EDITORIAL
Boosting Access to Insomnia Treatment for Cancer Patients
http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3908
Commentary on Savard et al. Is a video-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia as efficacious as a professionally administered treatment in breast cancer? Results of a randomized controlled trial. SLEEP 2014;37:1305-1314. Judith R. Davidson, PhD Departments of Psychology and Oncology, Queen’s University and the Kingston Family Health Team, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
“Build it into the cancer care system.” That is what we heard from patients. “It” is the recognition and treatment of insomnia. The patients were people with cancer and sleep difficulty who provided ideas for enhancing access to effective insomnia interventions.1 Now efforts are directed at doing just that: looking at ways to build it into the cancer care system. Exactly how to do that is the focus of necessary research, given that clinicians with training in behavioral sleep medicine are hard to find anywhere, let alone in cancer centers. At least 30% of oncology patients report insomnia, one of the most frequent symptoms along with pain and fatigue. There is evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) works well in the context of cancer.2,3 The question now is one of access. How do we build it into the cancer care system, providing access to so many patients, while retaining its effectiveness? The article by Savard and colleagues4 in this issue of SLEEP takes a close and careful look at one potential way, via animated video segments that patients can watch at home in DVD format. They used a three-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) to compare a video-based intervention to individual face-to-face CBT-I, and to no treatment. Each arm had approximately 80 participants who had received radiation therapy for breast cancer within the previous 18 months. This study was done with the attention to detail and reporting that are features of high-quality RCTs. The sample size is large for this type of intervention and the steps of recruitment, screening and randomization are clearly laid out in the RCT flow chart. Split-plot mixed model, intent-to-treat, analyses were used. The trial by Savard et al. produced some very useful data. It showed that whereas face-to-face CBT-I was generally superior to the video-based CBT-I, the latter was superior to no treatment. The video-based intervention was associated with medium to large effect sizes (0.50 to 1.40, depending on the sleep diary variable) and an insomnia remission rate of 44% (defined as the proportion scoring < 8 on the post-treatment Insomnia Severity Index). Thus, the video-based CBT-I intervention worked quite well, considering it involved much less time for both the clinician and the patient than the regular face-to-face treatment. Given the low access to face-to-face treatment, should this type of video-based intervention be provided in cancer clinics? Submitted for publication June, 2014 Accepted for publication June, 2014 Address correspondence to: Judith R. Davidson, PhD, Kingston Family Health Team, 797 Princess Street, Suite 312, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 1G1; Tel.: (613) 531-4234; Fax: (613) 531-0073; E-mail: judith. [email protected]
We know from this study that, for breast cancer patients, it is superior to no treatment, and it is probably less expensive (after production) than face-to-face treatment—although the costs were not a focus of the trial.4 The feasibility of offering video CBT-I in the cancer care system now needs investigation. The recruitment information provided by Savard and colleagues points to obstacles to the speedy identification of cancer patients who are ready for any type of CBT-I. To gather 242 participants, the researchers approached 1,817 patients, about half of whom had insomnia symptoms, over 3.5 years. The main reasons given by patients for non-participation were no sleep complaint (514 patients), lack of interest (194), and a perception that the study requirements, including travel to the research center, were too burdensome (333). Not only do we need an efficient way of identifying cancer patients with insomnia who are ready for CBT-I, but we need a way of determining which patients are best-matched to a videobased treatment, and which to other forms of CBT-I including the face-to-face version. Savard et al. suggest that the videobased intervention may be useful at the entry level of a steppedcare approach, to be followed if needed, by a professionally administered treatment. However, in the real world, I wonder whether cancer patients who are still not sleeping well after the video-based intervention would actually be open to using the same approach again, provided by a professional, even if it were readily available. A more feasible entry level might be abbreviated sleep instructions based on the principles of CBT-I, delivered by the oncology nurse who already assesses and follows the patient’s cancer-related symptoms. The next level then could be the effective video-based intervention by Savard et al.4 This would make CBT-I easily accessible within cancer centers. Face-to-face CBT-I with a clinician trained in behavioral sleep medicine, if available, could be reserved for complex cases. Whether it is access to insomnia treatment for cancer patients, for primary care patients, for military personnel, for people with chronic pain or psychiatric disorders, novel methods are being investigated to expand availability of CBT-I. We have moved from research on in-person CBT-I to research on various delivery systems, for example, telephone,5 telehealth,6 online,7,8 and video.4 These modalities provide opportunities for reaching many more people with insomnia than traditional methods. They also require new partnerships and new ways of working for the clinical research team. Collaborations with professional scriptwriters and animation experts,9 developers, programmers, engineers, and having sophisticated equipment for delivery are now part and parcel of providing CBT-I. The new modalities are also accompanied by cost considerations for production and
SLEEP, Vol. 37, No. 8, 2014 1277 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-abstract/37/8/1277/2416792 by guest on 02 January 2018
Editorial—Davidson
maintenance, and the task of determining the source of funding for interventions that no longer involve in-person therapy. Scientist-practitioners in the field of insomnia are moving away from the clinician’s chair to take a seat in the director’s chair. This shift to more accessible, but less personal insomnia treatment means that more patients will have access to CBT-I, but we can’t expect outcomes to necessarily match face-to-face successes. The video-based intervention offered by Savard and colleagues lends itself particularly well to the cancer context, where many patients experience extreme fatigue. It is simpler and probably less tiring than other more interactive technologies, and certainly easier than attending several in-person visits to a clinician. Watching brief video clips at home seems an elegant solution to a prevalent problem. We just need to find ways to efficiently identify those cancer patients who will benefit from this treatment modality and are ready to begin CBT-I. CITATION Davidson JR. Boosting access to insomnia treatment for cancer patients. SLEEP 2014;37(8):1277-1278. DISCLOSURE STATEMENT Dr. Davidson has indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
SLEEP, Vol. 37, No. 8, 2014 1278 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-abstract/37/8/1277/2416792 by guest on 02 January 2018
REFERENCES
1. Davidson JR, Feldman-Stewart D, Brennenstuhl S, Ram S. How to provide insomnia interventions to people with cancer: insights from patients. Psychooncology 2007;16:1028-38. 2. Espie CA, Fleming L, Cassidy J et al. Randomized controlled clinical effectiveness trial of cognitive behaviour therapy compared with treatment as usual for persistent insomnia in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4651-8. 3. Savard J, Simard S, Ivers H, Morin CM. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia secondary to cancer, Part 1: Sleep and psychological effects. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6083-95. 4. Savard J, Ivers H, Savard M-H, Morin CM. Is a video-based cognitivebehavioral therapy for insomnia as efficacious as a professionallyadministered treatment in breast cancer? Results of a randomized controlled trial. Sleep 2014;37:1305-14. 5. Arnedt JT, Cuddihy L, Swanson LM, Pickett S, Aikens J, Chervin RD. Randomized controlled trial of telephone-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia. Sleep 2013;36:353-62. 6. Gehrman P. Telehealth delivery of CBT-I to active duty marines. Presentation at Sleep 2014 Symposium (S12): Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions for Insomnia in Military Populations. June 3, 2014. APSS, Minneapolis, MN. 7. Espie CA, Kyle SD, Williams C. et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of online cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia disorder delivered via an automated media-rich web application. Sleep 2012;35:769-81. 8. Ritterband LM, Thorndike FP, Gonder-Frederick L. et al. Efficacy of an internet-based behavioral intervention for adults with insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:692-8. 9. Savard J, Villa J, Simard S, Morin CM. Feasibility of a self-help treatment for insomnia comorbid with cancer. Psychooncology 2011;20:1013-9.
Editorial—Davidson
Boosting Access to Insomnia Treatment for Cancer Patients
http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3908
Commentary on Savard et al. Is a video-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia as efficacious as a professionally administered treatment in breast cancer? Results of a randomized controlled trial. SLEEP 2014;37:1305-1314. Judith R. Davidson, PhD Departments of Psychology and Oncology, Queen’s University and the Kingston Family Health Team, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
“Build it into the cancer care system.” That is what we heard from patients. “It” is the recognition and treatment of insomnia. The patients were people with cancer and sleep difficulty who provided ideas for enhancing access to effective insomnia interventions.1 Now efforts are directed at doing just that: looking at ways to build it into the cancer care system. Exactly how to do that is the focus of necessary research, given that clinicians with training in behavioral sleep medicine are hard to find anywhere, let alone in cancer centers. At least 30% of oncology patients report insomnia, one of the most frequent symptoms along with pain and fatigue. There is evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) works well in the context of cancer.2,3 The question now is one of access. How do we build it into the cancer care system, providing access to so many patients, while retaining its effectiveness? The article by Savard and colleagues4 in this issue of SLEEP takes a close and careful look at one potential way, via animated video segments that patients can watch at home in DVD format. They used a three-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) to compare a video-based intervention to individual face-to-face CBT-I, and to no treatment. Each arm had approximately 80 participants who had received radiation therapy for breast cancer within the previous 18 months. This study was done with the attention to detail and reporting that are features of high-quality RCTs. The sample size is large for this type of intervention and the steps of recruitment, screening and randomization are clearly laid out in the RCT flow chart. Split-plot mixed model, intent-to-treat, analyses were used. The trial by Savard et al. produced some very useful data. It showed that whereas face-to-face CBT-I was generally superior to the video-based CBT-I, the latter was superior to no treatment. The video-based intervention was associated with medium to large effect sizes (0.50 to 1.40, depending on the sleep diary variable) and an insomnia remission rate of 44% (defined as the proportion scoring < 8 on the post-treatment Insomnia Severity Index). Thus, the video-based CBT-I intervention worked quite well, considering it involved much less time for both the clinician and the patient than the regular face-to-face treatment. Given the low access to face-to-face treatment, should this type of video-based intervention be provided in cancer clinics? Submitted for publication June, 2014 Accepted for publication June, 2014 Address correspondence to: Judith R. Davidson, PhD, Kingston Family Health Team, 797 Princess Street, Suite 312, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 1G1; Tel.: (613) 531-4234; Fax: (613) 531-0073; E-mail: judith. [email protected]
We know from this study that, for breast cancer patients, it is superior to no treatment, and it is probably less expensive (after production) than face-to-face treatment—although the costs were not a focus of the trial.4 The feasibility of offering video CBT-I in the cancer care system now needs investigation. The recruitment information provided by Savard and colleagues points to obstacles to the speedy identification of cancer patients who are ready for any type of CBT-I. To gather 242 participants, the researchers approached 1,817 patients, about half of whom had insomnia symptoms, over 3.5 years. The main reasons given by patients for non-participation were no sleep complaint (514 patients), lack of interest (194), and a perception that the study requirements, including travel to the research center, were too burdensome (333). Not only do we need an efficient way of identifying cancer patients with insomnia who are ready for CBT-I, but we need a way of determining which patients are best-matched to a videobased treatment, and which to other forms of CBT-I including the face-to-face version. Savard et al. suggest that the videobased intervention may be useful at the entry level of a steppedcare approach, to be followed if needed, by a professionally administered treatment. However, in the real world, I wonder whether cancer patients who are still not sleeping well after the video-based intervention would actually be open to using the same approach again, provided by a professional, even if it were readily available. A more feasible entry level might be abbreviated sleep instructions based on the principles of CBT-I, delivered by the oncology nurse who already assesses and follows the patient’s cancer-related symptoms. The next level then could be the effective video-based intervention by Savard et al.4 This would make CBT-I easily accessible within cancer centers. Face-to-face CBT-I with a clinician trained in behavioral sleep medicine, if available, could be reserved for complex cases. Whether it is access to insomnia treatment for cancer patients, for primary care patients, for military personnel, for people with chronic pain or psychiatric disorders, novel methods are being investigated to expand availability of CBT-I. We have moved from research on in-person CBT-I to research on various delivery systems, for example, telephone,5 telehealth,6 online,7,8 and video.4 These modalities provide opportunities for reaching many more people with insomnia than traditional methods. They also require new partnerships and new ways of working for the clinical research team. Collaborations with professional scriptwriters and animation experts,9 developers, programmers, engineers, and having sophisticated equipment for delivery are now part and parcel of providing CBT-I. The new modalities are also accompanied by cost considerations for production and
SLEEP, Vol. 37, No. 8, 2014 1277 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-abstract/37/8/1277/2416792 by guest on 02 January 2018
Editorial—Davidson
maintenance, and the task of determining the source of funding for interventions that no longer involve in-person therapy. Scientist-practitioners in the field of insomnia are moving away from the clinician’s chair to take a seat in the director’s chair. This shift to more accessible, but less personal insomnia treatment means that more patients will have access to CBT-I, but we can’t expect outcomes to necessarily match face-to-face successes. The video-based intervention offered by Savard and colleagues lends itself particularly well to the cancer context, where many patients experience extreme fatigue. It is simpler and probably less tiring than other more interactive technologies, and certainly easier than attending several in-person visits to a clinician. Watching brief video clips at home seems an elegant solution to a prevalent problem. We just need to find ways to efficiently identify those cancer patients who will benefit from this treatment modality and are ready to begin CBT-I. CITATION Davidson JR. Boosting access to insomnia treatment for cancer patients. SLEEP 2014;37(8):1277-1278. DISCLOSURE STATEMENT Dr. Davidson has indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
SLEEP, Vol. 37, No. 8, 2014 1278 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-abstract/37/8/1277/2416792 by guest on 02 January 2018
REFERENCES
1. Davidson JR, Feldman-Stewart D, Brennenstuhl S, Ram S. How to provide insomnia interventions to people with cancer: insights from patients. Psychooncology 2007;16:1028-38. 2. Espie CA, Fleming L, Cassidy J et al. Randomized controlled clinical effectiveness trial of cognitive behaviour therapy compared with treatment as usual for persistent insomnia in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4651-8. 3. Savard J, Simard S, Ivers H, Morin CM. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia secondary to cancer, Part 1: Sleep and psychological effects. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6083-95. 4. Savard J, Ivers H, Savard M-H, Morin CM. Is a video-based cognitivebehavioral therapy for insomnia as efficacious as a professionallyadministered treatment in breast cancer? Results of a randomized controlled trial. Sleep 2014;37:1305-14. 5. Arnedt JT, Cuddihy L, Swanson LM, Pickett S, Aikens J, Chervin RD. Randomized controlled trial of telephone-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia. Sleep 2013;36:353-62. 6. Gehrman P. Telehealth delivery of CBT-I to active duty marines. Presentation at Sleep 2014 Symposium (S12): Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions for Insomnia in Military Populations. June 3, 2014. APSS, Minneapolis, MN. 7. Espie CA, Kyle SD, Williams C. et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of online cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia disorder delivered via an automated media-rich web application. Sleep 2012;35:769-81. 8. Ritterband LM, Thorndike FP, Gonder-Frederick L. et al. Efficacy of an internet-based behavioral intervention for adults with insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:692-8. 9. Savard J, Villa J, Simard S, Morin CM. Feasibility of a self-help treatment for insomnia comorbid with cancer. Psychooncology 2011;20:1013-9.
Editorial—Davidson
