Veterinary Medical Ethics  Déontologie vétérinaire Ethical question of the month — December 2015 A beef farmer’s wife presents you with a stray dog that had been hanging around the farm for the past month and which they had been feeding kitchen scraps. She had run over it in the driveway and has brought it to you for an examination. On palpation you realize that the left femur is fractured. You quote her a price for repair and one for euthanasia. She wants to discuss this with her husband. You heavily sedate the dog, provide analgesia, and give her some additional analgesics to use while a decision is made. You suspect the producer will shoot the dog when he gets home. Six months later you are called to the farm for a calving. The stray dog comes bounding out to greet you. You ask the farmer where he had taken the dog for surgery. “Once I ran out of those pain pills I just switched him to aspirin and within a few weeks he had started using it again,” is the response. You are shocked that the dog was left with a broken leg, shocked that it is now running around at your feet, and realize you should have followed up to ensure the dog was euthanized. In another way you are glad that the dog was left to heal on its own and is now living a good life. Was offering surgery or euthanasia the only appropriate options to suggest in this case? Submitted by Joel Rumney, Midland, Ontario.

Question de déontologie du mois — Décembre 2015 La femme d’un éleveur de bovins de boucherie vous présente un chien errant qui rôde autour de la ferme depuis un mois et que la famille nourrit de restes de table. Elle a renversé le chien avec sa voiture et elle vous l’amène pour un examen. À la palpation, vous réalisez que le fémur gauche est fracturé. Vous lui donnez un prix pour la réparation et un autre pour l’euthanasie. Elle veut en parler avec son mari. Vous administrez des sédatifs puissants au chien, fournissez de l’analgésie et vous donnez à la cliente d’autres analgésiques à utiliser jusqu’à ce qu’une décision soit prise. Vous soupçonnez que l’éleveur va abattre le chien lorsqu’il rentrera à la maison. Six mois plus tard, on vous appelle à la ferme pour un vêlage. Le chien errant court à votre rencontre pour vous accueillir. Vous demandez au fermier où il a amené le chien pour la chirurgie. «Une fois qu’il ne restait pas de ces pilules que vous nous aviez remises, je lui ai donné de l’aspirine et, après quelques semaines, il a commencé à s’en servir de nouveau» est la réponse que vous recevez. D’une part, vous êtes choqué que rien n’a été fait pour réparer la jambe cassée du chien, choqué qu’il court maintenant autour de vous et vous réalisez que vous auriez dû faire un suivi afin d’assurer l’euthanasie du chien. D’autre part, vous êtes heureux de voir qu’on a laissé le chien guérir par lui-même et qu’il a maintenant un bon foyer. La chirurgie et d’euthanasie représentent-elle les seules options appropriées à suggérer dans ce cas? Soumise par Joel Rumney, Midland (Ontario) Responses to the case presented are welcome. Please limit your reply to approximately 50 words and forward along with your name and address to: Ethical Choices, c/o Dr. Tim Blackwell, 6486 E. Garafraxa, Townline, Belwood, Ontario N0B 1J0; telephone: (519) 846-3413; fax: (519) 846-8178; e-mail: [email protected] Suggested ethical questions of the month are also welcome! All ethical questions or scenarios in the ethics column are based on actual events, which are changed, including names, locations, species, etc., to protect the confidentiality of the parties involved.

Les réponses au cas présenté sont les bienvenues. Veuillez limiter votre réponse à environ 50 mots et nous la faire p­ arvenir par la poste avec vos nom et adresse à l’adresse suivante : Choix déontologiques, a/s du D r Tim Blackwell, 6486, E. Garafraxa, Townline, Belwood (Ontario) N0B 1J0; téléphone : (519) 846-3413; télécopieur : (519) 846-8178; courriel : [email protected] Les propositions de questions déontologiques sont toujours bienvenues! Toutes les questions et situations présentées dans cette chronique s’inspirent d’événements réels dont nous modifions certains éléments, comme les noms, les endroits ou les espèces, pour protéger l’anonymat des personnes en cause.

Use of this article is limited to a single copy for personal study. Anyone interested in obtaining reprints should contact the CVMA office ([email protected]) for additional copies or permission to use this material elsewhere. L’usage du présent article se limite à un seul exemplaire pour étude personnelle. Les personnes intéressées à se procurer des ­réimpressions devraient communiquer avec le bureau de l’ACMV ([email protected]) pour obtenir des exemplaires additionnels ou la permission d’utiliser cet article ailleurs. CVJ / VOL 56 / DECEMBER 2015

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Ethical question of the month — October 2015 Veterinarians ask situation-specific questions of pharmaceutical companies regarding the use of their products. When pharmaceutical companies do not have the answers to these questions, they often undertake trials to provide practitioners with the information they request. Pharmaceutical companies prefer to have the research performed at appropriate universities where faculty are knowledgeable and competent in the specific areas of investigation. These product-specific research projects are difficult to fund through granting agencies. Even though researchers are encouraged to publish their findings in peer-reviewed and refereed journals regardless of the outcomes, results from industry-sponsored research are nevertheless considered suspect due to the source of the funding. Sometimes, the objectivity of the researchers themselves is called into question. Similar concerns have arisen in human medicine as evidenced by recent commentaries in the New England Journal of Medicine, http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMms1502498 (Last accessed August 17, 2015). Do veterinarians and other professionals serve the veterinary industry (and their clients) by dismissing this type of research based on the source of the funding rather than on its scientific merit?

Question de déontologie du mois — Octobre 2015 Les vétérinaires posent des questions sur des situations particulières aux compagnies pharmaceutiques concernant l’utilisation de leurs produits. Lorsque les compagnies pharmaceutiques ne peuvent pas répondre à ces questions, elles réalisent souvent des essais afin de fournir aux praticiens les renseignements demandés. Les compagnies pharmaceutiques préfèrent que la recherche soit réalisée dans les universités appropriées où les professeurs sont compétents et bien informés dans les domaines à l’étude. Ces projets de recherche spécifiques à des produits sont difficiles à financer par l’entremise d’organismes subventionnaires. Même si les chercheurs sont encouragés à publier leurs résultats dans des revues évaluées par les pairs et un comité de lecture, peu importe les résultats, les données provenant de travaux de recherche commandités par l’industrie seront toujours considérées suspectes en raison de la source du financement. Parfois, l’objectivité des chercheurs eux-mêmes est remise en question. Des préoccupations semblables ont été soulevées en médecine humaine comme en témoignent des commentaires récents publiés dans la revue New England Journal of Medicine, http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMms1502498 (Dernière consultation le 17 août 2015). Les vétérinaires et les autres professionnels rendent-ils service à l’industrie vétérinaire (et à leurs clients) en ne tenant pas compte de ce type de recherche parce qu’ils se fondent uniquement sur la source du financement plutôt que sur le mérite scientifique?

An ethicist’s commentary on data falsification The scientific community has unfortunately tended to take an extremely pollyannish attitude towards honesty within its ranks. Perhaps the most extreme instantiation of such an attitude occurred during the 1980’s, when the head of the National Academies of Science publicly stated that any scientists falsifying data or otherwise engaging in scientific misconduct, had to be seen as “mentally ill.” Shocking recent research has shown that fully two thirds of published psychological research could not be replicated. There is no question that funding sources contribute to an atmosphere of corruption. My colleagues in agriculture regularly joke that they better achieve the results expected by the companies that fund them, or else they will never get funding in the future. One of my colleagues regularly lectures in my course in science and ethics, and recounts the pressure placed on him by a feed company not to publish his data when the results were not as expected. There is currently unprecedented pressure placed on scientists to get funding, since public support for universities is steadily diminishing. Fields such as humanities disciplines, never greatly respected in universities, and typically neither requiring nor obtaining significant research funding, are achieving significantly truncated status in universities, as reflected in vast salary differentials between fundable and non-fundable fields. The requirements for tenure and promotion in universities have been 1218

greatly ratcheted up, creating a climate of unhealthy competition and loss of collegiality, belying the traditional ideal of a “community of scholars.” Administrators are reluctant to judge quality, and thus depend on “bean counting.” Judging from websites reporting publication retractions as a result of scientific misconduct, such misconduct extends over all fields. What then can be done? Suggestions have been made that researchers should be judged by quality of work, not quantity. But how are such qualitative judgments to be made. “Bean counting” is far easier and less subject to challenges embodied in lawsuits. And in any case, the push for funding eclipses qualitative considerations. Thus the issue raised in this case extends well beyond research funding in medicine, but can be seen as a structural problem plaguing science and universities. One approach to mitigating this situation to a small degree is to adopt the Australian concept of core funding, i.e., provision of relatively small amounts of research funding for anyone obtaining a university position. Australian success in immunological science attests to the potential efficacy of this approach. As I have recounted in detail in my book, Science and Ethics (Cambridge University Press, 2006), the component of scientific ideology rife in the 20th century, that science is value-free and ethics-free, and thus that there is no call for teaching ethics in already overloaded curricula, has caused great harm to science in CVJ / VOL 56 / DECEMBER 2015

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the area of research on human beings, animal subjects, biosafety, biotechnology, by diminishing the credibility of science in a society both ignorant of science and suspicious of its activities. While learning about ethics does not assure that students will behave ethically, exposure to thinking in ethics terms can surely

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enhance sensitivity to such issues, and therefore help prevent an onerous regulatory burden imposed by governments.

Bernard E. Rollin, PhD

CVJ / VOL 56 / DECEMBER 2015

An ethicist's commentary on data falsification.

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