陨灶贼 允 韵责澡贼澡葬造皂燥造熏 灾燥造援 9熏 晕燥援 10熏 Oct.18, 圆园16 www. ijo. cn 栽藻造押8629原愿圆圆源缘员苑圆 8629-82210956 耘皂葬蚤造押ijopress岳员远猿援糟燥皂
窑Investigation窑
Analysis on sports and recreation activity-related eye injuries presenting to the Emergency Department
Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-721, Korea 2 Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea 3 Department of Emergency Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 220-701, Korea 4 Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Korea 5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 406-799, Korea 6 Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 501-746, Korea 7 Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-180, Korea 8 Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 602-739, Korea 9 Korean Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-951, Korea Correspondence to: Hyun Wook Ryoo. Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-842, Korea. [email protected] Received: 2015-07-28 Accepted: 2016-01-28 1
AIM:
To
investigate
the
incidence
and
general
characteristics of sports -related eye injuries in patients visiting the Emergency Department.
·
A total of 446 patients had sports -related
eye injuries. Teenagers (10 -19 years old) and young adults (20-29 years old) had the most eye injuries. Eye injuries accounted for 0.2% of Emergency Department patients. Baseball was the most common cause of
sports -related eye injuries, followed by soccer and hiking. Protective gear was worn by 9.4% of all patients. Patients that were 30 -39 years of age had the highest
rate of protective gear use, followed by patients that were 40-49 years of age. The proportion of sports-related eye injuries that were open -globe injuries was highest for soccer and hiking.
· CONCLUSION:
Although injuries were most common
in patients below the age of 10 years, these patients had the lowest rate of protective eyewear use. Injuries in
adults over 40 years of age most commonly occurred during hiking, but the rate of protective eyewear use was low. Young athletes should be educated on and provided with protective eyewear and policies protective gear use
should be established. For older adults, eye protection should be encouraged, especially during hiking.
· KEYWORDS:
athletic injuries; eye injuries; protective
devices; sports. DOI:10.18240/ijo.2016.10.22 Moon S, Ryoo HW, Ahn JY, Park JB, Seo KS, Shin SD, Song KJ, Lee KH, Yoo IS, Cho JS, Ryu HH, Jeong TO, Yeom SR, Kim YT, Hong
Abstract
·
· RESULTS:
METHODS:
A
cross -sectional,
multi -center,
observational study. Patients with an injured eye who visited the Emergency Department at one of nine hospitals in Korea were enrolled. All data were prospectively collected between March and September 2010 using a questionnaire. Eye injuries that occurred during risky sports were examined by gender and age. Additionally, the rate of open globe injuries that occurred with and without protective eyewear was examined for each activity. Continuous variables were compared using Student's -test and categorical variables were compared using Chi-square test.
SO. Analysis on sports and recreation activity-related eye injuries presenting to the Emergency Department. (10):1499-1505
2016;9
INTRODUCTION he number of people participating in recreational and sports activities has been increasing over recent years because of better availability, an increase in the amount of free time, and improved socioeconomic status [1]. Various injuries have been associated with such activities and eye injuries have become a concern around the world, particularly because ocular injuries can be fatal, have a high morbidity, and are often expensive to treat [2]. A nationwide study in the United States reported that only 0.4% of all sports injuries involve the eyes [3] and it is widely known that
T
1499
Sports-related eye injuries
up to 90% of all sports-related eye injuries can be prevented by using protective equipment [3-8]. Still, 40 000 to 100 000 sports-related eye injuries occurred in the United States and as many as 600 000 sports-related eye injuries occurred around the world [4-6,8]. Numerous publications have reported different eye injury characteristics and which risky activities are most associated with sports-related eye injuries. These studies used data obtained from various data collection agencies, including the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), the National Eye Trauma System (NETS), the United States Eye Injury Registry (USEIR), and the Canadian Ophthalmological Society (COS) [5,7,9-10]. Unlike north America, Korea does not have a specialized agency that is involved in monitoring ocular injuries. Because the prevalence of specific sports activities vary by country, the types of eye injuries observed will reflect these regional differences. Therefore, it is important to determine risk factors and characteristics for each nation or geographic region. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of sports-related eye injuries in patients visiting the Emergency Department (ED). We specifically examined injury characteristics and which activities were most associated with eye injury. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study was a cross-sectional, multi-center, observational study. To understand general patient characteristics, regional areas were classified as either metropolitan or provincial. Korea had been divided into 9 provinces, 6 metropolitan cities, and 1 special city at the time of this study. Eight regional emergency medical centers were selected from 5 metropolitan cities, 2 provinces, and 1 special city. An additional local emergency medical center located in Seoul was included to reflect the large population of that city. Regional emergency medical centers are governmentdesignated hospitals where EDs have government-mandated personnel and resources. In Korea, many patients visit hospitals located in a metropolitan area and hospitals with regional emergency centers are considered to be the main hospital in that region. Patients with an eye injury that visit a hospital ED were enrolled in this study. Data were prospectively collected using a prepared questionnaire. Eye injury patients that visited the ED at the selected hospitals between March and September 2010 were enrolled. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis following ophthalmology consultation were included in analyses. Eye injury types included eyeball injury, eye adnexa ( lacrimal duct and lacrimal gland) injury, eyelid laceration, orbital wall fracture, and intraocular foreign body. Severe ocular trauma was defined as trauma associated with at least one of the following three occurrences: hospital admission, surgery, and complications. 1500
The specific sports included in analyses were initially based on discussions between emergency physicians, ophthalmologists, and epidemiologists. The USEIR is a widely used format to standardize eye injury studies and was used here as a reference to create our study eye injury questionnaire. Once created, the questionnaire was localized to be more applicable to the Korean context. Data collection included patient gender and age for demographic analyses and sports activity and protective eyewear use for risk analyses. Injury type, diagnosis, and severity were also examined to better understand clinical characteristics of injuries. Eye injuries were classified with the widely used Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System (BETTS) [11]. Patients were divided into age and gender groups to examine the influence of sports activity and protective eyewear use. Patients were categorized into one of the following age groups:
窑Investigation窑
Analysis on sports and recreation activity-related eye injuries presenting to the Emergency Department
Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-721, Korea 2 Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea 3 Department of Emergency Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 220-701, Korea 4 Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Korea 5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 406-799, Korea 6 Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 501-746, Korea 7 Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-180, Korea 8 Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 602-739, Korea 9 Korean Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-951, Korea Correspondence to: Hyun Wook Ryoo. Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-842, Korea. [email protected] Received: 2015-07-28 Accepted: 2016-01-28 1
AIM:
To
investigate
the
incidence
and
general
characteristics of sports -related eye injuries in patients visiting the Emergency Department.
·
A total of 446 patients had sports -related
eye injuries. Teenagers (10 -19 years old) and young adults (20-29 years old) had the most eye injuries. Eye injuries accounted for 0.2% of Emergency Department patients. Baseball was the most common cause of
sports -related eye injuries, followed by soccer and hiking. Protective gear was worn by 9.4% of all patients. Patients that were 30 -39 years of age had the highest
rate of protective gear use, followed by patients that were 40-49 years of age. The proportion of sports-related eye injuries that were open -globe injuries was highest for soccer and hiking.
· CONCLUSION:
Although injuries were most common
in patients below the age of 10 years, these patients had the lowest rate of protective eyewear use. Injuries in
adults over 40 years of age most commonly occurred during hiking, but the rate of protective eyewear use was low. Young athletes should be educated on and provided with protective eyewear and policies protective gear use
should be established. For older adults, eye protection should be encouraged, especially during hiking.
· KEYWORDS:
athletic injuries; eye injuries; protective
devices; sports. DOI:10.18240/ijo.2016.10.22 Moon S, Ryoo HW, Ahn JY, Park JB, Seo KS, Shin SD, Song KJ, Lee KH, Yoo IS, Cho JS, Ryu HH, Jeong TO, Yeom SR, Kim YT, Hong
Abstract
·
· RESULTS:
METHODS:
A
cross -sectional,
multi -center,
observational study. Patients with an injured eye who visited the Emergency Department at one of nine hospitals in Korea were enrolled. All data were prospectively collected between March and September 2010 using a questionnaire. Eye injuries that occurred during risky sports were examined by gender and age. Additionally, the rate of open globe injuries that occurred with and without protective eyewear was examined for each activity. Continuous variables were compared using Student's -test and categorical variables were compared using Chi-square test.
SO. Analysis on sports and recreation activity-related eye injuries presenting to the Emergency Department. (10):1499-1505
2016;9
INTRODUCTION he number of people participating in recreational and sports activities has been increasing over recent years because of better availability, an increase in the amount of free time, and improved socioeconomic status [1]. Various injuries have been associated with such activities and eye injuries have become a concern around the world, particularly because ocular injuries can be fatal, have a high morbidity, and are often expensive to treat [2]. A nationwide study in the United States reported that only 0.4% of all sports injuries involve the eyes [3] and it is widely known that
T
1499
Sports-related eye injuries
up to 90% of all sports-related eye injuries can be prevented by using protective equipment [3-8]. Still, 40 000 to 100 000 sports-related eye injuries occurred in the United States and as many as 600 000 sports-related eye injuries occurred around the world [4-6,8]. Numerous publications have reported different eye injury characteristics and which risky activities are most associated with sports-related eye injuries. These studies used data obtained from various data collection agencies, including the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), the National Eye Trauma System (NETS), the United States Eye Injury Registry (USEIR), and the Canadian Ophthalmological Society (COS) [5,7,9-10]. Unlike north America, Korea does not have a specialized agency that is involved in monitoring ocular injuries. Because the prevalence of specific sports activities vary by country, the types of eye injuries observed will reflect these regional differences. Therefore, it is important to determine risk factors and characteristics for each nation or geographic region. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of sports-related eye injuries in patients visiting the Emergency Department (ED). We specifically examined injury characteristics and which activities were most associated with eye injury. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study was a cross-sectional, multi-center, observational study. To understand general patient characteristics, regional areas were classified as either metropolitan or provincial. Korea had been divided into 9 provinces, 6 metropolitan cities, and 1 special city at the time of this study. Eight regional emergency medical centers were selected from 5 metropolitan cities, 2 provinces, and 1 special city. An additional local emergency medical center located in Seoul was included to reflect the large population of that city. Regional emergency medical centers are governmentdesignated hospitals where EDs have government-mandated personnel and resources. In Korea, many patients visit hospitals located in a metropolitan area and hospitals with regional emergency centers are considered to be the main hospital in that region. Patients with an eye injury that visit a hospital ED were enrolled in this study. Data were prospectively collected using a prepared questionnaire. Eye injury patients that visited the ED at the selected hospitals between March and September 2010 were enrolled. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis following ophthalmology consultation were included in analyses. Eye injury types included eyeball injury, eye adnexa ( lacrimal duct and lacrimal gland) injury, eyelid laceration, orbital wall fracture, and intraocular foreign body. Severe ocular trauma was defined as trauma associated with at least one of the following three occurrences: hospital admission, surgery, and complications. 1500
The specific sports included in analyses were initially based on discussions between emergency physicians, ophthalmologists, and epidemiologists. The USEIR is a widely used format to standardize eye injury studies and was used here as a reference to create our study eye injury questionnaire. Once created, the questionnaire was localized to be more applicable to the Korean context. Data collection included patient gender and age for demographic analyses and sports activity and protective eyewear use for risk analyses. Injury type, diagnosis, and severity were also examined to better understand clinical characteristics of injuries. Eye injuries were classified with the widely used Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System (BETTS) [11]. Patients were divided into age and gender groups to examine the influence of sports activity and protective eyewear use. Patients were categorized into one of the following age groups:
