NEWS Team members say they hope to get more U.S. data. “We hope the continued dialogue with local populations and studies like this will entice … Native peoples to participate in genetic studies,” Rasmussen says. Shane Doyle, a professor of Native American studies at Montana State University, Bozeman, and a member of the Crow tribe, shares that hope. Doyle is coordinating negotiations about reburying the child with the Anzick family, the researchers, and members of 11 local tribal groups, but he sees the value of such research for today’s Native Americans. “This is absolutely going to change the game about how we think about Paleoindians and their links to modern-day tribes,” Doyle says.
Both Doyle and Anzick (who notes that she is acting for her family, not NIH) say they are agonizing over how, and how soon, the child should be reburied. They worry that reburial will destroy data that might be retrieved years from now with better genetic techniques. Schurr agrees: “This is why scientists are fighting against NAGPRA repatriations of Paleoamerican remains, as much can be learned from these ancient samples.” But Doyle and Anzick insist that the child should be reburied out of respect for his Native American descendants. “The boy has given us an amazing gift,” Doyle says. “Now we must repay that by putting him back where he belongs.” –MICHAEL BALTER
Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on August 24, 2014
the Solutrean hypothesis to rest,” he says. But advocates of that idea take umbrage at such a dismissal. “This is a single individual and can in no way represent all that was happening,” says archaeologist Bruce Bradley of the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom. Schurr cautions that the lack of U.S.based Native American genomes could have biased the analysis of how closely related the Anzick boy is to today’s native peoples. “The authors might want to be more cautious about making such definitive statements” about the Clovis culture’s ancestral status “without having … a much broader sampling of North American Indian populations,” he says. ASTROPHYSICS
India Poised to Join Hunt for Gravitational Waves NEW DELHI—Every so often in the universe, two neutron stars or black holes collide so violently that space and time themselves shudder. An emerging global network of detectors is watching for these ripples in spacetime, which are predicted by Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Now it has a new recruit: India. “India intends to host the third detector” in a U.S.-based array known as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced on 3 February at the Indian Science Congress in Jammu. The network’s expansion should help physicists pinpoint sources of the waves— assuming they can be detected. Indian scientists say the government is likely to commit $201 million over 15 years to its facility, LIGO-India. “LIGO will bring some of the best international and Indian astrophysicists to work on Indian soil,” says Ratan Kumar Sinha, a nuclear engineer and chair of India’s Atomic Energy Commission. The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is jazzed as well. “I’m very excited about this because the science reward is so good,” says F. Fleming Crim, NSF’s assistant director for mathematical and physical sciences. However, he cautions, the Indian government must still develop a management structure for the project and commit to a schedule and budget. To detect gravitational waves, LIGO aims to measure the stretching of space itself. Built by NSF for $294 million, LIGO comprises two exquisitely sensitive optical interferometers located 3000 kilometers apart, in Hanford,
Washington, and Livingston, Louisiana. Each network’s ability to pinpoint sources. If the uses laser light to continuously compare the two LIGO detectors and VIRGO all picked relative lengths of two 4-kilometer-long arms up a signal, researchers could compare its set at right angles, searching for changes as arrival times to locate the source in the sky. small as 1/10,000 the width of a proton. But such triangulation would work poorly for LIGO ran from 2002 to 2010 but didn’t sources lying near the plane defined by three spot a signal. Neither have two similar detectors. A fourth detector lying outside interferometers in Europe, GEO600 near that plane would help locate sources over the Hannover, Germany, and VIRGO near Pisa, entire sky to within a few degrees. Italy. But so far scientists have surveyed only Some Indian researchers question our cosmic neighborhood, which is unlikely whether the hefty investment in LIGO-India to harbor a source. By 2015, is the best use of their country’s however, a $205 million “I’m very excited science budget; others worry upgrade called Advanced that it will be hard to find a about this because suitably quiet location for the LIGO will make both U.S. detectors 10 times more the science reward vibration-sensitive facility. sensitive—able to probe a Astrophysicist Bala Iyer, is so good.” volume 650 million lightchair of the governing council years in radius that should —F. FLEMING CRIM, of IndIGO, a consortium of NSF Indian gravitational wave contain at least a few sources. As part of the upgrade, researchers, dismisses those LIGO scientists want to extend the global concerns. “The community is very happy,” network. They are looking for a home for an he says, noting that ongoing survey work has extra set of mirrors and parts that they had identified several possible locations. planned to use in a second interferometer Even before LIGO-India comes on, at Hanford that would have crosschecked perhaps in 2020, the global detector network the first one. LIGO’s 8-year run indicated should receive a similar boost from a different that crosschecking is not necessary, says Asian site. Tunnels should be completed next LIGO Chief Scientist Stanley Whitcomb month for the 3-kilometer-long arms of the of the California Institute of Technology $156 million Kamioka Gravitational Wave in Pasadena. So in 2010, LIGO proposed Detector (KAGRA), which scientists aim to building a third station in Australia (Science, fire up in 2017, says Takaaki Kajita, a physicist 27 August 2010, p. 1003). After the Australian at the University of Tokyo. Of course, he says, government declined that offer in 2011, all five detectors together would do the best Indian researchers expressed interest. job—which is why physicists are hoping that LIGO and VIRGO have shared data since Singh’s promise soon becomes reality. 2007, but an Indian detector would bolster the –PALLAVA BAGLA AND ADRIAN CHO
www.sciencemag.org
SCIENCE
VOL 343
Published by AAAS
14 FEBRUARY 2014
717
Both Doyle and Anzick (who notes that she is acting for her family, not NIH) say they are agonizing over how, and how soon, the child should be reburied. They worry that reburial will destroy data that might be retrieved years from now with better genetic techniques. Schurr agrees: “This is why scientists are fighting against NAGPRA repatriations of Paleoamerican remains, as much can be learned from these ancient samples.” But Doyle and Anzick insist that the child should be reburied out of respect for his Native American descendants. “The boy has given us an amazing gift,” Doyle says. “Now we must repay that by putting him back where he belongs.” –MICHAEL BALTER
Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on August 24, 2014
the Solutrean hypothesis to rest,” he says. But advocates of that idea take umbrage at such a dismissal. “This is a single individual and can in no way represent all that was happening,” says archaeologist Bruce Bradley of the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom. Schurr cautions that the lack of U.S.based Native American genomes could have biased the analysis of how closely related the Anzick boy is to today’s native peoples. “The authors might want to be more cautious about making such definitive statements” about the Clovis culture’s ancestral status “without having … a much broader sampling of North American Indian populations,” he says. ASTROPHYSICS
India Poised to Join Hunt for Gravitational Waves NEW DELHI—Every so often in the universe, two neutron stars or black holes collide so violently that space and time themselves shudder. An emerging global network of detectors is watching for these ripples in spacetime, which are predicted by Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Now it has a new recruit: India. “India intends to host the third detector” in a U.S.-based array known as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced on 3 February at the Indian Science Congress in Jammu. The network’s expansion should help physicists pinpoint sources of the waves— assuming they can be detected. Indian scientists say the government is likely to commit $201 million over 15 years to its facility, LIGO-India. “LIGO will bring some of the best international and Indian astrophysicists to work on Indian soil,” says Ratan Kumar Sinha, a nuclear engineer and chair of India’s Atomic Energy Commission. The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is jazzed as well. “I’m very excited about this because the science reward is so good,” says F. Fleming Crim, NSF’s assistant director for mathematical and physical sciences. However, he cautions, the Indian government must still develop a management structure for the project and commit to a schedule and budget. To detect gravitational waves, LIGO aims to measure the stretching of space itself. Built by NSF for $294 million, LIGO comprises two exquisitely sensitive optical interferometers located 3000 kilometers apart, in Hanford,
Washington, and Livingston, Louisiana. Each network’s ability to pinpoint sources. If the uses laser light to continuously compare the two LIGO detectors and VIRGO all picked relative lengths of two 4-kilometer-long arms up a signal, researchers could compare its set at right angles, searching for changes as arrival times to locate the source in the sky. small as 1/10,000 the width of a proton. But such triangulation would work poorly for LIGO ran from 2002 to 2010 but didn’t sources lying near the plane defined by three spot a signal. Neither have two similar detectors. A fourth detector lying outside interferometers in Europe, GEO600 near that plane would help locate sources over the Hannover, Germany, and VIRGO near Pisa, entire sky to within a few degrees. Italy. But so far scientists have surveyed only Some Indian researchers question our cosmic neighborhood, which is unlikely whether the hefty investment in LIGO-India to harbor a source. By 2015, is the best use of their country’s however, a $205 million “I’m very excited science budget; others worry upgrade called Advanced that it will be hard to find a about this because suitably quiet location for the LIGO will make both U.S. detectors 10 times more the science reward vibration-sensitive facility. sensitive—able to probe a Astrophysicist Bala Iyer, is so good.” volume 650 million lightchair of the governing council years in radius that should —F. FLEMING CRIM, of IndIGO, a consortium of NSF Indian gravitational wave contain at least a few sources. As part of the upgrade, researchers, dismisses those LIGO scientists want to extend the global concerns. “The community is very happy,” network. They are looking for a home for an he says, noting that ongoing survey work has extra set of mirrors and parts that they had identified several possible locations. planned to use in a second interferometer Even before LIGO-India comes on, at Hanford that would have crosschecked perhaps in 2020, the global detector network the first one. LIGO’s 8-year run indicated should receive a similar boost from a different that crosschecking is not necessary, says Asian site. Tunnels should be completed next LIGO Chief Scientist Stanley Whitcomb month for the 3-kilometer-long arms of the of the California Institute of Technology $156 million Kamioka Gravitational Wave in Pasadena. So in 2010, LIGO proposed Detector (KAGRA), which scientists aim to building a third station in Australia (Science, fire up in 2017, says Takaaki Kajita, a physicist 27 August 2010, p. 1003). After the Australian at the University of Tokyo. Of course, he says, government declined that offer in 2011, all five detectors together would do the best Indian researchers expressed interest. job—which is why physicists are hoping that LIGO and VIRGO have shared data since Singh’s promise soon becomes reality. 2007, but an Indian detector would bolster the –PALLAVA BAGLA AND ADRIAN CHO
www.sciencemag.org
SCIENCE
VOL 343
Published by AAAS
14 FEBRUARY 2014
717
