Biochemical indices of selected effect of stress5
trace minerals
Anita
Lin
Singh,
Claude
Bonnie
Veil/on,
L Smoak,
and
ABSTRACT
Kristine
Patricia
Plasma
Y Patterson,
A Deuster
zinc,
iron,
G LeMay,
1-5
copper,
and
selenium
5 wk of prolonged
and
selected blood proteins were measured in 66 men before (BHW) and after (AHW) a 5-d period of sustained physical and psy-
Specifically, consecutive
chological
stress
obtained
called
from
determined and selenium
Hell
26 men
Week.
7 d after
blood
samples
were
indices
Week.
Dietary
intakes
were
physically
trained
Subjects
and methods
Hell Week; zinc, Hell Week averaged
iron, copper, 23.6 ± 3.4
mg/d, 35.4 respectively.
± 3.9 mg/d, 3.0 ± 0.5 mg/d, and 92.5 ± 26.7 g/d, C-reactive protein was detected in only five subjects
BHW
in all subjects
and
bumin whereas
decreased ferritin,
by 33%, ceruloplasmin,
tions increased AHW toglobin concentrations creased transitory
AHW.
Zinc,
44%,
iron,
selenium,
12%, and and creatine
and
AHW. (except
similar to BHW values changes characteristic
in physically
active
7 d after Hell ofan acute-phase
Am J C/in Nuir
of zinc,
The mittee
Hapde-
biochemical
and
been
collectively
trace
mineral
reaction; plasma
endocrine
may
Most
research
in patients
5, 6). Although phase
kinase,
effect
physical similar
has not been present study
stress
in young,
126
status
would
an acute-phase
wherein
and
resistance
reactions
activity
alter
are
conducted (1, 2,
in normal,
healthy
changes
in acute-
induce
observed on trace
been
inflammation
that can
to infection
has
and/or
reported
healthy
whereas and ceto stress.
clearly demonstrated was to determine
mineral
have
mechanism
stressors
psychological
during
that
during mineral
infection,
an
concentrations
(4, 7). The objective of the whether sustained physical and biochemical men
after
indices they Am
had
Use Research Comof the Health Sci-
Basic
training
classes
at the
Training Center, and February 1987.
physical
events
activities,
and
exercises races.
trainees
are
and
anxiety Hell
due Week
to the and
the
Sepbefore
stress.
Physical
stressors
and obstacle course, runIn addition to undergoing allowed
the entire period. Psychological anxiety, verbal confrontations, during
Demolition
CA, between was studied
after Hell Week (AHW). trainees are subjected to
the
psychological
combat and boat the
Underwater
Coronado, Each trainee
only
stressors activities uncertainty length
‘-‘5
of the of Hell
h of sleep
include perforwith no-win sitWeek.
nature The
of at-
2). Plasma
in response
to those
of physiological
( 1,
increase
infections, been
body
in healthy,
two
uations,
induce
an adaptive
reactivity,
it has
prolonged proteins
also
constitute
trauma,
the
response
status
from
included simulated ning, swimming,
6
trauma
concentrations decrease increase. Serum ferritin
on acute-phase
with
within
are altered
concentrations
changes
and
an acute-phase
concentrations
tissue repair, immune promoted (3, 4).
subjects
changes
called
plasma zinc and iron copper concentrations
ruloplasmin These
inflammation,
by the Human Services University
Hell Week (BHW) and immediately During the 5-d Hell Week period
1991;53:126-31.
Introduction as infection,
selenium
Informed consent was obtained Land (SEAL) trainees recruited
physical
such
and
men.
(USUHS), Bethesda, MD. 1 19 US Navy Sea, Air, and
during mance
Stressors
copper,
intensities. the effects of 5 on biochemical
ences from
School/SEAL tember 1986
Week. Hell response
Zinc, iron, copper, selenium, creatine ferritin, ceruloplasmin, interleukin
iron,
study was approved of the Uniformed
considerable KEY WORDS C-reactive protein,
at submaximal
Subjects
The biochemical changes were ferritin) and mineral concen-
trations were Week induced
men.
but
training
al-
9%, respectively, kinase concentra-
by 59%, 8%, and 266%, respectively. increased 57% in 30 subjects
32% in 23 subjects because protein
physical
we were interested in determining days ofsustained physiological stress
Recovery Hell
BHW and during intakes during
in men:
of trace undergone
J C/in Nutr
I From the Department of Military Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI; and the Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD. 2 The opinions or assertions contained herein are the authors’ and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Department ofDefense or the Uniformed Services University ofthe Health Sciences. 3 Presented in part at the Sixth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (June 1987) and at the Annual Meeting ofthe American College ofSports Medicine (May 1989). 4Supported by NMRDC N0002487WR13039 and NMRI N6422386MP00008. 5 Address reprint requests to A Singh, Department of Military Medicine, Uniformed Services University ofthe Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799. Received March 22, 1990. Accepted for publication May 10, 1990.
1991;53:126-31.
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Printed
in USA.
© 1991 American
Society
for Clinical
Nutrition
STRESS trition
rate
study
there
is usually was
high
results
ofthe
66 trainees
a 55%
during
this
attrition who
period.
rate;
this
successfully
AND
In the
report
TRACE
completed
Logistical
present
presents
the
Hell
from
Week.
first
To
The
trainees
were
reporting
measured
and
fasting
the trainees
between
before
Week.
Hell
collected
into
x
within
taken
was stored
for
and
completeness. The trainees recorded.
from
each
were Urine
were
subjects
were
used
group.
Because not
Week
a dietitian to ensure
were stored
the
mean
for the
and
continued were
training
classes
through
the
not told
samples l8)orbetween
when
were
processed After
in the manner the AHW blood
tions
for another
24-h
and
second began Week
collected 1600 and
previously described drawing the trainees urine
collection
that
=
d AHW classes.
blood
to study recovery Blood was drawn
in a manner
similar
to that
samples from between used
(n
=
the second 0530 and for the BHW
all
were
mass
cor-
( 1 1 ). Serum
cerulo-
a2-macroglobulin were
by this assay
measured
by ra-
Instrument
Corp,
mea-
Allentown,
Medicine
measured
twofold
Serum
were
Comparative
was
and urine spectrometry
was 4 mg/L.
concentrations
and
zinc
by
with
Lab-
FAAS
after
deionized
water.
selenium were measured by iso(IDMS)(l2). Plasma interleukin
by the
B-9
were
analyzed
data
5000,
San Diego) and ferritin by Nuclear, Boston). The lowest
diluted
measured
(model background
albumin,
500 (Baker
selenium was
earlier
creatinine
Services
were (FAAS)
(GFAAS) Zeeman
(CRP),
Urine
samples
concentrations
concentrations
urine
Diagnostic
ofthe
differences
hybridoma
proliferation
by the Intake
in the methods
information,
equation
no
of Allen
BV (L)
as-
Nutritional
statistical
for collecting
and during and AHW
were
dietary made
Hell Week. was estimated
be-
by using
et al (1 5):
[(0.417
=
used comparisons
X ht3)
+ (0.045
X wI)
-
0.03]
Plasma volume (PV) for both time periods was calculated from BV and Hct, and the change in PV was calculated as follows: LPV
Hell Statistical
(PVBHw
=
X 100
PVAHW)/PVBHW
after
also
ysis
on Friday Therefore,
samples. instruc-
AHW
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(SAS)
afternoon were
blood
no
draws
significant
software
were pooled
differences
(SAS
Institute
studied. of the
data
for
the
for both classes
due
to time
Inc.
analysis
study
are presented
P
was
Cary,
because all subjects
sample
volumes
number
sample
size
limited
for each
the
analysis
has
been
BHW, (n