Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology
ISSN: 0309-1902 (Print) 1464-522X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ijmt20
A system for recording urinary output changes in vivo Z. T. Sabikowski To cite this article: Z. T. Sabikowski (1978) A system for recording urinary output changes in vivo, Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2:1, 33-33, DOI: 10.3109/03091907809161749 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03091907809161749
Published online: 09 Jul 2009.
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Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ijmt20 Download by: [University of Newcastle]
Date: 15 March 2016, At: 12:19
Although the use of membranes does increase the res7onse time, previous work with this electrodelo indicates that it is acceptable for most uses; half time (time to *espond to half the change) of 100s for a p02 change ’rom 0 to 2 x lo4 Nm-2 using the polypropylene memJrane. Faster response times require more permeable nembranes which again generate problems due to the iiffusion layer. These facts together with superior electrical and mechaiical stability to that of a platinum electrode13 make this ievice eminently suitable for tissue p0z measurement.
7. 8. 9. 10.
REFERENCES
1. Daneel, H. (1897) Z. Elektrochem, 4, 227. 2. Cater, D. B., Silver, I. A. and Wilson, G. M. (1959) Apparatus and technique for the quantitative measurement of oxygen tension in living tissues. Proceedings of the Royal Society, BISI, 256-276, 3. Carey, F. G. and Teal, J. M.(1965) Responses of oxygen electrodes to variables in construction and use. Journal of Applied Physiology, 20, 1074-1077. 4. Clark, L. C. Jr. (1956) Monitor and control of blood and tissue oxygen tensions. Transactions of the American Society f o r Artificial Internal Organs, 2, 41-44. 5. Linek, V. and Vacek, V. (1976) Oxygen electrode response
Downloaded by [University of Newcastle] at 12:19 15 March 2016
6.
4 system for recording urinary output 2hanges in vivo E . T. Ssubikowski 3epartment of Pharmacology, Institute of Bavic Medical iciences, Royal College of Surgeons of England, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PN.
tarious photo-electric fluid drop detectors are available which use illuminated lamps focussed onto photo-cells. rhese counters are somewhat unreliable as the lamp may ‘ail during an experiment. A piece of apparatus has been leveloped which will count either translucent or opaque Irops using a silver electrode-detector. It provides a tracng on a pen-recorder, indicating the total volume of the hops in millilitres, with facilities for automatically .eplacing fluid loss during experiments which involve neasuring changes in urinary output. The unit, shown in Figure 1, consists of a silver drop ube coupled to an operational amplifier, which in turn riggers a relay. The contacts of this relay activate mechalical digital predetermining and totalising counters. These ire used in preference to digital logic techniques as they :an operate mains driven equipment directly. Furthernore, as they are less complicated to assemble, the unit nay be constructed by a laboratory workshop technician. A silicon rubber tube from the urinary tract is fixed to
: /
11.
12. 13.
lag induced by liquid film resistance, against oxygen trans fer. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 18. 1537-1555. Clark, L. C. Jr. and Sachs, G. (1968) Bioelectrodes fo tissue metabolism. Annals of rhe New York Acudem: of Sciences, 148, 133-136. Updike, S. J. and Hicks, G. P. (1967) The enzyme elec trode. NrYure, 214, 986. Johnson, M. J., Borkowski, J. and Engblom, C. (1964 Steam sterilizable probes for dissolving oxygen measure ment. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 6 , 457. Bessman, S. P. and Schultz, R. D. (1973) Prototyp glucose-oxygen sensor for the artificial pancreas. Trans Amer. Soc. for Artificial Internal Organs, 19, 361-364. Layne, E. C., Schultz, R. D., Thomas, L. J., Slama, G. Sayler, D. F. and Bessman, S. P. (1976) Continuous extra corporeal monitoring of animal blood using the glucosc electrode. Diabetes, 25, 81-89. Kivisaari, J. and Niinikoski, J. (1973) Use of silastic tubf and capillary sampling technique in the measurement ol tissue p02 and pCOz. American J . of Surgery, 125. 623-62; Spector, W. S. (1956) editor of The Hand,book of Bio. logical Data, page 260. (W. B. Saunders publishing Co.) Bessman, S . P. and Schultz, R. D. (1974) Progress t o ward a glucose sensor for the artificial pancreas. Pager 189-197 in: Ion Selective Microelectroda. Edited b) H. J. Berman and N. C. Hebert. (Plenum Publishing Co.)
the silver drop tube assembly and a cable is connectec to the circuit shown in Figure 1. A stiff silver wire elec trode is placed opposite the drop tube, a quarter of at inch away from it, so that the falling drops impinge upor it. Each time a drop of a set conductivity, adjusted b j VR 1, falls onto this electrode, a voltage pulse is producec which is then amplified to operate the relay (Figure 1, 2) Contacts (a) and (b) simultaneously operate the totalising counter (Figure 1, 5 ) and the pre-determining countei (Figure 1, 3) and also provide a signal onto the pen. recorder. The pre-determining counter is adjusted to reset at thc number of drops which will make up 1 ml of fluid. AI the “resetting” operation, the contacts of the pre-determin, ing counter momentarily activate a relay whose functior is to delay the operation during the pre-determining switching time in which contact (a) is used to reset thc pre-determining counter and contact (b) to activate thc relay (Figure 1, 6). The contacts of this relay simul. taneously switch on a pump for fluid replacement and apply a voltage to the pen-recorder of greater amplitude set by VR 2, than that which marks the individual drops This operation thus provides a pen-recorder tracing with smaller and larger spikes, the smaller spikes determining the drop rate, whilst the larger spikes indicate the volume of fluid which has passed through the electrode during an experiment.
’
s.n. 10 K
+ Januarv. 1978
1. Silver Drop Tube
4. Relay B
2. Relay A
5.Totalizing Counter
3. Pred.terrnining Countor
6. Relay C
7. Output to Pen Rec. 8. Output to Autopump Contact
33
ISSN: 0309-1902 (Print) 1464-522X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ijmt20
A system for recording urinary output changes in vivo Z. T. Sabikowski To cite this article: Z. T. Sabikowski (1978) A system for recording urinary output changes in vivo, Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2:1, 33-33, DOI: 10.3109/03091907809161749 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03091907809161749
Published online: 09 Jul 2009.
Submit your article to this journal
View related articles
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ijmt20 Download by: [University of Newcastle]
Date: 15 March 2016, At: 12:19
Although the use of membranes does increase the res7onse time, previous work with this electrodelo indicates that it is acceptable for most uses; half time (time to *espond to half the change) of 100s for a p02 change ’rom 0 to 2 x lo4 Nm-2 using the polypropylene memJrane. Faster response times require more permeable nembranes which again generate problems due to the iiffusion layer. These facts together with superior electrical and mechaiical stability to that of a platinum electrode13 make this ievice eminently suitable for tissue p0z measurement.
7. 8. 9. 10.
REFERENCES
1. Daneel, H. (1897) Z. Elektrochem, 4, 227. 2. Cater, D. B., Silver, I. A. and Wilson, G. M. (1959) Apparatus and technique for the quantitative measurement of oxygen tension in living tissues. Proceedings of the Royal Society, BISI, 256-276, 3. Carey, F. G. and Teal, J. M.(1965) Responses of oxygen electrodes to variables in construction and use. Journal of Applied Physiology, 20, 1074-1077. 4. Clark, L. C. Jr. (1956) Monitor and control of blood and tissue oxygen tensions. Transactions of the American Society f o r Artificial Internal Organs, 2, 41-44. 5. Linek, V. and Vacek, V. (1976) Oxygen electrode response
Downloaded by [University of Newcastle] at 12:19 15 March 2016
6.
4 system for recording urinary output 2hanges in vivo E . T. Ssubikowski 3epartment of Pharmacology, Institute of Bavic Medical iciences, Royal College of Surgeons of England, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PN.
tarious photo-electric fluid drop detectors are available which use illuminated lamps focussed onto photo-cells. rhese counters are somewhat unreliable as the lamp may ‘ail during an experiment. A piece of apparatus has been leveloped which will count either translucent or opaque Irops using a silver electrode-detector. It provides a tracng on a pen-recorder, indicating the total volume of the hops in millilitres, with facilities for automatically .eplacing fluid loss during experiments which involve neasuring changes in urinary output. The unit, shown in Figure 1, consists of a silver drop ube coupled to an operational amplifier, which in turn riggers a relay. The contacts of this relay activate mechalical digital predetermining and totalising counters. These ire used in preference to digital logic techniques as they :an operate mains driven equipment directly. Furthernore, as they are less complicated to assemble, the unit nay be constructed by a laboratory workshop technician. A silicon rubber tube from the urinary tract is fixed to
: /
11.
12. 13.
lag induced by liquid film resistance, against oxygen trans fer. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 18. 1537-1555. Clark, L. C. Jr. and Sachs, G. (1968) Bioelectrodes fo tissue metabolism. Annals of rhe New York Acudem: of Sciences, 148, 133-136. Updike, S. J. and Hicks, G. P. (1967) The enzyme elec trode. NrYure, 214, 986. Johnson, M. J., Borkowski, J. and Engblom, C. (1964 Steam sterilizable probes for dissolving oxygen measure ment. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 6 , 457. Bessman, S. P. and Schultz, R. D. (1973) Prototyp glucose-oxygen sensor for the artificial pancreas. Trans Amer. Soc. for Artificial Internal Organs, 19, 361-364. Layne, E. C., Schultz, R. D., Thomas, L. J., Slama, G. Sayler, D. F. and Bessman, S. P. (1976) Continuous extra corporeal monitoring of animal blood using the glucosc electrode. Diabetes, 25, 81-89. Kivisaari, J. and Niinikoski, J. (1973) Use of silastic tubf and capillary sampling technique in the measurement ol tissue p02 and pCOz. American J . of Surgery, 125. 623-62; Spector, W. S. (1956) editor of The Hand,book of Bio. logical Data, page 260. (W. B. Saunders publishing Co.) Bessman, S . P. and Schultz, R. D. (1974) Progress t o ward a glucose sensor for the artificial pancreas. Pager 189-197 in: Ion Selective Microelectroda. Edited b) H. J. Berman and N. C. Hebert. (Plenum Publishing Co.)
the silver drop tube assembly and a cable is connectec to the circuit shown in Figure 1. A stiff silver wire elec trode is placed opposite the drop tube, a quarter of at inch away from it, so that the falling drops impinge upor it. Each time a drop of a set conductivity, adjusted b j VR 1, falls onto this electrode, a voltage pulse is producec which is then amplified to operate the relay (Figure 1, 2) Contacts (a) and (b) simultaneously operate the totalising counter (Figure 1, 5 ) and the pre-determining countei (Figure 1, 3) and also provide a signal onto the pen. recorder. The pre-determining counter is adjusted to reset at thc number of drops which will make up 1 ml of fluid. AI the “resetting” operation, the contacts of the pre-determin, ing counter momentarily activate a relay whose functior is to delay the operation during the pre-determining switching time in which contact (a) is used to reset thc pre-determining counter and contact (b) to activate thc relay (Figure 1, 6). The contacts of this relay simul. taneously switch on a pump for fluid replacement and apply a voltage to the pen-recorder of greater amplitude set by VR 2, than that which marks the individual drops This operation thus provides a pen-recorder tracing with smaller and larger spikes, the smaller spikes determining the drop rate, whilst the larger spikes indicate the volume of fluid which has passed through the electrode during an experiment.
’
s.n. 10 K
+ Januarv. 1978
1. Silver Drop Tube
4. Relay B
2. Relay A
5.Totalizing Counter
3. Pred.terrnining Countor
6. Relay C
7. Output to Pen Rec. 8. Output to Autopump Contact
33
