PERSPECTIVE
APAO’s Commitment to Ophthalmic Education Dennis S.C. Lam, MD, FRCOphth,*Þ Frank J. Martin, MBBS, FRANZCO, FRACS,þ and Clement C.Y. Tham, FRCS, FCOphth§¶
Abstract: The Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) is a supranational organization set up in 1960 with the aims to advance the science and art of ophthalmology and eliminate preventable blindness in the Asia-Pacific region through teaching, research, and service. Being the major driving force of ophthalmologic development in the region, the APAO is dedicated to providing education opportunities to ophthalmologists and visual scientists in the region and beyond. Since its inception in 1960, ophthalmic education has topped the APAO’s priority list. Accordingly, the APAO organizes an annual congress, organizes scientific meetings and conferences, publishes its official journal and newspaper, recognizes ophthalmologists’ achievements, and offers training and learning opportunities to young and aspiring ophthalmologists. This perspective reviews efforts the APAO has made in advancing ophthalmic education and its future plans to further expand the scopes of its service to help push back the frontiers of knowledge. Key Words: ophthalmic education, prevention of blindness, Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology, information technology (Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol 2012;1: 190Y192)
T
he Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) was formed out of one man’s dreamVthat of Dr William John Holmes. Fifty-two years ago, Dr Holmes, an ophthalmologist born in Budapest, Hungary, who migrated to Hawaii, made a call to unite Asian leaders of ophthalmology as he realized that eye surgeons in Asia, Australasia, and the Oceania were faced with the exact same ophthalmologic problems as their US and European counterparts. It was Dr Holmes’dream that a regional organization should be formed to foster closer relationships among ophthalmologists and ophthalmologic societies in the Asia-Pacific region to combat preventable blindness. Nevertheless, it was the concerted efforts of various ophthalmologic leaders, including Drs Germiniano de Ocampo and Jesus Tamesis from the Philippines and Dr Robert F. Lowe from Australia, that the APAO was finally conceived. Together, they drew up the Constitution of the Academy, paving the way for its very first meeting in Manila on October 10 to 13, 1960 (Fig. 1).
APAO CONGRESSES Today, the APAO congress serves as a platform to encourage exchange of ophthalmic knowledge and the advanceFrom the *Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, Hong Kong; †Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; ‡University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; §Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; and ¶Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China. Received for publication May 11, 2012; accepted May 17, 2012. The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to declare. Reprints: Dennis S.C. Lam, MD, FRCOphth, Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, Suite 1515, Central Building, 1-3 Pedder Street, Central, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China. E-mail: [email protected]. Copyright * 2012 by Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology ISSN: 2162-0989 DOI: 10.1097/APO.0b013e318260069e
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ment of the standard of eye care. Since 2006, the APAO congress has been an annual event that, on average, has attracted more than 4500 delegates to each Congress, making it one of the most popular ophthalmologic meetings worldwide. Following the success of the World Ophthalmology Congress 2008, which was held in conjunction with the 23rd APAO Congress, the APAO has set up a congress team to develop and implement a sustainable system that not only helps avoid repetition of previous mistakes, but also explores new ways to take the APAO Annual Congress to a new height. It is the mission and vision of the APAO that we will present to the ophthalmologic world an annual meeting of a consistently high standard. We are delighted to share with you that this year the 27th APAO Busan Congress, which was held in conjunction with the European Society of Ophthalmology Meeting, had attendance figures of more than 5000. It is anticipated that the 28th APAO India Congress will attract at least 8000 delegates. Equipped with the aim to advance and excel, the APAO congress team has devised its very first application program for the 27th APAO Busan Congress. With a few taps on the screen, smartphone and tablet computer users were able to access and download a wealth of information including schedule of sessions, speaker information, nature of talks, and so on. More importantly, one could easily connect with one’s friends and colleagues and share with them what they had seen at APAO Busan 2012 with the social networking site sharing function. Such an application program had been well received by most congress delegates, which is the major driving force to keep us moving forward. What’s more, the APAO recognizes individuals who have made significant contributions to ophthalmologic development in the Asia-Pacific region in its annual meeting. The 8 named awards including the Jose Rizal Medal, the Jose Rizal International Medal, the De Ocampo Lecture, the Holmes Lecture, the Susruta Lecture, the Nakajima Award, the Arthur Lim Award, and the ICO Mark Tso Golden Apple Award were set up in appreciation of various ophthalmologic leaders whose contributions were crucial to the development of ophthalmology in the Asia-Pacific region. In collaboration with the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO), the APAO awards annually the ICO Mark Tso Golden Apple Award to the best clinical teacher in ophthalmology in the Asia-Pacific region. This year, the ICO has decided to rename the Golden Apple Award in honor of its director for education, Prof Mark Tso, for his continuous service. Incidentally, Prof Mark Tso was awarded the renamed ICO Mark Tso Golden Apple Award at the opening ceremony of the 27th APAO Congress (Fig. 2). Apart from the named awards, the APAO Distinguished Service Awards and the APAO Outstanding Service in Prevention of Blindness Awards are also presented annually to individuals who have assisted in improving ophthalmology and combating preventable blindness in the Asia-Pacific region.
PUBLICATIONS Technological advancements have certainly made the dissemination of ophthalmic knowledge a lot easier. The APAO was set up with the aims to promote prevention of blindness and restoration of sight through service, research, and teaching in
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology
&
Volume 1, Number 4, July/August 2012
Copyright © 2012 by Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology
&
Volume 1, Number 4, July/August 2012
APAO’s Commitment to Ophthalmic Education
FIGURE 1. Inauguration of the APAO in Manila, Philippines, in 1960.
ophthalmology. To this end, you are now reading in the AsiaPacific Journal of Ophthalmology (APJO), the official journal of the APAO, a perspective about our commitment to ophthalmic education and to removing the barriers of the uptake of ophthalmic education. A lot of publications have focused on the barriers to the uptake of ophthalmic services. They talk about patients’ fears and anxieties, without thinking about there is a large part of the world where ophthalmic services are not accessible at all. According to Will Sheehan, it is not uncommon in the United Kingdom to operate on an eye seeing 6/6 or 6/9 owing to symptoms of night glare or trouble seeing a golf ball in flight. Nevertheless, the scarcity of resources in the developing world means that patients are likely to be all but completely blind before being offered the chance of surgery.1 Undeniably, ophthalmic resources in developing nations are extremely rare. The World Health Organization reported that, among the 39 million blind people worldwide, 30.4 million of them have preventable blindness.2 One would be inclined to call for volunteers to help save the sight of the visually impaired in
developing nations. This could helpVbut just momentarily. Instead of providing more ophthalmic services in underserved areas, the panacea for preventable blindness is to improve the uptake of ophthalmic education in developing countries. Whether one is born with a silver spoon in the mouth or born in a slum area, education is a major determinant of one’s outlook on life. Instead of sending groups of volunteer doctors to serve the underprivileged for a limited period, the APAO is dedicated to up-skilling and training eye surgeons in developing nations. The publication of the APJO is the one of the major steps the APAO has taken to advance ophthalmic education. With its freely accessible nature by members of the APAO, the APJO acts like a double-edged sword that cuts through the veil that was used to separate information readily available to ophthalmologists in developed nations from their counterparts in developing nations. Quality is the key. As a result, the APJO tries its utmost to strike a balance between original studies and review articles. Not only will its readers be informed of the latest ophthalmologic developments, they will also have the chance to enjoy a recap of previously
FIGURE 2. Prof Mark Tso was presented the ICO Mark Tso Golden Apple Award at the 27th APAO Congress by Drs Bruce Spivey and Karl Golnik. * 2012 Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology
www.apjo.org
Copyright © 2012 by Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
191
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology
Lam et al
published major studies. What is more, based on the principle of ‘‘waste not, want not,’’ the APJO has every one of its pages filled to the fullest with inspiring quotes and images. APJO readers will be equipped not only with ophthalmic knowledge that offers them a headstart in their sight-saving campaigns, but also words of wisdom that guide them through the challenging lessons in life. Moreover, the APAO has entered into partnership with SLACK to publish the Ocular Surgery NewsVAsia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology Edition (OSN-APAO), the official newspaper of the APAO, since January 2012. Compared with the journal, OSN-APAO is a light type of reading that entertains readers with the latest technological development and breakthroughs in the industry as well as news at the APAO. In each issue, there are a few APAO pages that update readers with activities organized by the APAO. Adhering to the APAO’s principle to provide quality ophthalmic education free, OSN-APAO is freely accessible at http://osnapao.healio.com/read/account_titles/158492 and through the APAO Web site. It is to be hoped that with various sorts of reading, ophthalmologic development in the Asia-Pacific region can be facilitated and accelerated, which will, in turn, help combat the prevalence of preventable blindness.
ONLINE EDUCATION In the Information Age, access to information will undoubtedly give one a distinct advantage on the way to success. Although libraries are the conventional places where one can freely access information, the lack of resources in most developing nations has undermined their ability to contain wealth. In view of the gap between the better off and the less well off, the APAO would like to make better use of the World Wide Web, a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Unlike printed copies, what it takes for readers of the APJO is access to the Internet. Not only do we help conserve valuable resources by running a purely electronic eye journal, but we also speed up the dissemination of information. With a click on the mouse, the messages we write can reach friends and colleagues who are miles apart in the blink of an eye. With another click on the mouse, the article that we are interested in will pop up right in front of our eyes. This was unimaginable at the time when snail mail was the major mode of communication. Leading on from this, the next initiative of the APAO is to further enhance and enrich its online education program. Online
192
www.apjo.org
&
Volume 1, Number 4, July/August 2012
members of the APAO will be able to access a wealth of quality information without incurring any travel and accommodation expenses. Although congresses are excellent meeting places for professional exchange of expertise, upcoming ophthalmologists may not have sufficient resources to attend every important meeting worldwide. To cater to their needs, the APAO will start recording selected scientific sessions of the 28th APAO Congress to be held in Hyderabad, India, in January 2013. While recordings can offer useful pointers for participants to self-evaluate their performance, quality talks and lectures will automatically go online to enrich the APAO education platform. DVDs will also be produced and distributed to member societies located in countries that have a gross domestic product ranked lower than 100 on the list compiled by the World Bank. In addition, the APAO Online Education Platform will comprise a video library, a photo gallery, and an eye quiz that feature not only award-winning videos but also interesting and challenging cases for fruitful ophthalmologic exchange. Leading experts in a particular subspecialty will be invited to prepare a state-of-the-art video for APAO online members featuring their preferred technique in a particular type of surgery. Not only is quality guaranteed, APAO online members are also entitled to educational materials that are readily accessible. It is hoped that we can serve and reach out to as many eye doctors as possible, who will, in return, offer their patients quality life-changing ophthalmic services. As the APAO has been entrusted with forming a family of ophthalmologic societies for the welfare of all peoples and nations in the Asia-Pacific region since its inception, it is our vision and mission that we can contribute to the removal of the barriers to the dissemination and uptake of ophthalmic education, which will ultimately lead to a world where everybody can enjoy the right to sight. REFERENCES 1. Sheehan W. Ophthalmology in the Developing World [BMJ Careers Web site]. February 2, 2008. Available at: http://careers.bmj.com/careers/ advice/view-article.html?id=2800. Accessed March 9, 2012. 2. Media Centre. Visual Impairment and Blindness [World Health Organization Web site]. October 2011. Available at: http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/. Accessed March 9, 2012.
* 2012 Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology
Copyright © 2012 by Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
APAO’s Commitment to Ophthalmic Education Dennis S.C. Lam, MD, FRCOphth,*Þ Frank J. Martin, MBBS, FRANZCO, FRACS,þ and Clement C.Y. Tham, FRCS, FCOphth§¶
Abstract: The Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) is a supranational organization set up in 1960 with the aims to advance the science and art of ophthalmology and eliminate preventable blindness in the Asia-Pacific region through teaching, research, and service. Being the major driving force of ophthalmologic development in the region, the APAO is dedicated to providing education opportunities to ophthalmologists and visual scientists in the region and beyond. Since its inception in 1960, ophthalmic education has topped the APAO’s priority list. Accordingly, the APAO organizes an annual congress, organizes scientific meetings and conferences, publishes its official journal and newspaper, recognizes ophthalmologists’ achievements, and offers training and learning opportunities to young and aspiring ophthalmologists. This perspective reviews efforts the APAO has made in advancing ophthalmic education and its future plans to further expand the scopes of its service to help push back the frontiers of knowledge. Key Words: ophthalmic education, prevention of blindness, Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology, information technology (Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol 2012;1: 190Y192)
T
he Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) was formed out of one man’s dreamVthat of Dr William John Holmes. Fifty-two years ago, Dr Holmes, an ophthalmologist born in Budapest, Hungary, who migrated to Hawaii, made a call to unite Asian leaders of ophthalmology as he realized that eye surgeons in Asia, Australasia, and the Oceania were faced with the exact same ophthalmologic problems as their US and European counterparts. It was Dr Holmes’dream that a regional organization should be formed to foster closer relationships among ophthalmologists and ophthalmologic societies in the Asia-Pacific region to combat preventable blindness. Nevertheless, it was the concerted efforts of various ophthalmologic leaders, including Drs Germiniano de Ocampo and Jesus Tamesis from the Philippines and Dr Robert F. Lowe from Australia, that the APAO was finally conceived. Together, they drew up the Constitution of the Academy, paving the way for its very first meeting in Manila on October 10 to 13, 1960 (Fig. 1).
APAO CONGRESSES Today, the APAO congress serves as a platform to encourage exchange of ophthalmic knowledge and the advanceFrom the *Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, Hong Kong; †Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; ‡University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; §Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; and ¶Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China. Received for publication May 11, 2012; accepted May 17, 2012. The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to declare. Reprints: Dennis S.C. Lam, MD, FRCOphth, Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, Suite 1515, Central Building, 1-3 Pedder Street, Central, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China. E-mail: [email protected]. Copyright * 2012 by Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology ISSN: 2162-0989 DOI: 10.1097/APO.0b013e318260069e
190
www.apjo.org
ment of the standard of eye care. Since 2006, the APAO congress has been an annual event that, on average, has attracted more than 4500 delegates to each Congress, making it one of the most popular ophthalmologic meetings worldwide. Following the success of the World Ophthalmology Congress 2008, which was held in conjunction with the 23rd APAO Congress, the APAO has set up a congress team to develop and implement a sustainable system that not only helps avoid repetition of previous mistakes, but also explores new ways to take the APAO Annual Congress to a new height. It is the mission and vision of the APAO that we will present to the ophthalmologic world an annual meeting of a consistently high standard. We are delighted to share with you that this year the 27th APAO Busan Congress, which was held in conjunction with the European Society of Ophthalmology Meeting, had attendance figures of more than 5000. It is anticipated that the 28th APAO India Congress will attract at least 8000 delegates. Equipped with the aim to advance and excel, the APAO congress team has devised its very first application program for the 27th APAO Busan Congress. With a few taps on the screen, smartphone and tablet computer users were able to access and download a wealth of information including schedule of sessions, speaker information, nature of talks, and so on. More importantly, one could easily connect with one’s friends and colleagues and share with them what they had seen at APAO Busan 2012 with the social networking site sharing function. Such an application program had been well received by most congress delegates, which is the major driving force to keep us moving forward. What’s more, the APAO recognizes individuals who have made significant contributions to ophthalmologic development in the Asia-Pacific region in its annual meeting. The 8 named awards including the Jose Rizal Medal, the Jose Rizal International Medal, the De Ocampo Lecture, the Holmes Lecture, the Susruta Lecture, the Nakajima Award, the Arthur Lim Award, and the ICO Mark Tso Golden Apple Award were set up in appreciation of various ophthalmologic leaders whose contributions were crucial to the development of ophthalmology in the Asia-Pacific region. In collaboration with the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO), the APAO awards annually the ICO Mark Tso Golden Apple Award to the best clinical teacher in ophthalmology in the Asia-Pacific region. This year, the ICO has decided to rename the Golden Apple Award in honor of its director for education, Prof Mark Tso, for his continuous service. Incidentally, Prof Mark Tso was awarded the renamed ICO Mark Tso Golden Apple Award at the opening ceremony of the 27th APAO Congress (Fig. 2). Apart from the named awards, the APAO Distinguished Service Awards and the APAO Outstanding Service in Prevention of Blindness Awards are also presented annually to individuals who have assisted in improving ophthalmology and combating preventable blindness in the Asia-Pacific region.
PUBLICATIONS Technological advancements have certainly made the dissemination of ophthalmic knowledge a lot easier. The APAO was set up with the aims to promote prevention of blindness and restoration of sight through service, research, and teaching in
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology
&
Volume 1, Number 4, July/August 2012
Copyright © 2012 by Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology
&
Volume 1, Number 4, July/August 2012
APAO’s Commitment to Ophthalmic Education
FIGURE 1. Inauguration of the APAO in Manila, Philippines, in 1960.
ophthalmology. To this end, you are now reading in the AsiaPacific Journal of Ophthalmology (APJO), the official journal of the APAO, a perspective about our commitment to ophthalmic education and to removing the barriers of the uptake of ophthalmic education. A lot of publications have focused on the barriers to the uptake of ophthalmic services. They talk about patients’ fears and anxieties, without thinking about there is a large part of the world where ophthalmic services are not accessible at all. According to Will Sheehan, it is not uncommon in the United Kingdom to operate on an eye seeing 6/6 or 6/9 owing to symptoms of night glare or trouble seeing a golf ball in flight. Nevertheless, the scarcity of resources in the developing world means that patients are likely to be all but completely blind before being offered the chance of surgery.1 Undeniably, ophthalmic resources in developing nations are extremely rare. The World Health Organization reported that, among the 39 million blind people worldwide, 30.4 million of them have preventable blindness.2 One would be inclined to call for volunteers to help save the sight of the visually impaired in
developing nations. This could helpVbut just momentarily. Instead of providing more ophthalmic services in underserved areas, the panacea for preventable blindness is to improve the uptake of ophthalmic education in developing countries. Whether one is born with a silver spoon in the mouth or born in a slum area, education is a major determinant of one’s outlook on life. Instead of sending groups of volunteer doctors to serve the underprivileged for a limited period, the APAO is dedicated to up-skilling and training eye surgeons in developing nations. The publication of the APJO is the one of the major steps the APAO has taken to advance ophthalmic education. With its freely accessible nature by members of the APAO, the APJO acts like a double-edged sword that cuts through the veil that was used to separate information readily available to ophthalmologists in developed nations from their counterparts in developing nations. Quality is the key. As a result, the APJO tries its utmost to strike a balance between original studies and review articles. Not only will its readers be informed of the latest ophthalmologic developments, they will also have the chance to enjoy a recap of previously
FIGURE 2. Prof Mark Tso was presented the ICO Mark Tso Golden Apple Award at the 27th APAO Congress by Drs Bruce Spivey and Karl Golnik. * 2012 Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology
www.apjo.org
Copyright © 2012 by Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
191
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology
Lam et al
published major studies. What is more, based on the principle of ‘‘waste not, want not,’’ the APJO has every one of its pages filled to the fullest with inspiring quotes and images. APJO readers will be equipped not only with ophthalmic knowledge that offers them a headstart in their sight-saving campaigns, but also words of wisdom that guide them through the challenging lessons in life. Moreover, the APAO has entered into partnership with SLACK to publish the Ocular Surgery NewsVAsia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology Edition (OSN-APAO), the official newspaper of the APAO, since January 2012. Compared with the journal, OSN-APAO is a light type of reading that entertains readers with the latest technological development and breakthroughs in the industry as well as news at the APAO. In each issue, there are a few APAO pages that update readers with activities organized by the APAO. Adhering to the APAO’s principle to provide quality ophthalmic education free, OSN-APAO is freely accessible at http://osnapao.healio.com/read/account_titles/158492 and through the APAO Web site. It is to be hoped that with various sorts of reading, ophthalmologic development in the Asia-Pacific region can be facilitated and accelerated, which will, in turn, help combat the prevalence of preventable blindness.
ONLINE EDUCATION In the Information Age, access to information will undoubtedly give one a distinct advantage on the way to success. Although libraries are the conventional places where one can freely access information, the lack of resources in most developing nations has undermined their ability to contain wealth. In view of the gap between the better off and the less well off, the APAO would like to make better use of the World Wide Web, a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Unlike printed copies, what it takes for readers of the APJO is access to the Internet. Not only do we help conserve valuable resources by running a purely electronic eye journal, but we also speed up the dissemination of information. With a click on the mouse, the messages we write can reach friends and colleagues who are miles apart in the blink of an eye. With another click on the mouse, the article that we are interested in will pop up right in front of our eyes. This was unimaginable at the time when snail mail was the major mode of communication. Leading on from this, the next initiative of the APAO is to further enhance and enrich its online education program. Online
192
www.apjo.org
&
Volume 1, Number 4, July/August 2012
members of the APAO will be able to access a wealth of quality information without incurring any travel and accommodation expenses. Although congresses are excellent meeting places for professional exchange of expertise, upcoming ophthalmologists may not have sufficient resources to attend every important meeting worldwide. To cater to their needs, the APAO will start recording selected scientific sessions of the 28th APAO Congress to be held in Hyderabad, India, in January 2013. While recordings can offer useful pointers for participants to self-evaluate their performance, quality talks and lectures will automatically go online to enrich the APAO education platform. DVDs will also be produced and distributed to member societies located in countries that have a gross domestic product ranked lower than 100 on the list compiled by the World Bank. In addition, the APAO Online Education Platform will comprise a video library, a photo gallery, and an eye quiz that feature not only award-winning videos but also interesting and challenging cases for fruitful ophthalmologic exchange. Leading experts in a particular subspecialty will be invited to prepare a state-of-the-art video for APAO online members featuring their preferred technique in a particular type of surgery. Not only is quality guaranteed, APAO online members are also entitled to educational materials that are readily accessible. It is hoped that we can serve and reach out to as many eye doctors as possible, who will, in return, offer their patients quality life-changing ophthalmic services. As the APAO has been entrusted with forming a family of ophthalmologic societies for the welfare of all peoples and nations in the Asia-Pacific region since its inception, it is our vision and mission that we can contribute to the removal of the barriers to the dissemination and uptake of ophthalmic education, which will ultimately lead to a world where everybody can enjoy the right to sight. REFERENCES 1. Sheehan W. Ophthalmology in the Developing World [BMJ Careers Web site]. February 2, 2008. Available at: http://careers.bmj.com/careers/ advice/view-article.html?id=2800. Accessed March 9, 2012. 2. Media Centre. Visual Impairment and Blindness [World Health Organization Web site]. October 2011. Available at: http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/. Accessed March 9, 2012.
* 2012 Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology
Copyright © 2012 by Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
