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Evidence-Based Nursing Online First, published on March 3, 2014 as 10.1136/eb-2013-101704 Nursing issues Cross-sectional study
Caring behaviour of nurses in Malaysia is influenced by spiritual and emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout 10.1136/eb-2013-101704
Elizabeth Adamson School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK Correspondence to: Dr Elizabeth Adamson, School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK; [email protected]
Commentary on: Kaur D, Sambasivan M, Kumar N. Effect of spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout on caring behaviour of nurses: a crosssectional study. J Clin Nurs 2013;22:3192–202.
Implications for practice and research ▪ This study presents a model for prediction of caring behaviours and factors that can affect nurses’ ability to care. This model has the potential to inform nurse education. ▪ The study emphasises the important influence that spiritual intelligence can have on a nurse’s caring behaviour, and introduces the concept of psychological ownership in terms of nursing practice. ▪ The findings from this study should inform further research in terms of the preparation of nursing students for practice and their ability to consistently provide person-centred care.
Context The quality of healthcare provision has been high on the political agenda for some time and reports of poor care raise concerns among those giving and receiving care. For those involved in the education of nurses it is important to design programmes that enable students to develop the caring behaviours required to provide person-centred, compassionate care. This paper shares the findings from a study identifying four factors that influence and may predict the caring behaviour of nurses. The four factors are: emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout.
Methods Neunman’s System Model, which explains how a person adapts to environmental stress, was used as a framework for the study. A cross-sectional survey of nurses and patients across seven Malaysian hospitals and six specialties was conducted using questionnaires offered in English and Bahasa Malaysia. The instruments were developed from scales used in previous research and permission granted by the authors. The response rate was 88.5%. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and
structured equation modelling. The nurses were predominantly women, with a mean age of 34.5 and average work experience of 10 years.
Findings A significant positive relationship was found among the following: spiritual and emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and psychological ownership, emotional intelligence and psychological ownership and between each of the factors and caring behaviours. The final point suggests that nurses with high scores for emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and psychological ownership are more likely to exhibit caring behaviours. A significant negative relationship was found between the first three factors investigated and burnout, suggesting that nurses with high emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and psychological ownership are less likely to experience burnout than those with low scores. Ninety per cent of patients surveyed were satisfied with the care they received, 80% were willing to return to the hospital setting and 78% would recommend the seven public hospitals to others.
Commentary This study contributes to our knowledge of what makes people able to care by providing evidence that four factors influence nurse’s caring behaviours. In particular it informs discussion around spiritual intelligence and nursing, as publications are few, while a link between psychological ownership and caring behaviour has not been presented until now. The study design was appropriate for the research aims and objectives. The value that patients and families place on how they are cared for is well-known and recent studies suggest that this should be with compassion.1 2 The questionnaire used to measure caring behaviours assessed four domains: assurance, knowledge and skill, respectfulness and connectedness, all of which are important aspects of caring. However, compassionate caring is considered to involve more than this and its often invisible nature can make it difficult to measure or assess. The meaning of compassionate, person-centred care therefore continues to be discussed and recent studies raise concerns that healthcare environments and cultures do not always promote or enable this.3 4 The link between psychological ownership and caring behaviours in nursing revealed in this study therefore represents an important new concept for healthcare organisations to consider. Furthermore, the significant negative relationship between emotional intelligence and burnout reported here connects with other studies.5 Educators of nurses are committed to equipping nurses with the knowledge and skills to provide compassionate, person-centred care.6 However, this may be difficult for nurses to sustain in demanding healthcare environments. The findings in this study demonstrate the benefits of spiritual and emotional intelligence for nurses and for those in their care. These should therefore be considered when planning future nursing curricula. Competing interests None. References 1. Adamson E, Dewar B, Donaldson JH, et al. Leadership in compassionate care programme: final report. Project Report. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Napier University/ NHS Lothian, 2012. 2. Firth-Cozens J, Cornwell J. Enabling compassionate care in acute hospital settings. London: The King’s Fund, 2009. 3. Dewar B, Adamson E, Smith S, et al. Clarifying misconceptions about compassionate care. J Adv Nurs. Published Online First: 28 Nov 2013. doi:10.1111/jan.12322 4. Grilo A, Santos M, Rita J, et al. Assessment of nursing students’ orientation towards patient centeredness. Nurse Educ Today 2014;34:35–9. 5. Görgens-Ekermans G, Brand T. Emotional intelligence as a moderator in the stress-burnout relationship: a questionnaire study on nurses. J Clin Nurs 2012;21:2275–85. 6. Adamson E, Dewar B. Compassion in the curriculum: making it more explicit. J Holist Nurs 2011;8:42–5.
Evid Based Nurs Month 2014 | volume 0 | number 0 |
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Copyright Article author (or their employer) 2014. Produced by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (& BCS) under licence.
Downloaded from http://ebn.bmj.com/ on April 17, 2015 - Published by group.bmj.com
Caring behaviour of nurses in Malaysia is influenced by spiritual and emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout Elizabeth Adamson Evid Based Nurs published online March 3, 2014
Updated information and services can be found at: http://ebn.bmj.com/content/early/2014/03/03/eb-2013-101704
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To request permissions go to: http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions To order reprints go to: http://journals.bmj.com/cgi/reprintform To subscribe to BMJ go to: http://group.bmj.com/subscribe/
Evidence-Based Nursing Online First, published on March 3, 2014 as 10.1136/eb-2013-101704 Nursing issues Cross-sectional study
Caring behaviour of nurses in Malaysia is influenced by spiritual and emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout 10.1136/eb-2013-101704
Elizabeth Adamson School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK Correspondence to: Dr Elizabeth Adamson, School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK; [email protected]
Commentary on: Kaur D, Sambasivan M, Kumar N. Effect of spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout on caring behaviour of nurses: a crosssectional study. J Clin Nurs 2013;22:3192–202.
Implications for practice and research ▪ This study presents a model for prediction of caring behaviours and factors that can affect nurses’ ability to care. This model has the potential to inform nurse education. ▪ The study emphasises the important influence that spiritual intelligence can have on a nurse’s caring behaviour, and introduces the concept of psychological ownership in terms of nursing practice. ▪ The findings from this study should inform further research in terms of the preparation of nursing students for practice and their ability to consistently provide person-centred care.
Context The quality of healthcare provision has been high on the political agenda for some time and reports of poor care raise concerns among those giving and receiving care. For those involved in the education of nurses it is important to design programmes that enable students to develop the caring behaviours required to provide person-centred, compassionate care. This paper shares the findings from a study identifying four factors that influence and may predict the caring behaviour of nurses. The four factors are: emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout.
Methods Neunman’s System Model, which explains how a person adapts to environmental stress, was used as a framework for the study. A cross-sectional survey of nurses and patients across seven Malaysian hospitals and six specialties was conducted using questionnaires offered in English and Bahasa Malaysia. The instruments were developed from scales used in previous research and permission granted by the authors. The response rate was 88.5%. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and
structured equation modelling. The nurses were predominantly women, with a mean age of 34.5 and average work experience of 10 years.
Findings A significant positive relationship was found among the following: spiritual and emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and psychological ownership, emotional intelligence and psychological ownership and between each of the factors and caring behaviours. The final point suggests that nurses with high scores for emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and psychological ownership are more likely to exhibit caring behaviours. A significant negative relationship was found between the first three factors investigated and burnout, suggesting that nurses with high emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and psychological ownership are less likely to experience burnout than those with low scores. Ninety per cent of patients surveyed were satisfied with the care they received, 80% were willing to return to the hospital setting and 78% would recommend the seven public hospitals to others.
Commentary This study contributes to our knowledge of what makes people able to care by providing evidence that four factors influence nurse’s caring behaviours. In particular it informs discussion around spiritual intelligence and nursing, as publications are few, while a link between psychological ownership and caring behaviour has not been presented until now. The study design was appropriate for the research aims and objectives. The value that patients and families place on how they are cared for is well-known and recent studies suggest that this should be with compassion.1 2 The questionnaire used to measure caring behaviours assessed four domains: assurance, knowledge and skill, respectfulness and connectedness, all of which are important aspects of caring. However, compassionate caring is considered to involve more than this and its often invisible nature can make it difficult to measure or assess. The meaning of compassionate, person-centred care therefore continues to be discussed and recent studies raise concerns that healthcare environments and cultures do not always promote or enable this.3 4 The link between psychological ownership and caring behaviours in nursing revealed in this study therefore represents an important new concept for healthcare organisations to consider. Furthermore, the significant negative relationship between emotional intelligence and burnout reported here connects with other studies.5 Educators of nurses are committed to equipping nurses with the knowledge and skills to provide compassionate, person-centred care.6 However, this may be difficult for nurses to sustain in demanding healthcare environments. The findings in this study demonstrate the benefits of spiritual and emotional intelligence for nurses and for those in their care. These should therefore be considered when planning future nursing curricula. Competing interests None. References 1. Adamson E, Dewar B, Donaldson JH, et al. Leadership in compassionate care programme: final report. Project Report. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Napier University/ NHS Lothian, 2012. 2. Firth-Cozens J, Cornwell J. Enabling compassionate care in acute hospital settings. London: The King’s Fund, 2009. 3. Dewar B, Adamson E, Smith S, et al. Clarifying misconceptions about compassionate care. J Adv Nurs. Published Online First: 28 Nov 2013. doi:10.1111/jan.12322 4. Grilo A, Santos M, Rita J, et al. Assessment of nursing students’ orientation towards patient centeredness. Nurse Educ Today 2014;34:35–9. 5. Görgens-Ekermans G, Brand T. Emotional intelligence as a moderator in the stress-burnout relationship: a questionnaire study on nurses. J Clin Nurs 2012;21:2275–85. 6. Adamson E, Dewar B. Compassion in the curriculum: making it more explicit. J Holist Nurs 2011;8:42–5.
Evid Based Nurs Month 2014 | volume 0 | number 0 |
1
Copyright Article author (or their employer) 2014. Produced by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (& BCS) under licence.
Downloaded from http://ebn.bmj.com/ on April 17, 2015 - Published by group.bmj.com
Caring behaviour of nurses in Malaysia is influenced by spiritual and emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout Elizabeth Adamson Evid Based Nurs published online March 3, 2014
Updated information and services can be found at: http://ebn.bmj.com/content/early/2014/03/03/eb-2013-101704
These include:
References Email alerting service
Topic Collections
This article cites 4 articles, 0 of which you can access for free at: http://ebn.bmj.com/content/early/2014/03/03/eb-2013-101704#BIBL Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up in the box at the top right corner of the online article.
Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections Nursing issues (56)
Notes
To request permissions go to: http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions To order reprints go to: http://journals.bmj.com/cgi/reprintform To subscribe to BMJ go to: http://group.bmj.com/subscribe/
