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Veterinary Quarterly Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tveq20
Antibiotic resistance from prehistoric to modern times J.H. (Han) van der Kolk
a
a
Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland Published online: 16 Feb 2015.
Click for updates To cite this article: J.H. (Han) van der Kolk (2015) Antibiotic resistance from prehistoric to modern times, Veterinary Quarterly, 35:1, 1-1, DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1008215 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2015.1008215
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
Veterinary Quarterly, 2015 Vol. 35, No. 1, 1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2015.1008215
EDITORIAL VETERINARY QUARTERLY 35:1 Antibiotic resistance from prehistoric to modern times
Downloaded by [York University Libraries] at 18:55 04 March 2015
Dear reader, In this issue of Veterinary Quarterly, Bandyopadhyay and co-authors address an important issue in human and veterinary medicine, namely antibiotic resistance. Their study describes intra-mammary infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli in three cows with (subclinical) mastitis. Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics (Bhullar et al. 2012). The most common types of resistances found in environmental metagenomes are efflux pumps and genes conferring resistance to vancomycin, tetracycline, or b-lactam antibiotics used in veterinary and human health care (Nesme et al. 2014). Of note, infections produced by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are increasing worldwide. Therapeutic options are scarce because many of these bacteria are resistant to other antimicrobial groups. Furthermore, the dissemination of some carbapenemases and CPE is occurring rapidly (Pascual et al. 2014). The origin of the genes associated with this resistance is of significant importance to our understanding of the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. Interestingly, a screen of a sample of the culturable microbiome of Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, USA, in a region of the cave that has been isolated for over 4 million years revealed bacteria highly resistant to antibiotics. Some strains were resistant to 14 different commercially available antibiotics. Sequencing of the genome of one of the resistant bacteria identified a macrolide kinase encoding gene and characterization of its product revealed it to be related to a known family of kinases circulating in modern drug-resistant pathogens. As a consequence, it illustrates that antibiotic resistance is natural, ancient, and hard wired in the microbial pangenome (Bhullar et al. 2012). In accord, it has been shown that soil harbours a large genetic diversity at small spatial scale, favouring exchange of genetic materials by means of horizontal gene transfer that will contribute to antibiotic resistance gene determinants dissemination between bacteria and eventually acquisition by pathogen genomes,
Ó 2015 Taylor & Francis
therefore threatening antibiotic therapies (Nesme & Simonet 2014). This might be facilitated by the large amounts of veterinary antibiotics applied worldwide to farm animals and reaching agricultural fields by manure fertilization (Jechalke et al. 2014). Although the optimally effective and cost-effective strategy to reduce antibiotic resistance is not known, a multifaceted approach is most likely to be successful. It should include actions aiming at optimizing antibiotic use, strengthening surveillance and infection control, and improving health care worker and public education with regard to antibiotics (Paphitou 2013). The issue is a major challenge to both human and veterinary medicine aiming at ‘One Health’. References Bhullar K, Waglechner N, Pawlowski A, Koteva K, Banks ED, Johnston MD, Barton HA, Wright GD. 2012. Antibiotic resistance is prevalent in an isolated cave microbiome. PLoS One, 7:e34953. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034953. Epub 2012 Apr 11. Jechalke S, Heuer H, Siemens J, Amelung W, Smalla K. 2014. Fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics in soil. Trends Microbiol. 22:536 545. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.05.005. Epub 2014 Jun 17. Nesme J, Cecillon S, Delmont TO, Monier JM, Vogel TM, Simonet P. 2014. Large-scale metagenomic-based study of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Curr Biol. 24:1096 1100. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.036. Epub 2014 May 8. Nesme J, Simonet P. 2014. The soil resistome: a critical review on antibiotic resistance origins, ecology and dissemination potential in telluric bacteria. Environ Microbiol. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12631. Epub ahead of print. Paphitou NI. 2013. Antimicrobial resistance: action to combat the rising microbial challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 42: S25 S28. Pintado V, Rodrıguez-Ba~ Pascual A, no J, Mir o JM. 2014. Carbapenemase- producing Enterobacteriaceae: The end of the antibiotic era? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 32:1 3.
J.H. (Han) van der Kolk Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland Email: [email protected]
Veterinary Quarterly Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tveq20
Antibiotic resistance from prehistoric to modern times J.H. (Han) van der Kolk
a
a
Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland Published online: 16 Feb 2015.
Click for updates To cite this article: J.H. (Han) van der Kolk (2015) Antibiotic resistance from prehistoric to modern times, Veterinary Quarterly, 35:1, 1-1, DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1008215 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2015.1008215
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
Veterinary Quarterly, 2015 Vol. 35, No. 1, 1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2015.1008215
EDITORIAL VETERINARY QUARTERLY 35:1 Antibiotic resistance from prehistoric to modern times
Downloaded by [York University Libraries] at 18:55 04 March 2015
Dear reader, In this issue of Veterinary Quarterly, Bandyopadhyay and co-authors address an important issue in human and veterinary medicine, namely antibiotic resistance. Their study describes intra-mammary infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli in three cows with (subclinical) mastitis. Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics (Bhullar et al. 2012). The most common types of resistances found in environmental metagenomes are efflux pumps and genes conferring resistance to vancomycin, tetracycline, or b-lactam antibiotics used in veterinary and human health care (Nesme et al. 2014). Of note, infections produced by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are increasing worldwide. Therapeutic options are scarce because many of these bacteria are resistant to other antimicrobial groups. Furthermore, the dissemination of some carbapenemases and CPE is occurring rapidly (Pascual et al. 2014). The origin of the genes associated with this resistance is of significant importance to our understanding of the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. Interestingly, a screen of a sample of the culturable microbiome of Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, USA, in a region of the cave that has been isolated for over 4 million years revealed bacteria highly resistant to antibiotics. Some strains were resistant to 14 different commercially available antibiotics. Sequencing of the genome of one of the resistant bacteria identified a macrolide kinase encoding gene and characterization of its product revealed it to be related to a known family of kinases circulating in modern drug-resistant pathogens. As a consequence, it illustrates that antibiotic resistance is natural, ancient, and hard wired in the microbial pangenome (Bhullar et al. 2012). In accord, it has been shown that soil harbours a large genetic diversity at small spatial scale, favouring exchange of genetic materials by means of horizontal gene transfer that will contribute to antibiotic resistance gene determinants dissemination between bacteria and eventually acquisition by pathogen genomes,
Ó 2015 Taylor & Francis
therefore threatening antibiotic therapies (Nesme & Simonet 2014). This might be facilitated by the large amounts of veterinary antibiotics applied worldwide to farm animals and reaching agricultural fields by manure fertilization (Jechalke et al. 2014). Although the optimally effective and cost-effective strategy to reduce antibiotic resistance is not known, a multifaceted approach is most likely to be successful. It should include actions aiming at optimizing antibiotic use, strengthening surveillance and infection control, and improving health care worker and public education with regard to antibiotics (Paphitou 2013). The issue is a major challenge to both human and veterinary medicine aiming at ‘One Health’. References Bhullar K, Waglechner N, Pawlowski A, Koteva K, Banks ED, Johnston MD, Barton HA, Wright GD. 2012. Antibiotic resistance is prevalent in an isolated cave microbiome. PLoS One, 7:e34953. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034953. Epub 2012 Apr 11. Jechalke S, Heuer H, Siemens J, Amelung W, Smalla K. 2014. Fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics in soil. Trends Microbiol. 22:536 545. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.05.005. Epub 2014 Jun 17. Nesme J, Cecillon S, Delmont TO, Monier JM, Vogel TM, Simonet P. 2014. Large-scale metagenomic-based study of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Curr Biol. 24:1096 1100. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.036. Epub 2014 May 8. Nesme J, Simonet P. 2014. The soil resistome: a critical review on antibiotic resistance origins, ecology and dissemination potential in telluric bacteria. Environ Microbiol. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12631. Epub ahead of print. Paphitou NI. 2013. Antimicrobial resistance: action to combat the rising microbial challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 42: S25 S28. Pintado V, Rodrıguez-Ba~ Pascual A, no J, Mir o JM. 2014. Carbapenemase- producing Enterobacteriaceae: The end of the antibiotic era? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 32:1 3.
J.H. (Han) van der Kolk Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland Email: [email protected]
