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Comparison of single day-old chick vaccination using a Newcastle disease virus vector with a prime-boost vaccination scheme against a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 challenge a
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Helena Lage Ferreira , Fabienne Rauw , Jean François Pirlot , Frédéric Reynard , Thierry b
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van den Berg , Michel Bublot & Bénédicte Lambrecht a
FZEA-USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, Brazil
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CODA-CERVA-VAR, Brussels, Belgium
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MERIAL S.A.S., Lyon, France Accepted author version posted online: 09 Dec 2013.Published online: 09 Dec 2013.
To cite this article: Avian Pathology (2013): Comparison of single day-old chick vaccination using a Newcastle disease virus vector with a prime-boost vaccination scheme against a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 challenge, Avian Pathology, DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.873111 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2013.873111
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Comparison of single day-old chick vaccination using a Newcastle Disease Virus vector with a prime-boost vaccination scheme against a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 challenge
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Helena Lage Ferreira1*, Fabienne Rauw2, Jean François Pirlot2, Frédéric
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CODA-CERVA-VAR, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Uccle, Brussels, Belgium MERIAL S.A.S., 254 rue Marcel Merieux, 69007 Lyon, France
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FZEA-USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga – SP, CEP 13635-900, Brazil
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Short title: Vaccination against H5N1 with NDV vector
*Author for correspondence: e-mail: [email protected]
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Telephone: +55 19 3565 4385, Fax: ++55 19 3565 4114
Received: 13 November 2013
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Reynard3, Thierry van den Berg2, Michel Bublot3, Bénédicte Lambrecht2
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Summary
Avian influenza (AI) vaccines should be used as part of a whole comprehensive AI control programme. Vectored vaccines based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are very promising, but are licensed in only a few countries so far. In the present study, the immunogenicity and
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protection against a highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 influenza challenge were evaluated after
day-old SPF chickens inoculated once, twice or once followed by a heterologous boost with
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an inactivated H5N9 vaccine (iH5N9). The heterologous prime-boost rNDV-H5/iH5N9
combination afforded the best level of protection against the H5N1 challenge performed at 6 weeks of age. Two rNDV-H5 administrations conferred a good level of protection after challenge, although only a cellular H5-specific response could be detected. Interestingly, a
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single administration of rNDV-H5 gave the same level of protection as the double
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administration but without any detectable H5-specific immune response. In contrast to AI immunity, a high humoral, mucosal and cellular NDV-specific immunity could be detected up
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to 6 weeks post vaccination after using the three different vaccination schedules. NDV specific mucosal and cellular immune responses were slightly higher after double rNDV-H5
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vaccination when compared to single inoculation. Finally, the heterologous prime-boost rNDV-H5/iH5N9 combination induced a broader detectable immunity including systemic,
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vaccination with an enterotropic NDV vector expressing an H5 hemagglutinin (rNDV-H5) in
mucosal and cellular AI and NDV-specific responses.
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Introduction
The current H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak was first detected in Hong-Kong in 1997 (Shortridge et al., 1998) and spread to Asia, Europe, and Africa. In some circumstances, well-monitored vaccination can be an additional tool for an effective control
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program of avian influenza (AI) in combination with good biosecurity practices, education
and infection. Several AI vaccines, such as inactivated (Bublot et al., 2007), live attenuated
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vectored (Bublot et al., 2007; Ge et al., 2007; Römer-Oberdörfer et al., 2008; Nayak et al.,
2009; Pavlova et al., 2009; Ramp et al., 2011; Lardinois et al., 2012), subunit (Swayne et al., 2001), ressortant (Lee et al., 2013) or DNA vaccines (Torrieri-Dramard et al., 2010), have shown to protect against HPAI but only inactivated whole AI virus vaccines and viral
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vectored vaccines based on fowlpox virus (FPV) or Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectors
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(Swayne & Kapczynski, 2008) have been licensed so far in some countries. Protection against HPAI is mainly the result of the immune response against the
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haemagglutinin (HA) protein, while immune responses to the neuraminidase or the internal viral proteins, such as nucleoprotein or matrix protein, are usually insufficient to provide field
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protection (Swayne, 2006). The protection is frequently assessed after experimental challenge by the prevention of death and clinical signs, the reduction in the quantity of challenge virus
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about prevention, preventive culling, early diagnostics and surveillance to detect the disease
shed from respiratory and digestive tracts and in the percentage of shedding birds, as well as the prevention of contact transmission. It can also be evaluated indirectly through the measurement of the HA-specific antibody after vaccination and challenge (Swayne &
Kapczynski, 2008).
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The selection of AI virus (AIV) strains for inactivated vaccine manufacturing is mostly based on low pathogenic (LP) AIV obtained from field outbreaks that have a homologous HA protein. LPAI inactivated vaccine can protect multiple species of poultry and against various HPAI viruses within the same HA subtype (Swayne, 2006; Bublot et al., 2007). A high level of HA-specific antibodies can be elicited allowing reduced virus shedding and transmission
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after challenge (Bublot et al., 2007). Due to their widespread use, live-ND vaccine strains
AIV (rNDV-HA). The potential advantages of these NDV vectored vaccines are the
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following: (1) they induce a broad immunity including mucosal, cellular and humoral
immunity; (2) they do not express the NP and M proteins and therefore, polyvalent tests such as anti-NP-based ELISA or agar gel precipitation can be used to detect AIV infection in vaccinated animals (differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) test) ; (3)
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they induce a rapid onset of immunity; (4) they are bivalent (AI and ND); (5) they can be
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administered by mucosal routes (spray or drinking water) and are compatible with mass administration; (6) their production poses less risk for the environment than inactivated
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vaccines in case of accidental release (Huang et al., 2003; van den Berg et al., 2008; Rauw et al., 2009). Several studies demonstrated that the rNDV-AI vaccine can protect against both
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NDV and HPAIV challenges (Swayne et al., 2003; Park et al., 2006; Ge et al., 2007; Veits et al., 2008; Sarfati-Mizrahi et al., 2010). Indeed, similarly to live NDV vaccines, they induce
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have been used to generate by reverse genetics vectored ND vaccines expressing the HA of
NDV-specific antibodies and provide excellent clinical and virological protection against
velogenic NDV challenges. Most of these vaccines afforded good clinical and virological protection against homologous H5N1 HPAI challenges with minimal (Veits et al., 2008; Nayak et al., 2009; Lardinois et al., 2012) or high AIV-specific antibodies (Ge et al., 2007). However, a lower level of protection could be observed after heterologous challenge, underlining the importance of the homology between the H5 insert vaccine and the HPAI
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challenge strain (Ramp et al., 2011; Lardinois et al., 2012). Finally, in all these studies, tracheotropic genotype II NDV strains, were used as vaccinal vector with the H5 gene inserted between P and M genes; Moreover, most of them performed the vaccination at least at 1 week of age. Currently, as all recent NDV outbreaks declared worldwide are due to viscerotropic strains (Miller et al., 2007; OIE, 2012) and ND vaccination is frequently
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performed by spray at the hatchery at day-old. It was of great interest to investigate AI
H5. This asymptomatic enteric strain has a great advantage to be used as a vector because this
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form usually consists of a subclinical enteric infection (OIE, 2012) as vaccination with
enterotropic strain should be better fit to the field situation, thus. Therefore, in this study, the
clinical and virological protection against H5N1 HPAI strain conferred by different vaccination schedules using an enterotropic rNDV-H5 candidate inoculated at day-old in SPF
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chickens with or without inactivated H5N9 vaccine boost at 2 weeks of age have been
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evaluated. Specific humoral, mucosal and cellular immune responses elicited by these different vaccination regimens were investigated and correlated to the induced AI protection
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levels.
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Material and Methods
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vaccination at the hatchery with an enterotropic vectored NDV vaccine expressing the AIV
Chickens. SPF white Leghorn chickens were hatched from eggs provided by Lohmann Valo (Cuxhaven, Germany). After hatching, birds were kept in biosecurity level 3 (BSL-3) isolators and animal experiments were conducted under the authorization and supervision of the Biosafety and Bioethics Committees at the Veterinary and Agrochemical Research centre, following National and European regulations.
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Vaccines and challenge strain. The rNDV-AI vectored vaccine was generated by reverse genetics from an enterotropic AVINEW vaccine and encoding an optimized synthetic HA gene from HPAIV clade 2.2. H5N1 A/turkey/Turkey/1/05 strain whose cleavage site PQGERRRKKR/GLF (HP) was mutated into PQGETR/GLF (LP) as previously described (Ferreira et al., 2012).
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The inactivated H5N9 vaccine was an experimental vaccine as described earlier (Bublot
PRNVPQKETR/GLF) inactivated antigen formulated in a water-in-oil emulsion used for
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commercial inactivated poultry vaccines.
The clade 2.2 H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) was kindly provided by Dr Vilmos Palfi (CVI Budapest, Hungary) and was used for challenge at the dose of 106 EID50
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per bird.
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Mitogens and antigens. The mitogens phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin (Iono) were purchased from Sigma (Belgium). NDV and H5N2 recall antigens
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were prepared from NDV La Sota and H5N2 LPAI (A/Chicken/Belgium/150VB/99) strains, respectively, as previously described (Lambrecht et al., 2004; Rauw et al., 2011) and named
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NDV and H5N2 all proteins (prot-NDV and prot-H5N2). The NDV La Sota strain, the H5N3 LPAI (A/Teal/England/7394-2805/06) and the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006)
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et al., 2007) based on the A/Chicken/Italy/22A/98 H5N9 LPAI (cleavage site:
were used to perform haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. The purified La Sota NDV and H5N2 LPAI (A/Chicken/Belgium/150VB/99) strains were used as coating antigens for NDVand AIV-specific IgG ELISA, respectively. It is important to note that only small amount of HPAIV antigen (H5N1) was detected after inactivation and purification; which was not enough to be used in ELISA test; whereas high quantity of purified LPAI virus (H5N2) without inactivation was obtained using the
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same protocol (Rauw et al., 2011). In order to complete the characterization of H5 humoral response, the challenge strain (H5N1) and a reference strain (H5N3; from Laboratory of European Union, VLA, Weybridge) were used to perform the HI tests because of their high antigenic similarity. This approach, presenting two complementary tests, has previously been reported to characterize the H5 humoral response after vaccination and challenge experiments
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(Rauw et al., 2011; Rauw et al., 2012).
antigen in accredited tests. It was previously used to characterize the humoral response
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specific to NDV after vaccination and challenge experiments (Rauw et al., 2009; Rauw et al., 2010).
Measurement of NDV- and AIV-specific humoral immunity. NDV-specific humoral
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immunity was evaluated by HI test as previously described (Ferreira et al., 2012) using 4
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haemagglutination units of NDV La Sota strain per well. AIV-specific humoral immunity was evaluated by using 4 haemagglutination units of H5N3 LPAI (A/Teal/England/7394-2805/06)
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and of H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strains.
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Measurement of NDV- and AIV-specific local antibody-mediated immunity in the digestive tract. The culture of intestinal tissue was conducted as previously described (Rauw
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As for analysis of NDV response, the La Sota strain is commonly used as reference
et al., 2009). Several two-fold dilutions of supernatants were processed for testing by NDVspecific IgG ELISA (Rauw et al., 2009). Samples were also tested by AIV-specific IgG and
IgA detection. Briefly, MAXISORP™ NUNC-IMMUNO™ F96 MICROWELL™ plates were coated overnight at 4°C with purified H5N2 LPAI virus diluted at 1 µg/ml in carbonate/bicarbonate pH 9.6 buffer. After washing and blocking steps, samples were added and AIV-specific IgG and IgA was revealed using biotin-labelled mouse antibody directed
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against chicken IgG or IgA (Southern Biotech, Belgium), respectively, as previously used (Rauw et al., 2009).
Measurement of NDV- and AIV-specific cell-mediated immunity by ex-vivo antigenic recall on splenic lymphocytes. The induction of NDV- and AIV-specific CMI was evaluated
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by the production of ChIFNg after ex vivo antigen-activation of splenocytes as previously
(PMA/Iono, 0.1 µg/ml), as positive control of ex vivo activability of lymphocytes, and by
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NDV and AIV recall antigens (prot-NDV and prot-H5N2, 1 µg/ml). ChIFNg production was measured by capture ELISA as described previously (Lambrecht et al., 2004) and using commercially available from Biosource Europe (Belgium, catalog number #CAC1233). Cellular immune responses were expressed as stimulation indices (S.I.) that were calculated
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for each bird by dividing the optical density (O.D.) values of mitogen- and antigen-activated
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lymphocytes by the O.D. of non-activated lymphocytes (Rauw et al., 2009) and the S.I. per group were calculated. The chicken having an O.D. < 0.1 or a S.I. < 2 for mitogen-activation
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was excluded from further antigen-activation analysis. An O.D. ≥ 0.1 and a S.I. ≥ 2 for antigen-activation were considered as positive for NDV/AIV-specific CMI (Emery et al.,
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1988).
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described (Emery et al., 1988). Briefly, splenic lymphocytes were activated by mitogens
Measurement of virus shedding by the oropharyngeal and cloacal routes after challenge. The oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were harvested and RNA was extracted as previously described (Ferreira et al., 2012). The H5N1 HPAI RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR targeting the matrix (M) gene of avian influenza (Spackman et al., 2002) and quantification was done relatively to a standard curve based on tenfold dilutions of an in vitro transcribed RNA template (Steensels et al., 2009). The results were expressed as the number of M gene
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copy per ml of swabs samples. Moreover, the quality of the sample and the RNA extraction procedure were validated using avian b-actin as previously described (Van Borm et al., 2007).
Experimental design. Two studies with different experimental designs were conducted using SPF chickens. The summary of the two studies is shown in figure 1. In the first trial, 40 one-
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day-old chicks were assigned to two groups of 20 birds each. One group, identified as rNDV-
using 50µl. The second group was left untreated to be used as unvaccinated negative controls
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and was identified as -/- group. Four chickens per group were randomly euthanized on a weekly basis during 3 weeks, namely at 2, 3, and 4 weeks post-vaccination (pv). Blood,
spleen and duodenum were collected to evaluate the systemic, cellular and mucosal immune responses. At 4 weeks pv, 8 chickens from each group were individually identified and
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challenged with 106 EID50 of H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) via the o.n. route.
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Birds were monitored daily for clinical signs of disease and mortality was recorded over a 2 weeks period. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were taken at 2, 4 and 7 days post-challenge
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(pc) and blood was taken from the surviving chickens at 2 weeks pc. In the second trial, two vaccination schemes involving two successive vaccine
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administrations were tested. Ninety-six SPF one-day-old chickens were split into four groups of 24 birds. Three groups were vaccinated with 105 EID50 of rNDV-H5. After 2 weeks,
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H5/- group, was vaccinated with 105 EID50/bird of rNDV-AI by the oculo-nasal (o.n.) route
chickens were boosted with the rNDV-H5 at same dose by ON route (homologous primeboost) or with one dose of the H5N9 (A/Chicken/Italy/22A/1998) inactivated vaccine
(heterologous prime-boost) by subcutaneous route and identified as rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 and rNDV-H5/iH5N9 group, respectively. Chickens of the third group, namely the rNDV-H5/group, were not boosted at 2 weeks while unvaccinated chickens, were used as control group
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(-/- group). Four birds per group were randomly humanely euthanized on a weekly basis during 4 weeks, namely at 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks after the first vaccination. In both trials, blood, spleen and duodenum were collected to evaluate the immune responses. The mucosal and cellular responses were not evaluated in birds from rNDV-H5/(trial II) due to limited number of birds obtained for the experiment and also as these
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responses were evaluated in trial I at 2, 3 and 4 weeks after prime vaccination. At 6 weeks pv,
with 106 EID50 of H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) by ON route. Protection against
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mortality and clinical signs, virus shedding and serology were evaluated as described above.
Stastistical analysis. The one-way ANOVA and the Student t-test were carried out to
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compare the different groups and the differences were considered as significant at P < 0.05.
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Accession numbers. GenBank accession number for the complete genome sequence of enterotropic AVINEW vaccine is KC906188. GenBank accession number of NDV La Sota
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strain is AJ629062. GenBank accession number of HA sequence from clade 2.2 H5N1 A/turkey/Turkey/1/05 strain is HB416506. GISAID accession numbers of clade 2.2 H5N1
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A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006 strain are: EPI_ISL_64353 and EPI_ISL_63778. GISAID accession number of H5N2 A/Chicken/Belgium/150VB/99 strain is EPI_ISL_26340.
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8 chickens per group were individually identified with rings numbered 1 to 8 and challenged
AHVLA scientific accession number of H5N3 A/Teal/England/7394-2805/06 strain is RAA7008.
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Results
Protection against morbidity and mortality. The efficacy of the rNDV-H5 vaccines used alone or included in a homologous or heterologous prime/boost vaccination scheme was evaluated and compared for protection against mortality and clinical signs after challenge
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with the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain. The unvaccinated birds showed the clinical signs like depression and conjunctivitis at 2 days pc and all birds died by day 3
rNDV-H5 vaccination resulted in full (8/8) protection against mortality and clinical signs after
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challenge at 4 weeks pv, while 7/8 (88%) of the chickens of the rNDV-H5/- group were protected when the challenge was performed at 6 weeks of age. A second rNDV-H5
administration at 2 weeks of age did not improve the protection against mortality (7/8) while a
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boost with the H5N9 inactivated vaccine induced full (8/8) protection against mortality. No
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clinical signs was observed among vaccinated birds in all groups even mortality was reported.
Virus excretion after challenge. Viral shedding was monitored by real –time RT-PCR in the
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oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and observed at 2 days pc in the unvaccinated group (Table
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2). The levels of viral RNA detected in the oropharynx were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the three vaccinated groups, regardless of the time of challenge. Interestingly, at 2 days pc, a booster vaccination with the H5N9 inactivated vaccine reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the
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and 4 pc when challenged at 4 and 6 weeks, respectively, validating the trial (Table 1). Single
virus excretion, when compared to the single rNDV-H5 vaccination. However, the level of oropharyngeal shedding after challenge was similar after single or double rNDV-H5 vaccination. No virus was excreted by the cloacal route in all vaccinated groups regardless of the time of challenge.
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Humoral immunity. The serological titres in all unvaccinated chickens were below the threshold of positivity (≤ 23), regardless the HA antigen used. The rNDV-H5 vaccine induced NDV-specific HI antibody from the 2nd weeks pv with a mean titre of 26 (Figure 2ai and 2aii), confirming the rNDV-H5 vaccine uptake. Indeed, all the chickens of the rNDV-H5/-, rNDVH5/rNDV-H5 and rNDV-H5/iH5N9 groups were positive when tested with the La Sota NDV
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HA antigen. No NDV boost effect was observed after a second inoculation of the rNDV-H5
rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 groups at 6 weeks (Figure 2aii). As expected, no interference on the
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NDV-specific humoral immunity was induced by the heterologous vaccination with the H5N9 inactivated vaccine.
Only 1/8 of the rNDV-H5/- vaccinated chickens were AI positive (average of 25) using the H5N3 LPAI and the H5N1 HPAI HA antigens (Figure 2bi and 2ci) and the mean titres
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remained under the threshold of positivity regardless of the time post vaccination (2, 4 and 6
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week pv). Following rNDV-H5 boost, the antibody titres did not increase in the rNDVH5/rNDV-H5 group and the mean titers were not significantly different when compared to the
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single vaccinated group. These positive results were confirmed in a commercial ELISA AI kit specific to H5 (ID-VET, Montpellier France) with only HI positive sera found to be positive
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for the H5 specific ELISA (data not shown). All rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccinated chickens showed positive HI titres at 6 weeks when tested with the both H5 antigens. This AIVspecific humoral immunity (average of 210) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the one
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vaccine at 2 weeks of age, as shown by no significant difference between the rNDV-H5/- and
measured in the unvaccinated and the other vaccinated groups (Figure 2bii and 2cii). After challenge, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the HI titres was observed for the rNDV-H5/- and rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 groups when tested with the H5N3 LPAI and the H5N1
HPAI HA antigens, indicating viral replication. The challenge had no effect on the HI titres in the rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccinated chickens, regardless of the HA antigen used.
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Local antibody-mediated immunity in the digestive tract. Supernatants from ex vivo duodenal tissue culture of vaccinated chickens were collected at different time-points to assess local NDV- and AIV-specific antibody-mediated immunity in the digestive tract (Figure 3). NDV-specific IgGs were detected as early as 2 weeks post priming in the rNDV-
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H5/rNDV-H5 group in trial II. The rNDV-H5/- and rNDV-H5/iH5N9 groups were not tested
immunity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the rNDV-H5/iH5N9 group just one week
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after boost (3rd week pv, Figure 3aii) and in the rNDV-H5/ rNDV-H5 group at two weeks
after second inoculation (4th week pv, Figure 3aii), when compared to that of the unvaccinated chickens.
AI-specific IgG-mediated immunity could only be detected in the digestive tract of
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rNDV-H5/iH5N9 group and this was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the
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unvaccinated group from the 2th week after the inactivated boost (Figure 3bii). The single or double rNDV-H5 vaccination did not induce a measurable local AIV-specific immunity over
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the 6-weeks period investigated in the present study. No AIV-specific IgA was detected in
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any of the vaccinated groups (Figure 3bi and Figure 3bii).
Cell-mediated immunity. The splenocytes activation with PMA/Iono mitogens showed that
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at this time point (see experimental design in material and methods section). This local
all chickens in each group were immunocompetent (O.D. > 0.1 and S.I. > 2), validating the spleen cell activability (data not shown). The single vaccination with the rNDV-H5 vaccine (trial 1) induced a measurable level of NDV-specific cell-mediated immunity at 4 weeks pv (Figure 4i). This cellular immune response was enhanced by second inoculation of the rNDVH5, as shown by the higher value of the S.I. at 4 weeks in rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 group in the trial 2, when compared to the rNDV-H5/- (trial 1) and rNDV-H5/iH5N9 (trial 2) groups
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(Figure 4ii). The NDV-specific CMI decreased at 6 weeks pv in both rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 and rNDV-H5/iH5N9 groups, while the rNDV-H5/- was not tested at this time point see experimental design in material and methods section). A significantly higher (P < 0.05) H5-specific CMI was observed in both rNDVH5/rNDV-H5 and rNDV-H5/iH5N9 groups at 4 and 6 weeks pv, when compared to that of
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unvaccinated group. The kinetic profile differed depending on the vaccination scheme, with
rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccination regimen induced higher H5-specific CMI at 6 weeks pv. No
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H5-specific cellular immune response could be detected at 4 weeks pv after a single vaccination with the rNDV-H5 vaccine in trial 1.
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Discussion
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H5N1 HPAI infection has devastating consequences to the poultry industry and several vaccination strategies have been described to improve control of AI, in combination with
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good biosecurity and prevention practices. In particular, vaccines with easier and lower cost of administration are urgently needed. In this context, NDV vector is currently underway for
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mass immunization against AI (Veits et al., 2006; Ge et al., 2007; Veits et al., 2008; Nayak et al., 2009; Sarfati-Mizrahi et al., 2010). Previous studies showed that the rNDV-H5 provides
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the rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 induced overall higher cellular response at 4 weeks pv, whereas
good levels of protection against mortality in SPF chickens with a single administration (Veits et al., 2006; Ge et al., 2007; Veits et al., 2008; Nayak et al., 2009; Sarfati-Mizrahi et al., 2010), although the level of protection could be influenced by the homology between the H5
sequence of the vaccine insert and the HPAI challenge virus (Römer-Oberdörfer et al., 2008).
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The present work showed for the first time that a single day-old administration of 105 EID50 enterotropic rNDV-H5 vaccine provided complete protection against clinical signs and mortality after infection with H5N1 HPAI at 4 weeks of age, while previous studies showed that 106 EID50 tracheotropic rNDV-H5 vaccine was protective at 3 weeks pv when chickens were inoculated at 1 day old or 1- or 3-week-old (Veits et al., 2006; Ge et al., 2007; Veits et
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al., 2008; Nayak et al., 2009; Sarfati-Mizrahi et al., 2010; Ramp et al., 2011; Lardinois et al.,
died at 6 weeks of age in the present study, suggesting that the immunity induced by a single
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day-old rNDV-H5 vaccination may not be long-lasting. Prime/boost vaccination schemes at
1-day/2-weeks of age were investigated and the program including a boost with an inactivated H5N9 vaccine showed protection against morbidity and mortality. Whilst, the homologous prime/boost with the rNDV-H5 vaccine did not improve the protection against morbidity nor
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mortality when compared to single rNDV-H5 administration. The improved protection
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induced by the rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccination scheme was in line with a higher humoral immune response, confirming that the antibody response plays a major role in the protection
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against AI, especially, the protection induced by inactivated vaccine (Swayne & Kapczynski, 2008). Several studies demonstrated that inactivated vaccines can elicit strong systemic
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immune response preventing the mortality and the morbidity of the chickens when challenged with the H5N1 HPAI viruses (Swayne et al., 2006; Bublot et al., 2007; Terregino et al., 2007;
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2012). Nevertheless, 1 out of 8 birds that had received a single day-old rNDV-H5 vaccination
Isoda et al., 2008; Tian et al., 2010) and that this protective immunity can remain up to 138
weeks (Sasaki et al., 2009). Indeed, a very recent study showed that bivalent vaccine containing inactivated La Sota Strain of Newcastle disease virus and reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus at106 EID50 and 107.5 EID50, respectively, induced high HI titers and afforded complete clinical and shedding protection after 3 weeks pv at 6weeks of age in SPF chickens (Lee et al., 2013). In this study the HI titers against
15
homologous antigen were higher than those against heterologous antigen. Interestingly, the HI antibody titres against the H5N3 antigen, which is phylogenically closer to the H5N9 antigen included in the inactivated vaccine used in this study, were higher in the rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccinated chickens than historical values observed after a single inactivated H5N9 vaccine inoculation (Bublot et al., 2007), suggesting an efficient priming effect of the rNDV-H5
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vaccine at day-old. Moreover, the cross-reactivity against H5N1 antigen of the serums from
vaccination with the inactivated H5N9 vaccine (Bublot et al., 2007). This could be explained
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by the origin of the HA gene inserted in the NDV vector originating from the H5N1
A/Turkey/1/2005 strain, which has higher identity to the Hungarian clade 2 H5N1 challenge antigen. Similar broader humoral immunity was previously observed after heterologous prime-boost vaccination scheme using a fowlpox vector (Steensels et al., 2009). This may be
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due to the use of two different haemagglutinins in the prime and the boost vaccines, the
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immune response after the second vaccination being directed only against the cross-reactive epitopes conserved between the two HAs (Bublot et al., 2008; van den Berg et al., 2008;
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Wang et al., 2010).
In our study, the single inoculation with the rNDV-H5 vaccine induced no or little AI-
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specific systemic antibody, while a strong humoral immune response was detected 3 weeks after vaccination by others (Veits et al., 2006; Ge et al., 2007; Nayak et al., 2009; Sarfati-
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rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccinated birds was higher than those usually observed after a single
Mizrahi et al., 2010). Interestingly, a recent study found a very low humoral immune response
in one out of three experiments with a rNDV-H5 using a tracheotropic strain whilst in the other experiments no AI-specific antibody was detected after vaccination in day-old chickens (Lardinois et al., 2012). This could be related to the age of the chickens at vaccination and a lower maturity of their immune system at day-old. A previous study showed a lower and slower antibody production after immunization of day-old chickens compared to
16
immunisation at 1- or 2-week-old (Mast & Goddeeris, 1999). Surprisingly, a second administration of rNDV-H5 at 2 weeks did not increase the AI-specific humoral immunity. Such absence of AI-specific antibody after a second rNDV-H5 administration has also been observed by others (Römer-Oberdörfer et al., 2008). Nevertheless, most of the birds vaccinated once or twice with the rNDV-H5 were protected despite the absence of detectable
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humoral response. This indicates that other immune mechanisms in the host should be
The induction of a potent virus-specific immune response at the mucosal surfaces, as
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observed in mice after mucosal administration of a DNA vaccine was able to reduce the AIV replication in chickens (Torrieri-Dramard et al., 2010). Similarly, in our study, one or two
administration(s) of the rNDV-H5 induced a high IgG-mediated immunity against NDV in the digestive tract, which could be related to the enterotropic nature of the rNDV-H5 vaccine
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(Rauw et al., 2009). Nevertheless, no gut-associated AIV-specific antibody-mediated
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immunity could be detected after single or double vaccination with the rNDV-H5, while the rNDV-H5/iH5N9 prime/boost vaccination scheme induced high AIV-specific IgG from 4
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weeks of age. This duodenal AIV-specific IgG could originate from serum by transudation (Muir et al., 2000; Ferreira et al., 2010) and may partially explain the absence of virus
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shedding by the cloacal route. The same phenomenon might also happen in the respiratory tract, which could explain the lowest levels of virus shedding observed in the heterologous
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involved in the rNDV-H5-induced clinical and shedding protection.
prime/boost group. Recent studies have reported that AI protection might not only be correlated with the
levels of circulating antibodies (Thomas et al., 2006; Zhong et al., 2010) but also with the cellular immune response, as shown in mice after vaccination with AI inactivated or DNA vaccines (Hovden et al., 2009; Torrieri-Dramard et al., 2010). The present study shows for the first time that NDV and AI-specific CMI could be induced by the rNDV-H5 vaccine.
17
Interestingly, both specific cellular immune responses seemed higher after the double rNDVH5 vaccination than after the single inoculation, contrary to what was observed for the serological systemic and local immune responses. Moreover, the AI-specific cellular immune response was higher at 4 weeks in the group vaccinated twice with the rNDV-H5 vaccine in comparison with the group immunized with the rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccination scheme.
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Conversely, at 6 weeks of age, the CMI in the second group was higher than in the first group.
immunity after two vaccinations with rNDV-H5 compared to the heterologous prime/boost
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needs further investigations. In addition, the immune mechanisms involved after single or double rNDV-H5 inoculations that induces protection despite the absence of significant detectable AIV-specific antibody and/or only cellular response remains unclear.
Vaccination with live-ND vaccines is frequently primed by spray at the hatchery at
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day-old, often combined with live vaccine against infectious bronchitis. Our results indicate
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for the first time that day-old mucosal administration of rNDV-H5 induced good levels of protection despite the absence of detectable AI-specific antibody. As for protection against
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NDV challenge, it is well known that the HI titer against NDV obtained after vaccination could be used as indicator of the potential shedding protection induced by vaccination (Allan
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et al., 1978; Westbury et al., 1984). It remains to be investigated if high levels (26) of NDVspecific antibodies detected from 2 week pv and remained stable up to 8 week pv (completion
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Whether the more rapid induction of detectable CMI corresponds to an earlier onset of
of the experiment here) can provide a high level of protection against NDV strains. In endemic countries, breeders are heavily vaccinated against both AI and ND. The potential interference of AIV- and NDV-specific maternal-derived antibodies (MDA) on rNDV-H5 prime-boost vaccination efficacy will need further assessment. Boosting the rNDV-H5 immune response by an inactivated vaccine clearly increased AIV-specific immunity as well as the level of AI protection. The higher and broader protection induced by a heterologous
18
prime/boost scheme observed here with a NDV vector confirmed previous ones reported with fowlpox vector (Bublot et al., 2008; Steensels et al., 2009; Wei et al., 2010). Our results suggest that this high level of protection might be achieved by inducing a combination of systemic and mucosal antibody as well as cellular immune responses. Further new immunological tools should be developed to allow a better characterization the immune
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response induced by new vector vaccine candidates and understanding of the protection
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Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Sophie Lemaire, Martine Gonze, Stéphanie Lagrange for their excellent technical assistance. We are grateful to Christophe Delgrange and Marc Vandenbroeck for
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animal handling and sampling assistance. We also thank Vilmos Palfi for providing us with
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the HPAI challenge strain. AVINEW® is a registered trademark of Merial. All other marks are the property of their respective owners. This work was done within the European
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NOVADUCK project supported by the European Commission within the FP6 program
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(number: SSPE-CT-2006-44217).
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mechanisms required to control HPAI.
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Figure 1. Workflow of the two trials using SPF chickens vaccinated at day-old with the rNDV-H5 plus or minus boosting at 2-week-old. Birds were challenged at 4 weeks pv in the first trial (i) and at 6 weeks pv (ii) in the second trial, with 106 EID50 of the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain. Black arrows represent the organs collected during the trials. Smaller arrows indicate the oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs collected at 2, 4, and 7 days pch. Grey arrows indicate the inoculation of vaccine or virus according to different vaccination regimens.
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Figure 2. Serum NDV- and AIV-specific HI antibody titer of chickens vaccinated at day-old with the rNDV-H5 with or without boosting at 2-week-old. Birds were challenged at 4 weeks pv in the first trial (i) and at 6 weeks pv (ii) in the second trial, with 106 EID50 of the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain. Numbers represent mean standard deviation of HI antibody titres at specified time points pv (n = 4) and correspond to the last dilution showing an inhibition of haemagglutination of 4 haemagglutination units of NDV La Sota strain (2a), H5N3 LPAI (A/Teal/England/7394-2805/06) strain (2b) or H5N1 HPAI
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(A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain (2c). The HI geometric mean titres were expressed as
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with * superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
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reciprocal log2 and titres >3 log2 were considered positive. Titres with no common letters or
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Figure 3. Duodenal antibody-mediated immunity of chickens vaccinated at day-old with the rNDV-H5 and boosted or not at 2-week-old according to different vaccination regimens. Birds were challenged at 4 weeks pv in the first trial (i) and at 6 weeks pv (ii) in the second trial, with 106 EID50 of the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain. Data represent mean standard deviation of absorbance values determined by ELISA test specific to NDV
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(3a) and AIV (3b) at specified time points pv (n = 4). The rNDV-H5/iH5N9 group was not
duodenal tissues cultures. Titres with no common letters differ significantly (P < 0.05). The
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rNDV-H5/- group was not tested in the trial II.
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tested at 2 weeks pv. The Ig response was measured in 2-1 diluted supernatants of ex vivo
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Figure 4. Cell-mediated immunity of chickens vaccinated at day-old with the rNDV-H5 and boosted or not at 2-week-old according to different vaccination regimens. Birds were challenged at 4 weeks pv in the first trial (i) and at 6 weeks pv (ii) in the second trial, with 10 6 EID50 of the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain. Splenocytes were stimulated
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with prot-NDV and prot-H5N2 recall antigen (1 µg/ml) and supernatants of stimulated cells
capture ELISA. The results corresponding to the mean standard deviation of stimulation
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indice are indicated at each time point (n = 4). Stimulation indice with no common superscript
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differ significantly (P < 0.05).
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were harvested after 72h of activation. ChIFN production was determined by the ChIFN
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Table 1. Protection against morbidity and mortality after challenge with the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain in vaccinated SPF chickens. Groups -/rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 rNDV-H5/iH5N9
Trial I Age at challenge (4weeks) Clinical Signs Survival rate 8/8 0/8 (0 %) 0/8 8/8 (100 %) N.D. N.D.
Trial II Age at challenge (6weeks) Clinical Signs Survival rate 8/8 0/8 (0 %) 0/8 7/8 (87.5 %) 0/8 7/8 (87.5 %) 0/8 8/8 100 %
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N.D. = not determined (see section experimental design for details)
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Table 2. Virus shedding after challenge at 4 and 6 weeks pv with the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain on vaccinated SPF chickens.
Oropharynx
Times of the challenge 4 weeks
Days post-challenge
Groups
2 7.1 0.6 8/8b 3.4 1.1B 3/8 7.2 0.2A 8/8 4.0 1.3B 5/8 3.4 1.0BC 3/8 < 2.7C 0/8 6.2 0.7A 8/8 < 2.7B 0/8 5.6 0.6A 7/8 < 2.7B 0/8 < 2.7B 0/8 < 2.7B 0/8 A
-/rNDV-H5/-
6 weeks
-/rNDV-H5/-
Cloaca
4 weeks
-/rNDV-H5/-
6 weeks
-/rNDV-H5/-
M
rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 rNDV-H5/iH5N9
S.M.
S.M.
3.2 0.9 2/8 S.M.
3.4 1.2 2/8 S.M.
3.3 1/8 3.5 1.5 2/8 3.0 1/8 S.M.
2.8 1/7 < 2.7 0/7 2.8 1/8 S.M.
< 2.7 0/8 S.M.
< 2.7 0/8 S.M.
< 2.7 0/8 < 2.7 0/8 < 2.7 0/8
< 2.7 0/7 < 2.7 0/7 < 2.7 0/7
Data represent mean ± standard deviation of Matrix gene copies in ml of swabs (log10).
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a
7
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rNDV-H5/iH5N9
Mean ± standard deviation at time points with no common superscript differ significantly (P b
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< 0.05).
Data represent frequency (number positive/total tested chickens) of virus detection in 1 ml
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of swabs.
S.M. = specific mortality.
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rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5
4
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Swabs
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Avian Pathology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cavp20
Comparison of single day-old chick vaccination using a Newcastle disease virus vector with a prime-boost vaccination scheme against a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 challenge a
b
b
c
Helena Lage Ferreira , Fabienne Rauw , Jean François Pirlot , Frédéric Reynard , Thierry b
c
b
van den Berg , Michel Bublot & Bénédicte Lambrecht a
FZEA-USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, Brazil
b
CODA-CERVA-VAR, Brussels, Belgium
c
MERIAL S.A.S., Lyon, France Accepted author version posted online: 09 Dec 2013.Published online: 09 Dec 2013.
To cite this article: Avian Pathology (2013): Comparison of single day-old chick vaccination using a Newcastle disease virus vector with a prime-boost vaccination scheme against a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 challenge, Avian Pathology, DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.873111 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2013.873111
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Comparison of single day-old chick vaccination using a Newcastle Disease Virus vector with a prime-boost vaccination scheme against a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 challenge
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Helena Lage Ferreira1*, Fabienne Rauw2, Jean François Pirlot2, Frédéric
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CODA-CERVA-VAR, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Uccle, Brussels, Belgium MERIAL S.A.S., 254 rue Marcel Merieux, 69007 Lyon, France
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3
FZEA-USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga – SP, CEP 13635-900, Brazil
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Short title: Vaccination against H5N1 with NDV vector
*Author for correspondence: e-mail: [email protected]
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Telephone: +55 19 3565 4385, Fax: ++55 19 3565 4114
Received: 13 November 2013
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Reynard3, Thierry van den Berg2, Michel Bublot3, Bénédicte Lambrecht2
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Summary
Avian influenza (AI) vaccines should be used as part of a whole comprehensive AI control programme. Vectored vaccines based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are very promising, but are licensed in only a few countries so far. In the present study, the immunogenicity and
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protection against a highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 influenza challenge were evaluated after
day-old SPF chickens inoculated once, twice or once followed by a heterologous boost with
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an inactivated H5N9 vaccine (iH5N9). The heterologous prime-boost rNDV-H5/iH5N9
combination afforded the best level of protection against the H5N1 challenge performed at 6 weeks of age. Two rNDV-H5 administrations conferred a good level of protection after challenge, although only a cellular H5-specific response could be detected. Interestingly, a
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single administration of rNDV-H5 gave the same level of protection as the double
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administration but without any detectable H5-specific immune response. In contrast to AI immunity, a high humoral, mucosal and cellular NDV-specific immunity could be detected up
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to 6 weeks post vaccination after using the three different vaccination schedules. NDV specific mucosal and cellular immune responses were slightly higher after double rNDV-H5
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vaccination when compared to single inoculation. Finally, the heterologous prime-boost rNDV-H5/iH5N9 combination induced a broader detectable immunity including systemic,
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vaccination with an enterotropic NDV vector expressing an H5 hemagglutinin (rNDV-H5) in
mucosal and cellular AI and NDV-specific responses.
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Introduction
The current H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak was first detected in Hong-Kong in 1997 (Shortridge et al., 1998) and spread to Asia, Europe, and Africa. In some circumstances, well-monitored vaccination can be an additional tool for an effective control
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program of avian influenza (AI) in combination with good biosecurity practices, education
and infection. Several AI vaccines, such as inactivated (Bublot et al., 2007), live attenuated
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vectored (Bublot et al., 2007; Ge et al., 2007; Römer-Oberdörfer et al., 2008; Nayak et al.,
2009; Pavlova et al., 2009; Ramp et al., 2011; Lardinois et al., 2012), subunit (Swayne et al., 2001), ressortant (Lee et al., 2013) or DNA vaccines (Torrieri-Dramard et al., 2010), have shown to protect against HPAI but only inactivated whole AI virus vaccines and viral
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vectored vaccines based on fowlpox virus (FPV) or Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectors
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(Swayne & Kapczynski, 2008) have been licensed so far in some countries. Protection against HPAI is mainly the result of the immune response against the
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haemagglutinin (HA) protein, while immune responses to the neuraminidase or the internal viral proteins, such as nucleoprotein or matrix protein, are usually insufficient to provide field
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protection (Swayne, 2006). The protection is frequently assessed after experimental challenge by the prevention of death and clinical signs, the reduction in the quantity of challenge virus
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about prevention, preventive culling, early diagnostics and surveillance to detect the disease
shed from respiratory and digestive tracts and in the percentage of shedding birds, as well as the prevention of contact transmission. It can also be evaluated indirectly through the measurement of the HA-specific antibody after vaccination and challenge (Swayne &
Kapczynski, 2008).
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The selection of AI virus (AIV) strains for inactivated vaccine manufacturing is mostly based on low pathogenic (LP) AIV obtained from field outbreaks that have a homologous HA protein. LPAI inactivated vaccine can protect multiple species of poultry and against various HPAI viruses within the same HA subtype (Swayne, 2006; Bublot et al., 2007). A high level of HA-specific antibodies can be elicited allowing reduced virus shedding and transmission
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after challenge (Bublot et al., 2007). Due to their widespread use, live-ND vaccine strains
AIV (rNDV-HA). The potential advantages of these NDV vectored vaccines are the
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following: (1) they induce a broad immunity including mucosal, cellular and humoral
immunity; (2) they do not express the NP and M proteins and therefore, polyvalent tests such as anti-NP-based ELISA or agar gel precipitation can be used to detect AIV infection in vaccinated animals (differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) test) ; (3)
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they induce a rapid onset of immunity; (4) they are bivalent (AI and ND); (5) they can be
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administered by mucosal routes (spray or drinking water) and are compatible with mass administration; (6) their production poses less risk for the environment than inactivated
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vaccines in case of accidental release (Huang et al., 2003; van den Berg et al., 2008; Rauw et al., 2009). Several studies demonstrated that the rNDV-AI vaccine can protect against both
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NDV and HPAIV challenges (Swayne et al., 2003; Park et al., 2006; Ge et al., 2007; Veits et al., 2008; Sarfati-Mizrahi et al., 2010). Indeed, similarly to live NDV vaccines, they induce
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have been used to generate by reverse genetics vectored ND vaccines expressing the HA of
NDV-specific antibodies and provide excellent clinical and virological protection against
velogenic NDV challenges. Most of these vaccines afforded good clinical and virological protection against homologous H5N1 HPAI challenges with minimal (Veits et al., 2008; Nayak et al., 2009; Lardinois et al., 2012) or high AIV-specific antibodies (Ge et al., 2007). However, a lower level of protection could be observed after heterologous challenge, underlining the importance of the homology between the H5 insert vaccine and the HPAI
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challenge strain (Ramp et al., 2011; Lardinois et al., 2012). Finally, in all these studies, tracheotropic genotype II NDV strains, were used as vaccinal vector with the H5 gene inserted between P and M genes; Moreover, most of them performed the vaccination at least at 1 week of age. Currently, as all recent NDV outbreaks declared worldwide are due to viscerotropic strains (Miller et al., 2007; OIE, 2012) and ND vaccination is frequently
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performed by spray at the hatchery at day-old. It was of great interest to investigate AI
H5. This asymptomatic enteric strain has a great advantage to be used as a vector because this
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form usually consists of a subclinical enteric infection (OIE, 2012) as vaccination with
enterotropic strain should be better fit to the field situation, thus. Therefore, in this study, the
clinical and virological protection against H5N1 HPAI strain conferred by different vaccination schedules using an enterotropic rNDV-H5 candidate inoculated at day-old in SPF
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chickens with or without inactivated H5N9 vaccine boost at 2 weeks of age have been
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evaluated. Specific humoral, mucosal and cellular immune responses elicited by these different vaccination regimens were investigated and correlated to the induced AI protection
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levels.
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Material and Methods
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vaccination at the hatchery with an enterotropic vectored NDV vaccine expressing the AIV
Chickens. SPF white Leghorn chickens were hatched from eggs provided by Lohmann Valo (Cuxhaven, Germany). After hatching, birds were kept in biosecurity level 3 (BSL-3) isolators and animal experiments were conducted under the authorization and supervision of the Biosafety and Bioethics Committees at the Veterinary and Agrochemical Research centre, following National and European regulations.
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Vaccines and challenge strain. The rNDV-AI vectored vaccine was generated by reverse genetics from an enterotropic AVINEW vaccine and encoding an optimized synthetic HA gene from HPAIV clade 2.2. H5N1 A/turkey/Turkey/1/05 strain whose cleavage site PQGERRRKKR/GLF (HP) was mutated into PQGETR/GLF (LP) as previously described (Ferreira et al., 2012).
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The inactivated H5N9 vaccine was an experimental vaccine as described earlier (Bublot
PRNVPQKETR/GLF) inactivated antigen formulated in a water-in-oil emulsion used for
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commercial inactivated poultry vaccines.
The clade 2.2 H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) was kindly provided by Dr Vilmos Palfi (CVI Budapest, Hungary) and was used for challenge at the dose of 106 EID50
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per bird.
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Mitogens and antigens. The mitogens phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin (Iono) were purchased from Sigma (Belgium). NDV and H5N2 recall antigens
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were prepared from NDV La Sota and H5N2 LPAI (A/Chicken/Belgium/150VB/99) strains, respectively, as previously described (Lambrecht et al., 2004; Rauw et al., 2011) and named
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NDV and H5N2 all proteins (prot-NDV and prot-H5N2). The NDV La Sota strain, the H5N3 LPAI (A/Teal/England/7394-2805/06) and the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006)
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et al., 2007) based on the A/Chicken/Italy/22A/98 H5N9 LPAI (cleavage site:
were used to perform haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. The purified La Sota NDV and H5N2 LPAI (A/Chicken/Belgium/150VB/99) strains were used as coating antigens for NDVand AIV-specific IgG ELISA, respectively. It is important to note that only small amount of HPAIV antigen (H5N1) was detected after inactivation and purification; which was not enough to be used in ELISA test; whereas high quantity of purified LPAI virus (H5N2) without inactivation was obtained using the
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same protocol (Rauw et al., 2011). In order to complete the characterization of H5 humoral response, the challenge strain (H5N1) and a reference strain (H5N3; from Laboratory of European Union, VLA, Weybridge) were used to perform the HI tests because of their high antigenic similarity. This approach, presenting two complementary tests, has previously been reported to characterize the H5 humoral response after vaccination and challenge experiments
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(Rauw et al., 2011; Rauw et al., 2012).
antigen in accredited tests. It was previously used to characterize the humoral response
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specific to NDV after vaccination and challenge experiments (Rauw et al., 2009; Rauw et al., 2010).
Measurement of NDV- and AIV-specific humoral immunity. NDV-specific humoral
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immunity was evaluated by HI test as previously described (Ferreira et al., 2012) using 4
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haemagglutination units of NDV La Sota strain per well. AIV-specific humoral immunity was evaluated by using 4 haemagglutination units of H5N3 LPAI (A/Teal/England/7394-2805/06)
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and of H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strains.
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Measurement of NDV- and AIV-specific local antibody-mediated immunity in the digestive tract. The culture of intestinal tissue was conducted as previously described (Rauw
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As for analysis of NDV response, the La Sota strain is commonly used as reference
et al., 2009). Several two-fold dilutions of supernatants were processed for testing by NDVspecific IgG ELISA (Rauw et al., 2009). Samples were also tested by AIV-specific IgG and
IgA detection. Briefly, MAXISORP™ NUNC-IMMUNO™ F96 MICROWELL™ plates were coated overnight at 4°C with purified H5N2 LPAI virus diluted at 1 µg/ml in carbonate/bicarbonate pH 9.6 buffer. After washing and blocking steps, samples were added and AIV-specific IgG and IgA was revealed using biotin-labelled mouse antibody directed
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against chicken IgG or IgA (Southern Biotech, Belgium), respectively, as previously used (Rauw et al., 2009).
Measurement of NDV- and AIV-specific cell-mediated immunity by ex-vivo antigenic recall on splenic lymphocytes. The induction of NDV- and AIV-specific CMI was evaluated
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by the production of ChIFNg after ex vivo antigen-activation of splenocytes as previously
(PMA/Iono, 0.1 µg/ml), as positive control of ex vivo activability of lymphocytes, and by
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NDV and AIV recall antigens (prot-NDV and prot-H5N2, 1 µg/ml). ChIFNg production was measured by capture ELISA as described previously (Lambrecht et al., 2004) and using commercially available from Biosource Europe (Belgium, catalog number #CAC1233). Cellular immune responses were expressed as stimulation indices (S.I.) that were calculated
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for each bird by dividing the optical density (O.D.) values of mitogen- and antigen-activated
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lymphocytes by the O.D. of non-activated lymphocytes (Rauw et al., 2009) and the S.I. per group were calculated. The chicken having an O.D. < 0.1 or a S.I. < 2 for mitogen-activation
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was excluded from further antigen-activation analysis. An O.D. ≥ 0.1 and a S.I. ≥ 2 for antigen-activation were considered as positive for NDV/AIV-specific CMI (Emery et al.,
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1988).
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described (Emery et al., 1988). Briefly, splenic lymphocytes were activated by mitogens
Measurement of virus shedding by the oropharyngeal and cloacal routes after challenge. The oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were harvested and RNA was extracted as previously described (Ferreira et al., 2012). The H5N1 HPAI RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR targeting the matrix (M) gene of avian influenza (Spackman et al., 2002) and quantification was done relatively to a standard curve based on tenfold dilutions of an in vitro transcribed RNA template (Steensels et al., 2009). The results were expressed as the number of M gene
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copy per ml of swabs samples. Moreover, the quality of the sample and the RNA extraction procedure were validated using avian b-actin as previously described (Van Borm et al., 2007).
Experimental design. Two studies with different experimental designs were conducted using SPF chickens. The summary of the two studies is shown in figure 1. In the first trial, 40 one-
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day-old chicks were assigned to two groups of 20 birds each. One group, identified as rNDV-
using 50µl. The second group was left untreated to be used as unvaccinated negative controls
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and was identified as -/- group. Four chickens per group were randomly euthanized on a weekly basis during 3 weeks, namely at 2, 3, and 4 weeks post-vaccination (pv). Blood,
spleen and duodenum were collected to evaluate the systemic, cellular and mucosal immune responses. At 4 weeks pv, 8 chickens from each group were individually identified and
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challenged with 106 EID50 of H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) via the o.n. route.
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Birds were monitored daily for clinical signs of disease and mortality was recorded over a 2 weeks period. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were taken at 2, 4 and 7 days post-challenge
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(pc) and blood was taken from the surviving chickens at 2 weeks pc. In the second trial, two vaccination schemes involving two successive vaccine
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administrations were tested. Ninety-six SPF one-day-old chickens were split into four groups of 24 birds. Three groups were vaccinated with 105 EID50 of rNDV-H5. After 2 weeks,
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H5/- group, was vaccinated with 105 EID50/bird of rNDV-AI by the oculo-nasal (o.n.) route
chickens were boosted with the rNDV-H5 at same dose by ON route (homologous primeboost) or with one dose of the H5N9 (A/Chicken/Italy/22A/1998) inactivated vaccine
(heterologous prime-boost) by subcutaneous route and identified as rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 and rNDV-H5/iH5N9 group, respectively. Chickens of the third group, namely the rNDV-H5/group, were not boosted at 2 weeks while unvaccinated chickens, were used as control group
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(-/- group). Four birds per group were randomly humanely euthanized on a weekly basis during 4 weeks, namely at 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks after the first vaccination. In both trials, blood, spleen and duodenum were collected to evaluate the immune responses. The mucosal and cellular responses were not evaluated in birds from rNDV-H5/(trial II) due to limited number of birds obtained for the experiment and also as these
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responses were evaluated in trial I at 2, 3 and 4 weeks after prime vaccination. At 6 weeks pv,
with 106 EID50 of H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) by ON route. Protection against
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mortality and clinical signs, virus shedding and serology were evaluated as described above.
Stastistical analysis. The one-way ANOVA and the Student t-test were carried out to
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compare the different groups and the differences were considered as significant at P < 0.05.
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Accession numbers. GenBank accession number for the complete genome sequence of enterotropic AVINEW vaccine is KC906188. GenBank accession number of NDV La Sota
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strain is AJ629062. GenBank accession number of HA sequence from clade 2.2 H5N1 A/turkey/Turkey/1/05 strain is HB416506. GISAID accession numbers of clade 2.2 H5N1
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A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006 strain are: EPI_ISL_64353 and EPI_ISL_63778. GISAID accession number of H5N2 A/Chicken/Belgium/150VB/99 strain is EPI_ISL_26340.
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8 chickens per group were individually identified with rings numbered 1 to 8 and challenged
AHVLA scientific accession number of H5N3 A/Teal/England/7394-2805/06 strain is RAA7008.
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Results
Protection against morbidity and mortality. The efficacy of the rNDV-H5 vaccines used alone or included in a homologous or heterologous prime/boost vaccination scheme was evaluated and compared for protection against mortality and clinical signs after challenge
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with the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain. The unvaccinated birds showed the clinical signs like depression and conjunctivitis at 2 days pc and all birds died by day 3
rNDV-H5 vaccination resulted in full (8/8) protection against mortality and clinical signs after
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challenge at 4 weeks pv, while 7/8 (88%) of the chickens of the rNDV-H5/- group were protected when the challenge was performed at 6 weeks of age. A second rNDV-H5
administration at 2 weeks of age did not improve the protection against mortality (7/8) while a
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boost with the H5N9 inactivated vaccine induced full (8/8) protection against mortality. No
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clinical signs was observed among vaccinated birds in all groups even mortality was reported.
Virus excretion after challenge. Viral shedding was monitored by real –time RT-PCR in the
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oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and observed at 2 days pc in the unvaccinated group (Table
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2). The levels of viral RNA detected in the oropharynx were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the three vaccinated groups, regardless of the time of challenge. Interestingly, at 2 days pc, a booster vaccination with the H5N9 inactivated vaccine reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the
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and 4 pc when challenged at 4 and 6 weeks, respectively, validating the trial (Table 1). Single
virus excretion, when compared to the single rNDV-H5 vaccination. However, the level of oropharyngeal shedding after challenge was similar after single or double rNDV-H5 vaccination. No virus was excreted by the cloacal route in all vaccinated groups regardless of the time of challenge.
11
Humoral immunity. The serological titres in all unvaccinated chickens were below the threshold of positivity (≤ 23), regardless the HA antigen used. The rNDV-H5 vaccine induced NDV-specific HI antibody from the 2nd weeks pv with a mean titre of 26 (Figure 2ai and 2aii), confirming the rNDV-H5 vaccine uptake. Indeed, all the chickens of the rNDV-H5/-, rNDVH5/rNDV-H5 and rNDV-H5/iH5N9 groups were positive when tested with the La Sota NDV
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HA antigen. No NDV boost effect was observed after a second inoculation of the rNDV-H5
rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 groups at 6 weeks (Figure 2aii). As expected, no interference on the
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NDV-specific humoral immunity was induced by the heterologous vaccination with the H5N9 inactivated vaccine.
Only 1/8 of the rNDV-H5/- vaccinated chickens were AI positive (average of 25) using the H5N3 LPAI and the H5N1 HPAI HA antigens (Figure 2bi and 2ci) and the mean titres
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remained under the threshold of positivity regardless of the time post vaccination (2, 4 and 6
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week pv). Following rNDV-H5 boost, the antibody titres did not increase in the rNDVH5/rNDV-H5 group and the mean titers were not significantly different when compared to the
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single vaccinated group. These positive results were confirmed in a commercial ELISA AI kit specific to H5 (ID-VET, Montpellier France) with only HI positive sera found to be positive
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for the H5 specific ELISA (data not shown). All rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccinated chickens showed positive HI titres at 6 weeks when tested with the both H5 antigens. This AIVspecific humoral immunity (average of 210) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the one
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vaccine at 2 weeks of age, as shown by no significant difference between the rNDV-H5/- and
measured in the unvaccinated and the other vaccinated groups (Figure 2bii and 2cii). After challenge, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the HI titres was observed for the rNDV-H5/- and rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 groups when tested with the H5N3 LPAI and the H5N1
HPAI HA antigens, indicating viral replication. The challenge had no effect on the HI titres in the rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccinated chickens, regardless of the HA antigen used.
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Local antibody-mediated immunity in the digestive tract. Supernatants from ex vivo duodenal tissue culture of vaccinated chickens were collected at different time-points to assess local NDV- and AIV-specific antibody-mediated immunity in the digestive tract (Figure 3). NDV-specific IgGs were detected as early as 2 weeks post priming in the rNDV-
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H5/rNDV-H5 group in trial II. The rNDV-H5/- and rNDV-H5/iH5N9 groups were not tested
immunity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the rNDV-H5/iH5N9 group just one week
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after boost (3rd week pv, Figure 3aii) and in the rNDV-H5/ rNDV-H5 group at two weeks
after second inoculation (4th week pv, Figure 3aii), when compared to that of the unvaccinated chickens.
AI-specific IgG-mediated immunity could only be detected in the digestive tract of
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rNDV-H5/iH5N9 group and this was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the
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unvaccinated group from the 2th week after the inactivated boost (Figure 3bii). The single or double rNDV-H5 vaccination did not induce a measurable local AIV-specific immunity over
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the 6-weeks period investigated in the present study. No AIV-specific IgA was detected in
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any of the vaccinated groups (Figure 3bi and Figure 3bii).
Cell-mediated immunity. The splenocytes activation with PMA/Iono mitogens showed that
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at this time point (see experimental design in material and methods section). This local
all chickens in each group were immunocompetent (O.D. > 0.1 and S.I. > 2), validating the spleen cell activability (data not shown). The single vaccination with the rNDV-H5 vaccine (trial 1) induced a measurable level of NDV-specific cell-mediated immunity at 4 weeks pv (Figure 4i). This cellular immune response was enhanced by second inoculation of the rNDVH5, as shown by the higher value of the S.I. at 4 weeks in rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 group in the trial 2, when compared to the rNDV-H5/- (trial 1) and rNDV-H5/iH5N9 (trial 2) groups
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(Figure 4ii). The NDV-specific CMI decreased at 6 weeks pv in both rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 and rNDV-H5/iH5N9 groups, while the rNDV-H5/- was not tested at this time point see experimental design in material and methods section). A significantly higher (P < 0.05) H5-specific CMI was observed in both rNDVH5/rNDV-H5 and rNDV-H5/iH5N9 groups at 4 and 6 weeks pv, when compared to that of
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unvaccinated group. The kinetic profile differed depending on the vaccination scheme, with
rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccination regimen induced higher H5-specific CMI at 6 weeks pv. No
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H5-specific cellular immune response could be detected at 4 weeks pv after a single vaccination with the rNDV-H5 vaccine in trial 1.
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Discussion
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H5N1 HPAI infection has devastating consequences to the poultry industry and several vaccination strategies have been described to improve control of AI, in combination with
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good biosecurity and prevention practices. In particular, vaccines with easier and lower cost of administration are urgently needed. In this context, NDV vector is currently underway for
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mass immunization against AI (Veits et al., 2006; Ge et al., 2007; Veits et al., 2008; Nayak et al., 2009; Sarfati-Mizrahi et al., 2010). Previous studies showed that the rNDV-H5 provides
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the rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 induced overall higher cellular response at 4 weeks pv, whereas
good levels of protection against mortality in SPF chickens with a single administration (Veits et al., 2006; Ge et al., 2007; Veits et al., 2008; Nayak et al., 2009; Sarfati-Mizrahi et al., 2010), although the level of protection could be influenced by the homology between the H5
sequence of the vaccine insert and the HPAI challenge virus (Römer-Oberdörfer et al., 2008).
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The present work showed for the first time that a single day-old administration of 105 EID50 enterotropic rNDV-H5 vaccine provided complete protection against clinical signs and mortality after infection with H5N1 HPAI at 4 weeks of age, while previous studies showed that 106 EID50 tracheotropic rNDV-H5 vaccine was protective at 3 weeks pv when chickens were inoculated at 1 day old or 1- or 3-week-old (Veits et al., 2006; Ge et al., 2007; Veits et
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al., 2008; Nayak et al., 2009; Sarfati-Mizrahi et al., 2010; Ramp et al., 2011; Lardinois et al.,
died at 6 weeks of age in the present study, suggesting that the immunity induced by a single
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day-old rNDV-H5 vaccination may not be long-lasting. Prime/boost vaccination schemes at
1-day/2-weeks of age were investigated and the program including a boost with an inactivated H5N9 vaccine showed protection against morbidity and mortality. Whilst, the homologous prime/boost with the rNDV-H5 vaccine did not improve the protection against morbidity nor
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mortality when compared to single rNDV-H5 administration. The improved protection
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induced by the rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccination scheme was in line with a higher humoral immune response, confirming that the antibody response plays a major role in the protection
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against AI, especially, the protection induced by inactivated vaccine (Swayne & Kapczynski, 2008). Several studies demonstrated that inactivated vaccines can elicit strong systemic
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immune response preventing the mortality and the morbidity of the chickens when challenged with the H5N1 HPAI viruses (Swayne et al., 2006; Bublot et al., 2007; Terregino et al., 2007;
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2012). Nevertheless, 1 out of 8 birds that had received a single day-old rNDV-H5 vaccination
Isoda et al., 2008; Tian et al., 2010) and that this protective immunity can remain up to 138
weeks (Sasaki et al., 2009). Indeed, a very recent study showed that bivalent vaccine containing inactivated La Sota Strain of Newcastle disease virus and reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus at106 EID50 and 107.5 EID50, respectively, induced high HI titers and afforded complete clinical and shedding protection after 3 weeks pv at 6weeks of age in SPF chickens (Lee et al., 2013). In this study the HI titers against
15
homologous antigen were higher than those against heterologous antigen. Interestingly, the HI antibody titres against the H5N3 antigen, which is phylogenically closer to the H5N9 antigen included in the inactivated vaccine used in this study, were higher in the rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccinated chickens than historical values observed after a single inactivated H5N9 vaccine inoculation (Bublot et al., 2007), suggesting an efficient priming effect of the rNDV-H5
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vaccine at day-old. Moreover, the cross-reactivity against H5N1 antigen of the serums from
vaccination with the inactivated H5N9 vaccine (Bublot et al., 2007). This could be explained
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by the origin of the HA gene inserted in the NDV vector originating from the H5N1
A/Turkey/1/2005 strain, which has higher identity to the Hungarian clade 2 H5N1 challenge antigen. Similar broader humoral immunity was previously observed after heterologous prime-boost vaccination scheme using a fowlpox vector (Steensels et al., 2009). This may be
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due to the use of two different haemagglutinins in the prime and the boost vaccines, the
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immune response after the second vaccination being directed only against the cross-reactive epitopes conserved between the two HAs (Bublot et al., 2008; van den Berg et al., 2008;
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Wang et al., 2010).
In our study, the single inoculation with the rNDV-H5 vaccine induced no or little AI-
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specific systemic antibody, while a strong humoral immune response was detected 3 weeks after vaccination by others (Veits et al., 2006; Ge et al., 2007; Nayak et al., 2009; Sarfati-
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rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccinated birds was higher than those usually observed after a single
Mizrahi et al., 2010). Interestingly, a recent study found a very low humoral immune response
in one out of three experiments with a rNDV-H5 using a tracheotropic strain whilst in the other experiments no AI-specific antibody was detected after vaccination in day-old chickens (Lardinois et al., 2012). This could be related to the age of the chickens at vaccination and a lower maturity of their immune system at day-old. A previous study showed a lower and slower antibody production after immunization of day-old chickens compared to
16
immunisation at 1- or 2-week-old (Mast & Goddeeris, 1999). Surprisingly, a second administration of rNDV-H5 at 2 weeks did not increase the AI-specific humoral immunity. Such absence of AI-specific antibody after a second rNDV-H5 administration has also been observed by others (Römer-Oberdörfer et al., 2008). Nevertheless, most of the birds vaccinated once or twice with the rNDV-H5 were protected despite the absence of detectable
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humoral response. This indicates that other immune mechanisms in the host should be
The induction of a potent virus-specific immune response at the mucosal surfaces, as
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observed in mice after mucosal administration of a DNA vaccine was able to reduce the AIV replication in chickens (Torrieri-Dramard et al., 2010). Similarly, in our study, one or two
administration(s) of the rNDV-H5 induced a high IgG-mediated immunity against NDV in the digestive tract, which could be related to the enterotropic nature of the rNDV-H5 vaccine
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(Rauw et al., 2009). Nevertheless, no gut-associated AIV-specific antibody-mediated
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immunity could be detected after single or double vaccination with the rNDV-H5, while the rNDV-H5/iH5N9 prime/boost vaccination scheme induced high AIV-specific IgG from 4
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weeks of age. This duodenal AIV-specific IgG could originate from serum by transudation (Muir et al., 2000; Ferreira et al., 2010) and may partially explain the absence of virus
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shedding by the cloacal route. The same phenomenon might also happen in the respiratory tract, which could explain the lowest levels of virus shedding observed in the heterologous
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involved in the rNDV-H5-induced clinical and shedding protection.
prime/boost group. Recent studies have reported that AI protection might not only be correlated with the
levels of circulating antibodies (Thomas et al., 2006; Zhong et al., 2010) but also with the cellular immune response, as shown in mice after vaccination with AI inactivated or DNA vaccines (Hovden et al., 2009; Torrieri-Dramard et al., 2010). The present study shows for the first time that NDV and AI-specific CMI could be induced by the rNDV-H5 vaccine.
17
Interestingly, both specific cellular immune responses seemed higher after the double rNDVH5 vaccination than after the single inoculation, contrary to what was observed for the serological systemic and local immune responses. Moreover, the AI-specific cellular immune response was higher at 4 weeks in the group vaccinated twice with the rNDV-H5 vaccine in comparison with the group immunized with the rNDV-H5/iH5N9 vaccination scheme.
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Conversely, at 6 weeks of age, the CMI in the second group was higher than in the first group.
immunity after two vaccinations with rNDV-H5 compared to the heterologous prime/boost
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needs further investigations. In addition, the immune mechanisms involved after single or double rNDV-H5 inoculations that induces protection despite the absence of significant detectable AIV-specific antibody and/or only cellular response remains unclear.
Vaccination with live-ND vaccines is frequently primed by spray at the hatchery at
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day-old, often combined with live vaccine against infectious bronchitis. Our results indicate
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for the first time that day-old mucosal administration of rNDV-H5 induced good levels of protection despite the absence of detectable AI-specific antibody. As for protection against
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NDV challenge, it is well known that the HI titer against NDV obtained after vaccination could be used as indicator of the potential shedding protection induced by vaccination (Allan
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et al., 1978; Westbury et al., 1984). It remains to be investigated if high levels (26) of NDVspecific antibodies detected from 2 week pv and remained stable up to 8 week pv (completion
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Whether the more rapid induction of detectable CMI corresponds to an earlier onset of
of the experiment here) can provide a high level of protection against NDV strains. In endemic countries, breeders are heavily vaccinated against both AI and ND. The potential interference of AIV- and NDV-specific maternal-derived antibodies (MDA) on rNDV-H5 prime-boost vaccination efficacy will need further assessment. Boosting the rNDV-H5 immune response by an inactivated vaccine clearly increased AIV-specific immunity as well as the level of AI protection. The higher and broader protection induced by a heterologous
18
prime/boost scheme observed here with a NDV vector confirmed previous ones reported with fowlpox vector (Bublot et al., 2008; Steensels et al., 2009; Wei et al., 2010). Our results suggest that this high level of protection might be achieved by inducing a combination of systemic and mucosal antibody as well as cellular immune responses. Further new immunological tools should be developed to allow a better characterization the immune
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response induced by new vector vaccine candidates and understanding of the protection
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Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Sophie Lemaire, Martine Gonze, Stéphanie Lagrange for their excellent technical assistance. We are grateful to Christophe Delgrange and Marc Vandenbroeck for
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animal handling and sampling assistance. We also thank Vilmos Palfi for providing us with
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the HPAI challenge strain. AVINEW® is a registered trademark of Merial. All other marks are the property of their respective owners. This work was done within the European
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NOVADUCK project supported by the European Commission within the FP6 program
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(number: SSPE-CT-2006-44217).
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mechanisms required to control HPAI.
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Veits, J., D. Wiesner, W. Fuchs, B. Hoffmann, H. Granzow, E. Starick, E. Mundt, H.
antibody to the virus. Aust Vet J., 61, 44-46.
Zhong, W., F. Liu, L. Dong, X. Lu, K. Hancock, E.L. Reinherz, J.M. Katz & S. Sambhara (2010). Significant impact of sequence variations in the nucleoprotein on CD8 T cellmediated cross-protection against influenza A virus infections. PLoS One, 5, e10583.
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Figure 1. Workflow of the two trials using SPF chickens vaccinated at day-old with the rNDV-H5 plus or minus boosting at 2-week-old. Birds were challenged at 4 weeks pv in the first trial (i) and at 6 weeks pv (ii) in the second trial, with 106 EID50 of the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain. Black arrows represent the organs collected during the trials. Smaller arrows indicate the oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs collected at 2, 4, and 7 days pch. Grey arrows indicate the inoculation of vaccine or virus according to different vaccination regimens.
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Figure 2. Serum NDV- and AIV-specific HI antibody titer of chickens vaccinated at day-old with the rNDV-H5 with or without boosting at 2-week-old. Birds were challenged at 4 weeks pv in the first trial (i) and at 6 weeks pv (ii) in the second trial, with 106 EID50 of the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain. Numbers represent mean standard deviation of HI antibody titres at specified time points pv (n = 4) and correspond to the last dilution showing an inhibition of haemagglutination of 4 haemagglutination units of NDV La Sota strain (2a), H5N3 LPAI (A/Teal/England/7394-2805/06) strain (2b) or H5N1 HPAI
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(A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain (2c). The HI geometric mean titres were expressed as
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pt
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M
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with * superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).
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reciprocal log2 and titres >3 log2 were considered positive. Titres with no common letters or
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Figure 3. Duodenal antibody-mediated immunity of chickens vaccinated at day-old with the rNDV-H5 and boosted or not at 2-week-old according to different vaccination regimens. Birds were challenged at 4 weeks pv in the first trial (i) and at 6 weeks pv (ii) in the second trial, with 106 EID50 of the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain. Data represent mean standard deviation of absorbance values determined by ELISA test specific to NDV
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(3a) and AIV (3b) at specified time points pv (n = 4). The rNDV-H5/iH5N9 group was not
duodenal tissues cultures. Titres with no common letters differ significantly (P < 0.05). The
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rNDV-H5/- group was not tested in the trial II.
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tested at 2 weeks pv. The Ig response was measured in 2-1 diluted supernatants of ex vivo
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Figure 4. Cell-mediated immunity of chickens vaccinated at day-old with the rNDV-H5 and boosted or not at 2-week-old according to different vaccination regimens. Birds were challenged at 4 weeks pv in the first trial (i) and at 6 weeks pv (ii) in the second trial, with 10 6 EID50 of the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain. Splenocytes were stimulated
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with prot-NDV and prot-H5N2 recall antigen (1 µg/ml) and supernatants of stimulated cells
capture ELISA. The results corresponding to the mean standard deviation of stimulation
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indice are indicated at each time point (n = 4). Stimulation indice with no common superscript
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differ significantly (P < 0.05).
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were harvested after 72h of activation. ChIFN production was determined by the ChIFN
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Table 1. Protection against morbidity and mortality after challenge with the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain in vaccinated SPF chickens. Groups -/rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 rNDV-H5/iH5N9
Trial I Age at challenge (4weeks) Clinical Signs Survival rate 8/8 0/8 (0 %) 0/8 8/8 (100 %) N.D. N.D.
Trial II Age at challenge (6weeks) Clinical Signs Survival rate 8/8 0/8 (0 %) 0/8 7/8 (87.5 %) 0/8 7/8 (87.5 %) 0/8 8/8 100 %
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N.D. = not determined (see section experimental design for details)
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Table 2. Virus shedding after challenge at 4 and 6 weeks pv with the H5N1 HPAI (A/Duck/Hungary/1180/2006) strain on vaccinated SPF chickens.
Oropharynx
Times of the challenge 4 weeks
Days post-challenge
Groups
2 7.1 0.6 8/8b 3.4 1.1B 3/8 7.2 0.2A 8/8 4.0 1.3B 5/8 3.4 1.0BC 3/8 < 2.7C 0/8 6.2 0.7A 8/8 < 2.7B 0/8 5.6 0.6A 7/8 < 2.7B 0/8 < 2.7B 0/8 < 2.7B 0/8 A
-/rNDV-H5/-
6 weeks
-/rNDV-H5/-
Cloaca
4 weeks
-/rNDV-H5/-
6 weeks
-/rNDV-H5/-
M
rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5 rNDV-H5/iH5N9
S.M.
S.M.
3.2 0.9 2/8 S.M.
3.4 1.2 2/8 S.M.
3.3 1/8 3.5 1.5 2/8 3.0 1/8 S.M.
2.8 1/7 < 2.7 0/7 2.8 1/8 S.M.
< 2.7 0/8 S.M.
< 2.7 0/8 S.M.
< 2.7 0/8 < 2.7 0/8 < 2.7 0/8
< 2.7 0/7 < 2.7 0/7 < 2.7 0/7
Data represent mean ± standard deviation of Matrix gene copies in ml of swabs (log10).
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rNDV-H5/iH5N9
Mean ± standard deviation at time points with no common superscript differ significantly (P b
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< 0.05).
Data represent frequency (number positive/total tested chickens) of virus detection in 1 ml
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of swabs.
S.M. = specific mortality.
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rNDV-H5/rNDV-H5
4
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Swabs
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