margin of tergite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Superior volsella with lateral spine; laterosternite IX with thorn; inferior volsella with simple stout setae; posterior margin of tergite IX broadly rounded. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. calori Mendes & Andersen, 2009
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.
Superior volsella without lateral spine; laterosternite IX without thorn; inferior volsella with some apically split setae; posterior margin of tergite IX subrectangular. Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..N. strebulosum (Adam & Sæther, 2000) Tergite IX with one dorsal projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Tergite IX with two dorsal projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Superior volsella without microtrichia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Superior volsella covered with microtrichia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Dorsal projection weakly developed and undivided; situated posteriorly on tergite IX, close to base of anal point. China, Japan, Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. japonicum Niitsuma, 1985 Dorsal projection well developed, divided or undivided, situated anteriorly on tergite IX, distant from base of anal point . . . 16 Dorsal projection 3–pronged at apex, without setae. Ghana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. fuscina Adam & Sæther, 1999 Dorsal projection bell-shaped, with many setae.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Superior volsella with single apical seta; anal point narrow. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . .N. matogrossense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Superior volsella with one dorsolateral and one apical spine-like seta; anal point broad. Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. duminola Adam & Sæther, 1999 Anal point tapering or slightly widened medially but not spatulate; median volsella a digitiform process at least twice as long as wide with 3 or occasionally 2 apical setae. Nearctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. babiyi (Rempel, 1937) Anal point spatulate; median volsella consisting of 2 setae on separate or fused tubercles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Dorsal projection small, with setae at apex only. Nearctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. verrucum Adam & Sæther, 1999 Dorsal projection extending over most of tergite IX. Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. adunatum Adam & Sæther, 1999 Dorsal projections of tergite IX in the same shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Dorsal projections of tergite IX in different shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Anal point short, digitiform, with microtrichia in basal 1/2; gonostylus distinctly widened in apical 1/3. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. zitoi Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Anal point well developed, lanceolate or parallel-sided; gonostylus nearly parallel-sided in apical 1/2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Anal point parallel-sided; laterosternite IX with thorn. Chile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. spiesi Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Anal point lanceolate; laterosternite IX without thorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Inferior volsella and gonostylus with apically split setae; median volsella curved, tapering, with microtrichia and setae. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. jaraguaense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Inferior volsella and gonostylus with simple setae only; median volsella short, parallel-sided, with 2 apical setae, without microtrichia. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. amazonense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Wing with dark areas or bands; anterior tergite IX projection long and deeply divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Wing without dark markings; anterior tergite IX projection variably developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Anterior tergite IX projection with setae not concentrated around apex. South Africa. . . . . .N. harrisoni Adam & Sæther, 1999 Anterior tergite IX projection with apical setae only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Posterior tergite IX projection deeply divided into antero-dorsal and postero-ventral parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Posterior tergite IX projection not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Anterior tergite IX projection with apical setae simple, separate; anterior part of posterior projection apically pointed; posteromedian wing spot extends on both sides of Cu1. Afrotropical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. pictipenne Kieffer, 1921 Anterior tergite IX projection with setae forming fan-like structures; anterior part of posterior projection with blunt apex; postero-median wing spot exclusively proximal of Cu1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Wing with 4 dark areas; setae of anterior tergite IX projection branched at tip. Ghana . . . N. flabellatum Adam & Sæther, 1999 Wing with 3 dark areas; apical setae of anterior tergite IX projection not branched, lamellar. Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. kakumense Adam & Sæther, 1999 Posterior tergite IX projection either with a disto-dorsal lobe or subapical constriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Posterior tergite IX projection without an distal lobe or constriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Posterior tergite IX projection with long antero-lateral arms and a disto-dorsal lobe. Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. anderseni Adam & Sæther, 1999 Posterior tergite IX projection without antero-lateral arms, with apical constriction and 5 apical setae. Zimbabwe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. latocaudatum Adam & Sæther, 1999 Posterior tergite IX projection without microtrichia except on long antero-lateral arms; superior volsella without antero-median extension; median volsella present. China, Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. nojirimaculatum Sasa, 1991 Posterior tergite IX projection without anterolateral arms, covered with microtrichia; superior volsella with an antero-median extension; median volsella apparently absent. Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. hibaraquartum Sasa, 1993 Anterior tergite IX projection with apically plumose setae; anal point broadly lanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Apical setae of anterior tergite IX projection not plumose; anal point not broadly lanceolate, but sometimes spatulate . . . . . 39 Anterior tergite IX projection completely divided, broader than long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Anterior tergite IX projection at most partly divided, longer than broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Superior volsella slender, without microtrichia. Nearctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. mirabile (Townes, 1945) Superior volsella pad-like, covered with microtrichia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Presence of microtrichia on the anal point; median volsella curved, rounded at apex, with 2 long basal setae and 1 long median seta. Oriental China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. pandum sp.n. Absence of microtrichia on the anal point; median volsella bifid, each branch with one apical seta, one branch with one additional lateral seta. Japan, Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. hibaratertium Sasa, 1993 Superior volsella simple, covered with microtrichia. Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. sasai Adam & Sæther, 1999
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37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. -
Superior volsella bifid or trifid, microtrichiose areas at most of limited extent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Superior volsella bifid, both branches with at least one terminal seta; anterior tergite IX projection with 11–14 setae. Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. mergae Adam & Sæther, 1999 One lateral branch of superior volsella sharply pointed without an apical seta; anterior tergite IX ptojection with about 15 or about 33 setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Anterior tergite IX projection with about 33 setae; superior volsella apically narrow and parallel-sided with 1–2 apical setae. Oriental China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. acre Adam & Sæther, 1999 Anterior tergite IX projection with about 15 setae; superior volsella broadened apically with one long laterally directed seta and 8–10 short setae. Nearctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. bicorne (Townes, 1945) Anal point trifid; anterior tergite IX projection very long, tapering to patallel-sided apex, with setae only apically; posterior tergite IX projection distally very slender, with 5 apical setae. D. R. Congo, Ghana N. burmeisteri Adam & Sæther, 1999 Anal point simple; anterior tergite IX projection wart-like, with setae not concentrated around apex; posterior tergite IX projection triangular or apically rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Posterior tergite IX projection apically rounded; superior volsella with four lobes. Oriental China.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. quatuorlobum Yan, Tang & Wang, 2005 Posterior tergite IX projection triangular; superior volsella without lobe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Anal point patallel-sided; anterior tergite IX projection with setae thickened at apices. Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. ankasense Adam & Sæther, 1999 Anal point spatulate; anterior tergite IX projection with setae not thickened at apices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Superior volsella tapering, widest near base. Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. brayi (Goetghebuer, 1921) Superior volsella narrowest at base, widest about 1/3 from apex. Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. infissum Adam & Sæther, 1999
Acknowledgements Financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant No. 31301908, 31272284) and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. Y3100486) are acknowledged with thanks.
References Adam, J.I. & Sæther, O.A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 56, 1–107. Cranston, P.S., Dillon, M.E., Pinder, L.C.V. & Reiss, F. (1989) 10. The adult males of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region–Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3. Adult males. Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 34, pp. 353–502. Kieffer, J.J. (1921) Synopse de la tribu des Chironomariae (Diptères). Annales de la Société scientifique de Bruxelles, 1re partie (Comptes Rendus), 40, 269–276. Mendes, H.F. & Andersen, T. (2009) Neotropical Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921, with the description of thirteen new species (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 2063, 1–45. Pinder, L.C.V. & Reiss, F. (1983) 10. The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region–Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 19, pp. 293–435. Pinder, L.C.V. & Reiss, F. (1986) 10. The pupae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region–Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 2. Pupae. Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 28, pp. 299–456. Qi, X., Lin, X.L. & Wang, X.H. (2012) Review of Dicrotendipes Kieffer from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). ZooKeys, 183, 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.183.2834 Sæther, O.A. (1969) Some Nearctic Podonominae, Diamesinae, and Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 170, 1–154. Sæther, O.A. (1980) Glossary of chironomid morphology terminology (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 14, 1–51. Sasa, M. (1993) The chironomids collected from lakes in the Aizu district (Fukushima). Research Report from Toyama Prefectural environmental Pollution Research Centre, 1993, 69–95. Yan, C.C., Tang, H.Q. & Wang, X.H. (2005) Nilothauma Kieffer from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 27 (3), 213–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650420500062824
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Article
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3869.5.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1FE110B4-4BD3-47D0-941F-803851CEFC2B
A new species of Nilothauma Kieffer from China, with a key to known species of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae) XIN QI1, 2, XIAOLONG LIN3, XINHUA WANG3 & QINGJUN SHAO1, 4 1
College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China. E-mail: [email protected] College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China. E-mail: [email protected] 3 College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Corresponding author 2
Abstract A new species of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, N. pandum sp. n., is described, and its morphological descriptions and illustrations are also given. A key to the males of Nilothauma is given. The adult male of N. pandum sp. n. can be distinguished from known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: anal point very broadly lanceolate with microtrichia in median ridge and apical margin, rounded at apex; superior volsella pad-like, expanded distally; median volsella curved, rounded at apex, with 2 long basal setae and 1 long median seta. Key words: Nilothauma, new species, key
Introduction The genus Nilothauma was established by Kieffer (1921). The type species is Nilothauma pictipenne Kieffer, 1921. Most males of Nilothauma can be separated from all other Chironomini by the presence of at least one dorsal projection on tergite IX; some Neotropical species lack dorsal projection on tergite IX, but can be recognized by the absence of anal point and a long digitiform inferior volsella (Adam & Sæther 1999, Mendes & Andersen 2009). The males of Nilothauma differ from other Chironomini except some Paratendipes also by the combination of 13 flagellomeres in male, low to very low AR (less than 0.4, except in N. longissimum Mendes & Andersen, 2009), bare squama, high VR, front tibia with very long spur, each comb of mid tibia with one spur, hind tibia with 2 spurs; the pupae can be separated from all other Chironomini on the shape of the thoracic horn consisting of 4–8 slender branches, segment IV with 1 taeniate lateral seta, segments V–VIII with 4 taeniate lateral setae, and anal lobe with 1 long, taeniate dorsal seta; the larvae can be separated from all other Chironomini by the bean-shaped head in lateral view, antenna with 6 segments with basal segment shorter than flagellum, lauterborn organs absent, and pale mental and mandibular teeth (Mendes & Andersen 2009). The immatures of Nilothauma are found in the littoral and sublittoral sediment of standing and flowing waters (Pinder & Reiss 1983, 1986; Cranston et al. 1989). Adam & Sæther (1999) revised the genus and recognized 25 species. Since then, Yan et al. (2005) recorded 4 species of Nilothauma from China; Mendes & Andersen (2009) described 13 additional species from Neotropical Region, and placed Paranilothauma Soponis, 1987 and Neelamia Soponis, 1987 as synonyms of Nilothauma. To date, the genus comprises 42 species worldwide: 6 in the Palaearctic Region, 4 in the Nearctic Region, 16 in the Neotropical Region, 5 in the Oriental Region, 11 in the Afrotropical Region, and 2 in the Australasian Region (Adam & Sæther 1999, Yan et al. 2005, Mendes & Andersen 2009). In this contribution, a new species of Nilothauma in Oriental China is described, and a key to males of Nilothauma in the world is presented.
Accepted by B. Rossaro: 10 Sept. 2014; published: 3 Oct. 2014
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Material and methods The morphological nomenclature follows Sæther (1980) and the abbreviations of parts measured follow Qi et al. (2012). The material examined was mounted on slides, following the procedure outlined by Sæther (1969). Specimens are deposited in the College of Life Science, Taizhou University, China.
Taxonomy Nilothauma pandum sp.n. (Figs.1−11) Type materials. Holotype male, CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Quzhou City, kaihua County, Suzhuang Town, 17.iv.2011, Lin XL, sweeping method. Paratypes: 4 males, same as holotype. Diagnostic characters. The adult male of N. pandum sp.n. can be distinguished from known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: anal point very broadly lanceolate with microtrichia in median ridge and apical margin, rounded at apex; superior volsella pad-like, expanded distally; median volsella curved, rounded at apex, with 2 long basal setae and 1 long median seta. Etymology.The species name is from Latin “pandum”, means curved, referring to the shape of the median volsella. Description. Male (n = 5). Total length 3.65−3.83 mm. Wing length 1.80−2.05 mm. Total length/wing length 1.82−2.06. Wing length/length of profemur 2.35−2.52. Coloration. Entire body brownish-yellow. Head (Fig. 1). AR 0.15−0.28. Temporal setae 5−7. Clypeus with 17−26 setae. Tentorium 92−125 mm long, 15−20 mm wide. Stipes 123−125 µm long, 5−8 µm wide. Palpomere lengths (in mm): 30−40, 20−40, 100−120, 160−170, 190−210. Third palpomere with 3−4 sensilla clavata, longest 12 µm long. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.80−1.91. Wing (Fig. 2). Wing transparent, without any pigmentation. VR 1.00−1.45. Brachiolum with 1−4 setae; R with 14−20, R1 with 17−20, R4+5 with 12−18 setae. Remaining veins and squama bare. Thorax (Fig. 3). Dorsocentrals 9−11, acrostichals 6−11, prealars 3−5. Scutellum with 1−2 setae. Legs. Spur of front tibia 70−83 µm long,with 27−30 µm long scale (Fig. 4); spur of mid tibia 23−45 µm long including 13−20 µm long comb (Fig. 5); spurs of hind tibia 18−32 mm and 28−35 mm long, combs 15−20 mm long (Fig. 6). Width at apex of front tibia 45−50 mm, of mid tibia 50−55 mm, of hind tibia 50−60 mm. Lengths (in mm) and proportions of legs in Table 1. TABLE 1. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs of Nilothauma pandum sp.n., male (n = 5). fe
P1
P2
P3
775−850
750−850
875−950
ti
575−650
600−625
900−950
ta1
875−950
725−800
475−500
ta2
475−500
325−375
250−275
ta3
350−400
120−125
250−275
ta4
175−300
70−75
175−200
ta5
125−150
50−75
75−125
LR
1.44−1.52
0.54−0.63
0.53−0.54
BV
1.49−1.98
3.78−4.24
2.79−3.00
SV
1.54−1.58
3.73−4.23
3.55−3.75
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FIGURES 1–11. Nilothauma pandum sp.n., male. 1. Head. 2. Wing. 3. Thorax, lateral view. 4. Front tibial apex, lateral view. 5. Mid tibial apex, lateral view. 6. Hind tibial apex, dorsal view. 7. Hypopygium. 8. Posterior projection of tergite IX. 9. Posterior margin of tergite IX. 10. Superior volsella and median volsella. 11. Median volsella.
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Hypopygium (Fig. 7). Tergite IX with 2 dorsal projections. Anterior projection completely divided into 2 oval lobes originating on posterior margin of anterior tergal band; each lobe 20−30 µm long, 15−20 µm wide in middle, each with 12−15 plumose setae 30−50 µm long. Posterior projection (Fig. 8) 40−50 µm wide at base, 10−15 µm wide at apex, apically rounded, with 11−13 setae 20−25 µm long. Anal point very broadly lanceolate with microtrichia in median ridge and apical margin, rounded at apex, 35−45 µm long, 30−40 µm at base, 40−50 µm in middle. Posterior margin of tergite IX (Fig. 9) with 10−12 long setae. Laterosternite IX with 3 setae. Phallapodeme 70−92 µm long. Transverse semi-circular, not medially widened, sternapodeme present. Gonocoxite 150−170 mm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 10) pad-like, expanded distally, 50−68 µm long, 10−12 µm wide at base, 30−40 µm wide subapically, densely covered with microtrichia. Median volsella (Fig. 11) curved, rounded at apex, 35−40 µm long, with 2 long basal setae and 1 long median seta. Inferior volsella 88−95 µm long, curved with pointed apex, microtrichiose, with 6−8 short, apically split setae at apex. Gonostylus 140−155 mm long, with 11−12 setae along inner margin in distal 1/3. HR 0.97−1.21, HV 1.43−2.55. Female, pupa and larva. Unknown Remarks. N. pandum sp.n. is similar to N. hibaratertium Sasa, 1993, but can be separated from N. hibaratertium on the basis of the following: (1) presence of microtrichia on the anal point of N. pandus sp.n., whereas absence of microtrichia on the anal point of N. hibaratertium; (2) the median volsella of N. pandus sp.n. curved, rounded at apex, with 2 long basal setae and 1 long median seta, whereas the median volsella of N. hibaratertium bifid, each branch with one apical seta, one branch with additional lateral seta. Adam and Sæther (1999) divided Nilothauma into four species groups, the duminola, babiyi, brayi, and pictipenne groups. The species of brayi, and pictipenne groups have 2 dorsal projections. N. pandum sp.n. is close to the species of the brayi group in having 2 dorsal projections on the tergite IX and absence of pigmentation on wings, but it differs from the members of the brayi group in the presence of microtrichia on the anal point. N. pandum sp.n. can not falls in the pictipenne group, as wings of N. pandum sp.n. lack dark pigmentation (dark pigmentation presence in members of the the pictipenne group). Distribution. The species is known from Zhejiang Province of Oriental China.
Key to males of the genus Nilothauma in the world [Data compiled from Adam & Sæther (1999), Yan et al. (2005), Mendes & Andersen (2009) and this study.] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Tergite IX without dorsal projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Tergite IX with one or two dorsal projections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Anal point absent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Anal point present. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. aripuanense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Inferior volsella simple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Inferior volsella with subapical branch. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. complicatum Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Superior volsella pediform or subquadrangular, without ventral transverse fold, with setae and microtrichia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Superior volsella diamond-shaped, with ventral transverse fold, with microtrichia only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Superior volsella subquadrangular; median vosella distinct; AR > 1.00; abdomen with oral dark bands. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. longissimum Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Superior volsella pediform; median and superior volsellae fused; AR < 0.40; abdomen without dark bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 R1 with setae; gonostylus nearly parallel-sided in apical 1/2. Brazil, Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. fittkaui (Soponis, 1987) R1 bare; gonostylus widest in apical 1/3. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. reissi (Soponis, 1987) Apex of superior volsella projecting caudad. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. sooretamense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Apex of superior volsella projecting mesad. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. involucrum Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Anal point lacking or rudimentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Anal point present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Dorsal projections of tergite IX in different shapes. Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. insolitum Adam & Sæther, 1999 Dorsal projections of tergite IX in the same shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Median volsella fused with superior volsella; superior volsella broadly pediform. Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. fazzariense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Median volsella distinct and separated from superior volsella; superior volsella digitate, curved, with or without lateral spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Dorsal projections of tergite IX overreaching posterior margin of tergite. Brazil . . . . . . . N. roquei Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Dorsal projections of tergite IX not extended beyond posterior margin of tergite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Superior volsella with lateral spine; laterosternite IX with thorn; inferior volsella with simple stout setae; posterior margin of tergite IX broadly rounded. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. calori Mendes & Andersen, 2009
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.
Superior volsella without lateral spine; laterosternite IX without thorn; inferior volsella with some apically split setae; posterior margin of tergite IX subrectangular. Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..N. strebulosum (Adam & Sæther, 2000) Tergite IX with one dorsal projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Tergite IX with two dorsal projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Superior volsella without microtrichia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Superior volsella covered with microtrichia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Dorsal projection weakly developed and undivided; situated posteriorly on tergite IX, close to base of anal point. China, Japan, Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. japonicum Niitsuma, 1985 Dorsal projection well developed, divided or undivided, situated anteriorly on tergite IX, distant from base of anal point . . . 16 Dorsal projection 3–pronged at apex, without setae. Ghana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. fuscina Adam & Sæther, 1999 Dorsal projection bell-shaped, with many setae.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Superior volsella with single apical seta; anal point narrow. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . .N. matogrossense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Superior volsella with one dorsolateral and one apical spine-like seta; anal point broad. Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. duminola Adam & Sæther, 1999 Anal point tapering or slightly widened medially but not spatulate; median volsella a digitiform process at least twice as long as wide with 3 or occasionally 2 apical setae. Nearctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. babiyi (Rempel, 1937) Anal point spatulate; median volsella consisting of 2 setae on separate or fused tubercles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Dorsal projection small, with setae at apex only. Nearctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. verrucum Adam & Sæther, 1999 Dorsal projection extending over most of tergite IX. Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. adunatum Adam & Sæther, 1999 Dorsal projections of tergite IX in the same shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Dorsal projections of tergite IX in different shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Anal point short, digitiform, with microtrichia in basal 1/2; gonostylus distinctly widened in apical 1/3. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. zitoi Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Anal point well developed, lanceolate or parallel-sided; gonostylus nearly parallel-sided in apical 1/2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Anal point parallel-sided; laterosternite IX with thorn. Chile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. spiesi Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Anal point lanceolate; laterosternite IX without thorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Inferior volsella and gonostylus with apically split setae; median volsella curved, tapering, with microtrichia and setae. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. jaraguaense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Inferior volsella and gonostylus with simple setae only; median volsella short, parallel-sided, with 2 apical setae, without microtrichia. Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. amazonense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 Wing with dark areas or bands; anterior tergite IX projection long and deeply divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Wing without dark markings; anterior tergite IX projection variably developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Anterior tergite IX projection with setae not concentrated around apex. South Africa. . . . . .N. harrisoni Adam & Sæther, 1999 Anterior tergite IX projection with apical setae only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Posterior tergite IX projection deeply divided into antero-dorsal and postero-ventral parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Posterior tergite IX projection not as above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Anterior tergite IX projection with apical setae simple, separate; anterior part of posterior projection apically pointed; posteromedian wing spot extends on both sides of Cu1. Afrotropical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. pictipenne Kieffer, 1921 Anterior tergite IX projection with setae forming fan-like structures; anterior part of posterior projection with blunt apex; postero-median wing spot exclusively proximal of Cu1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Wing with 4 dark areas; setae of anterior tergite IX projection branched at tip. Ghana . . . N. flabellatum Adam & Sæther, 1999 Wing with 3 dark areas; apical setae of anterior tergite IX projection not branched, lamellar. Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. kakumense Adam & Sæther, 1999 Posterior tergite IX projection either with a disto-dorsal lobe or subapical constriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Posterior tergite IX projection without an distal lobe or constriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Posterior tergite IX projection with long antero-lateral arms and a disto-dorsal lobe. Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. anderseni Adam & Sæther, 1999 Posterior tergite IX projection without antero-lateral arms, with apical constriction and 5 apical setae. Zimbabwe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. latocaudatum Adam & Sæther, 1999 Posterior tergite IX projection without microtrichia except on long antero-lateral arms; superior volsella without antero-median extension; median volsella present. China, Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. nojirimaculatum Sasa, 1991 Posterior tergite IX projection without anterolateral arms, covered with microtrichia; superior volsella with an antero-median extension; median volsella apparently absent. Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. hibaraquartum Sasa, 1993 Anterior tergite IX projection with apically plumose setae; anal point broadly lanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Apical setae of anterior tergite IX projection not plumose; anal point not broadly lanceolate, but sometimes spatulate . . . . . 39 Anterior tergite IX projection completely divided, broader than long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Anterior tergite IX projection at most partly divided, longer than broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Superior volsella slender, without microtrichia. Nearctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. mirabile (Townes, 1945) Superior volsella pad-like, covered with microtrichia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Presence of microtrichia on the anal point; median volsella curved, rounded at apex, with 2 long basal setae and 1 long median seta. Oriental China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. pandum sp.n. Absence of microtrichia on the anal point; median volsella bifid, each branch with one apical seta, one branch with one additional lateral seta. Japan, Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. hibaratertium Sasa, 1993 Superior volsella simple, covered with microtrichia. Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. sasai Adam & Sæther, 1999
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37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. -
Superior volsella bifid or trifid, microtrichiose areas at most of limited extent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Superior volsella bifid, both branches with at least one terminal seta; anterior tergite IX projection with 11–14 setae. Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. mergae Adam & Sæther, 1999 One lateral branch of superior volsella sharply pointed without an apical seta; anterior tergite IX ptojection with about 15 or about 33 setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Anterior tergite IX projection with about 33 setae; superior volsella apically narrow and parallel-sided with 1–2 apical setae. Oriental China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. acre Adam & Sæther, 1999 Anterior tergite IX projection with about 15 setae; superior volsella broadened apically with one long laterally directed seta and 8–10 short setae. Nearctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. bicorne (Townes, 1945) Anal point trifid; anterior tergite IX projection very long, tapering to patallel-sided apex, with setae only apically; posterior tergite IX projection distally very slender, with 5 apical setae. D. R. Congo, Ghana N. burmeisteri Adam & Sæther, 1999 Anal point simple; anterior tergite IX projection wart-like, with setae not concentrated around apex; posterior tergite IX projection triangular or apically rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Posterior tergite IX projection apically rounded; superior volsella with four lobes. Oriental China.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .N. quatuorlobum Yan, Tang & Wang, 2005 Posterior tergite IX projection triangular; superior volsella without lobe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Anal point patallel-sided; anterior tergite IX projection with setae thickened at apices. Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. ankasense Adam & Sæther, 1999 Anal point spatulate; anterior tergite IX projection with setae not thickened at apices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Superior volsella tapering, widest near base. Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. brayi (Goetghebuer, 1921) Superior volsella narrowest at base, widest about 1/3 from apex. Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. infissum Adam & Sæther, 1999
Acknowledgements Financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant No. 31301908, 31272284) and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. Y3100486) are acknowledged with thanks.
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