Cognitive Outcomes in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome Treated With the Ketogenic Diet Rani K. Singh, Sucheta M. Joshi, Denise M. Potter, Steve M. Leber, Martha D. Carlson and Renée A. Shellhaas Pediatrics 2014;134;e1431; originally published online October 20, 2014; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3106
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1431.full.html
PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.
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CASE REPORT
Cognitive Outcomes in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome Treated With the Ketogenic Diet AUTHORS: Rani K. Singh, MD,a Sucheta M. Joshi, MD,b Denise M. Potter, RD,c Steve M. Leber, MD, PhD,b Martha D. Carlson, MD, PhD,b and Renée A. Shellhaas, MD, MSb aDivision
of Pediatric Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; bDivision of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital; and cPatient Food and Nutrition Services, University of Michigan Hospitals, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan KEY WORDS ketogenic diet, epilepsy, IQ ABBREVIATIONS FIRES—febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome FLAIR—fluid-attenuated inversion recovery KD—ketogenic diet SE—status epilepticus Drs Singh and Shellhaas conceptualized and designed the study, analyzed and interpreted the data, drafted the initial manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Drs Joshi, Leber, Carlson, and Ms Potter analyzed and interpreted the data and reviewed and revised the manuscript; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2013-3106
abstract Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a newly recognized epileptic encephalopathy in which previously healthy school-aged children present with prolonged treatment-resistant status epilepticus (SE). Survivors are typically left with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and severe cognitive impairment. Various treatment regimens have been reported, all with limited success. The ketogenic diet (KD) is an alternative treatment of epilepsy and may be an appropriate choice for children with refractory SE. We report 2 previously healthy children who presented with FIRES and were placed on the KD during the acute phase of their illness. Both children experienced resolution of SE and were maintained on the KD, along with other anticonvulsant medications, for several months. Both were able to return to school, with some academic accommodations. These cases highlight the potential value of the KD as a preferred treatment in FIRES, not only in the acute setting but also for long-term management. Early KD treatment might optimize both seizure control and cognitive outcome after FIRES. Pediatrics 2014;134:e1431–e1435
doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3106 Accepted for publication Apr 16, 2014 Address correspondence to Rani Singh, MD, 314 Children’s Harbor Building, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35223. E-mail: [email protected] PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275). Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. FUNDING: No external funding. POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Ms Potter received payment from Nutricia for a webinar about blood ketone monitoring for the ketogenic diet; the other authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
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Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is an epileptic encephalopathy that presents as pharmacoresistant status epilepticus (SE) in previously healthy school-aged children.1–3 At presentation, SE lasts for weeks and may result in death4 or evolve into treatment-resistant epilepsy with associated severe intellectual disabilities.1 The underlying pathophysiology may be immune-mediated, but adjunctive therapies to anticonvulsant medications, including immunotherapy with intravenous immunoglobulin, steroids, and plasmapheresis, have been used with limited success.5,6 One group suggested the ketogenic diet (KD) may be effective in the acute SE phase of FIRES, based on experience with 9 patients, but cognitive outcomes were not described.7 The KD is a high-fat, adequate-protein, lowcarbohydrate diet that can reduce seizure burden via incompletely understood mechanisms.8 We report 2 children with FIRES for whom the KD was initiated during the acute SE phase and was maintained during convalescence. Before their illnesses, both children performed at or above grade level without social or behavioral concerns. The KD controlled their seizures and may have contributed to their unusually good cognitive outcomes. Our institutional review board approved this study and granted a waiver of informed consent.
Because of persistent altered mental status, he was transferred to our PICU. Diagnostic tests excluded infectious, metabolic, genetic, and autoimmune etiologies (Table 1). Brain MRI revealed increased fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal in bilateral medial temporal lobes (Fig 1A). During the first night of admission, he had 6 clinical seizures characterized by oral
TABLE 1 Diagnostic Evaluations for 2 Patients With FIRES Patient 1 Infectious
Autoimmune
Paraneoplastic
CASE PRESENTATIONS Patient 1 A previously healthy 7-year-old boy presented with a seizure after 1 week of fever (38.3°C –40.6°C), headache, malaise, papular rash, and erythematous oropharynx. He was diagnosed clinically with streptococcal pharyngitis and was taking amoxicillin. His first seizure was described as a self-limited generalized convulsion lasting 1.5 minutes. At a local hospital, head computed tomography scan and lumbar puncture were normal. e1432
automatisms and apnea with oxygen desaturations to the 70s. Continuous video-EEG monitoring demonstrated subclinical SE with seizures arising independently from all 4 quadrants. SE continued for 10 days despite sequential treatment with anticonvulsants (phenytoin,phenobarbital,levetiracetam,valproic acid, and topiramate), a 5-day course of intravenous methylprednisolone, and
Genetic/metabolic Initial MRI findings
a
HSV 1 and 2 DNA qPCR HSV 1 and 2 DNA PCRb HHV-6 DNA qPCRb Enterovirus PCRb CMV DNA qPCRb EBV DNA qPCRb Adenovirus DNA qPCRb Mycoplasma IgM, IgG antibodya Bartonella antibody panela Arbovirus panel West Nile Virus panel C-reactive protein, ESR, thyrotropin, free T4a Thyroglobulin antibodya Microsomal antibodya Antinuclear antibody screena ANA-2 nuclear antibody screena ENA-11 antibody panela Antidouble stranded DNAa Complement levels (C3,C4)a IgG indexb Myelin basic proteinb NMDA-receptor antibodyb Paraneoplastic autoantibody panel: CSF: ANNA-1, ANNA-2, ANNA-3, AGNA-1, PCA-1, PCA-2, PCA-Tr, Amphiphysin antibody, CRMP-5-IgGb Serum: ANNA-1, ANNA-2, ANNA-3, AGNA-1, PCA-1, PCA-2, PCA-Tr, Amphiphysin antibody, CRMP-5-Ig, Striational (Striated Muscle) antibody, P/Q type calcium channel antibody, N-Type calcium channel antibody, ACh Receptor antibody, AchR Ganglionic neuronal antibody, Neuronal (V-G) K Channel antibodya Karyotypea Acylcarnitine profilea Increased FLAIR/T2 signal in bilateral medial temporal lobes
Patient 2 HSV 1 and 2 DNA qPCRa HHV-6 DNA qPCRb Enterovirus PCRb CMV DNA qPCRb EBV DNA qPCRb Adenovirus DNA qPCRb
C-reactive protein, ESR, thyrotropin, free T4a Thyroglobulin antibodya Microsomal antibodya Antinuclear antibody screena ANA-2 nuclear antibody screena ENA-11 antibody panela Antidouble stranded DNAa Thyroid peroxidase antibodya Neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodya IgG indexb Oligoclonal bandsb Pelvic and abdominal ultrasound
Fatty acid profilea Lactatea Normal
AGNA, anti-glial nuclear antibody; ANA, antinuclear antibody; ANNA, anti-neuronal nuclear antibody; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CRMP, collapsin response mediatro protein; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; ENA, extractable nuclear antigen; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HHV, human herpesvirus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; PCA, Purkinje cell antibody; PCA-Tr, Purkinje cell antibody type Tr; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; qPCR, quantitative PCR. a Serum b CSF
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CASE REPORT
FIGURE 1 A, Axial FLAIR image of patient one 2 weeks after acute presentation demonstrating increased right hippocampal intensity. B, Repeat axial FLAIR image of patient one at 1 year demonstrating abnormal signal (hyperintensity) in both temporal regions, right greater than left, consistent with evidence of bilateral mesial temporal sclerosis.
continuous infusions (midazolam, pentobarbital). His EEG reached burst suppression with pentobarbital for 72 hours, but as pentobarbital was weaned, the EEG transitioned to generalized periodic epileptiform discharges with the resurgence of seizures. On hospital day 13, he began the KD, using an enteric formula (Ketocal Nutricia, North America) with a 4:1 ratio of fats to carbohydrates and protein. Beginning with 50% of daily caloric needs, the KD was titrated over 5 days to 100% of total caloric intake. Within 48 hours of KD initiation, he achieved ketosis (serum b-hydroxybutyrate level 3.1), pentobarbital was weaned off, and seizures resolved. He then required 3 weeks of inpatient rehabilitation. His epilepsy treatment regimen was refined to include 3.25:1 KD, topiramate, and phenobarbital. Initial neuropsychological assessments revealed euthymia with emotional lability and significant memory impairments. Twenty months later, his epilepsy remains quiescent with rare, self-limited, focal seizures triggered by illnesses. He is maintained on the KD, phenobarbital, and topiramate. He returned to school with an individualized education
plan. Neuropsychometric testing revealed moderate impairments in working memory, but average ability to recall auditory verbal narratives and normal fine-motor speed and dexterity (full scale IQ 71). He also developed attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Repeat MRI revealed FLAIR signal abnormalities consistent with bilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (Fig 1B). Patient 2 A previously healthy 10-year-old girl presented with new-onset seizures and encephalopathy after 1 week of fevers to 39°C, myalgias, abdominal pain, and nausea. At school she had a 2-minute seizure, described as emesis, tonic stiffening, unresponsiveness, and urinary incontinence, after which she did not return to baseline mental status. At her local hospital, she had a normal head computed tomography scan and lumbar puncture and was treated for presumed meningoencephalitis. She then had another seizure and was transferred to our PICU. Video-EEG monitoring revealed subclinical focal SE arising from the left frontal and temporal regions. Seizures continued despite multiple
anticonvulsants, administered in sequential combinations (fosphenytoin, phenobarbital, levetiracetam, lacosamide, topiramate, valproic acid, and lorazepam), and a course of intravenous methylprednisolone. She continued to have 3 to 8 seizures per hour, and on the third hospital day the KD was started. Ketosis was difficult to achieve and seizures persisted. She was placed on a pentobarbital infusion for 72 hours of burst suppression. After the pentobarbital was weaned, the seizures returned with a new right temporal focus. She was restarted on pentobarbital for 10 days, while the KD ratio was titrated upwards. Ketosis was achieved by day 20 of hospitalization, with a 6:1 KD ratio. Infectious, rheumatologic, and autoimmune investigations were all negative and MRI was normal (Table 1). She was extubated on day 28, stabilized, and transferred to inpatient rehabilitation where she remained for 1 month. She was discharged on a 4:1 ratio KD, topiramate, phenobarbital, and clobazam. At her 1-month follow-up visit, she had suffered 1 complex partial seizure. Due to difficulty with compliance, the KD was weaned 4 months after initial presentation, and she had only 1 subsequent seizure. Her phenobarbital has been discontinued, and topiramate dose reduced. Eighteen months later, she has ongoing challenges with short-term memory, difficulty recalling words, and is tangential in her conversation. Neuropsychological testing reveals impaired phonics and fluency, moderately-to-severely impaired processing speed and recall of auditory verbal narratives (full scale IQ 62). She attends the fifth grade in a regular public school classroom, but requires a modified curriculum with an individualized education plan.
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DISCUSSION Care for a child with refractory SE requires a highly skilled multidisciplinary team with expertise in pediatric critical care, neurology, epileptology, pharmacy, nursing, and in our cases, dieticians. When diagnostic and therapeutic strategies suggest FIRES, and there are no contraindications, we suggest early consideration of KD in order achieve and sustain seizure control. The KD has multiple mechanisms of action that confer anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties.9 Commercially available KD formula simplifies its use among critically ill children.10 Several case series have revealed successful KD use in adults and children with SE due to cryptogenic etiology,11 viral and inflammatory encephalitis,12,13 hemimegalencephaly,14 Rasmussen syndrome, and head trauma.15 In each case, SE resolved 1 to 10 days after KD initiation, even though other treatments failed to abort the SE. The largest study of FIRES included 77 children.5 The acute mortality rate was 11.7%, and 93% of survivors had refractory epilepsy. Only 12 survivors (18%) were cognitively normal; 11 (16%) had borderline cognition, 10 (14%) mild mental retardation, 16 (24%) moderate mental retardation, 8 (12%) severe mental retardation, and 11 (16%) were in a vegetative state.5 Four patients
were treated with KD, of whom 1 had an immediate and sustained response. Cognitive outcomes for these 4 patients were not specifically described. In a series of 9 children with FIRES, a 4:1 KD was initiated after a mean of 23 days, after a 24-hour fasting period. Ketosis (defined by ketonuria, without confirmation by serum b-hydroxybutyrate levels) was reached within 2 to 4 days. One patient failed to reach ketonuria, possibly due to concomitant high-dose steroids. Two patients’ seizures persisted; another child responded initially, but the diet was abruptly interrupted due to concerns of the ICU team, SE recurred, and the patient died 10 days later. The 6 responders remained on the KD for a mean of 1 year (range, 6 months to 2 years).7 Another report described 2 children treated with the KD in the acute phase with a 50% to 70% seizure reduction.16 Detailed cognitive outcomes were not reported in either study.
tions (eg, fatty acid oxidation disorders) mayberate-limitingstepsforKDinitiation. All of the reported FIRES cases treated with KD used enteral administration. It is possible to formulate ketogenic total parenteral nutrition,17 but to our knowledge, ketogenic total parenteral nutrition has not been studied in FIRES. As with any treatment of refractory SE, it is impossible to know whether KD truly alleviated our patients’ seizures or their SE resolved spontaneously. However, because many other interventions failed to provide adequate seizure control, and most concurrent anticonvulsants were successfully weaned after KD initiation, we postulate that KD had a significant impact on their severe epilepsy.
Challenges to KD initiation for refractory SE include occult carbohydrates in concurrently administered medications. For example, because pentobarbital is not water soluble, it is compounded with propylene glycol. The latter is metabolized into organic acids that act as carbohydrates and hinder ketosis. Additionally, interference of steroids with ketosis and the need to quickly rule-out contraindica-
Our experience is unique because our patients with FIRES were not only placed on KD in the acute SE phase, but they also continued on KD for several months to 1 year afterward, and returned to school with only mild impairment in cognition. Although they did not return completely to their pre-FIRES baseline, our patients’outcomes were much more positive than most of those reported in the literature, which highlights the potential value of the KD as a preferred treatment in FIRES, not only in the acute setting, but also to optimize seizure control and cognitive outcomes for the long term. Thus, early consideration of KD may be important in the acute management of children with FIRES.
3. van Baalen A, Häusler M, Boor R, et al. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): a nonencephalitic encephalopathy in childhood. Epilepsia. 2010;51(7):1323–1328 4. Baxter P, Clarke A, Cross H, et al. Idiopathic catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy presenting with acute onset intractable status. Seizure. 2003;12(6):379–387 5. Kramer U, Chi CS, Lin KL, et al. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES):
pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome: a multicenter study on 77 children. Epilepsia. 2011;52(11):1956–1965 6. van Baalen A, Häusler M, Plecko-Startinig B, et al. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome without detectable autoantibodies and response to immunotherapy: a case series and discussion of epileptogenesis in FIRES. Neuropediatrics. 2012;43(4):209–216
REFERENCES 1. Mikaeloff Y, Jambaqué I, Hertz-Pannier L, et al. Devastating epileptic encephalopathy in school-aged children (DESC): a pseudo encephalitis. Epilepsy Res. 2006;69(1): 67–79 2. van Baalen A, Stephani U, Kluger G, Häusler M, Dulac O. FIRES: febrile infection responsive epileptic (FIRE) encephalopathies of school age. Brain Dev. 2009;31(1):91–, author reply 92–93
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7. Nabbout R, Mazzuca M, Hubert P, et al. Efficacy of ketogenic diet in severe refractory status epilepticus initiating fever induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy in school age children (FIRES). Epilepsia. 2010;51(10):2033–2037 8. Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Amark PE, et al; Charlie Foundation, Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society; Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society; International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Optimal clinical management of children receiving the ketogenic diet: recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia. 2009;50(2):304–317 9. Stafstrom CE, Rho JM. The ketogenic diet as a treatment paradigm for diverse neurological orders. Front Pharmacol. 2012;3(59):3–6
10. Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Rho JM. Ketogenic diets: an update for child neurologists. J Child Neurol. 2009;24(8):979–988 11. Bodenant M, Moreau C, Sejourné C, et al. [Interest of the ketogenic diet in a refractory status epilepticus in adults]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2008;164(2):194–199 [Paris] 12. Cervenka MC, Hartman AL, Venkatesan A, Geocadin RG, Kossoff EH. The ketogenic diet for medically and surgically refractory status epilepticus in the neurocritical care unit. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(3):519–524 13. Kumada T, Miyajima T, Kimura N, et al. Modified Atkins diet for the treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in children. J Child Neurol. 2010;25(4):485–489
14. Villeneuve N, Pinton F, Bahi-Buisson N, Dulac O, Chiron C, Nabbout R. The ketogenic diet improves recently worsened focal epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(4): 276–281 15. Wusthoff CJ, Kranick SM, Morley JF, Christina Bergqvist AG. The ketogenic diet in treatment of two adults with prolonged nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2010; 51(6):1083–1085 16. Caraballo RH, Reyes G, Avaria MF, et al. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome: a study of 12 patients. Seizure. 2013;22(7): 553–559 17. Kossoff EH, Nabbout R. Use of dietary therapy for status epilepticus. J Child Neurol. 2013;28(8):1049–1051
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Cognitive Outcomes in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome Treated With the Ketogenic Diet Rani K. Singh, Sucheta M. Joshi, Denise M. Potter, Steve M. Leber, Martha D. Carlson and Renée A. Shellhaas Pediatrics 2014;134;e1431; originally published online October 20, 2014; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3106 Updated Information & Services
including high resolution figures, can be found at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1431.full. html
References
This article cites 17 articles, 2 of which can be accessed free at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1431.full. html#ref-list-1
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PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at USD and Wegner Hlth Sci Info Ctr on November 23, 2014
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/5/e1431.full.html
PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.
Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at USD and Wegner Hlth Sci Info Ctr on November 23, 2014
CASE REPORT
Cognitive Outcomes in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome Treated With the Ketogenic Diet AUTHORS: Rani K. Singh, MD,a Sucheta M. Joshi, MD,b Denise M. Potter, RD,c Steve M. Leber, MD, PhD,b Martha D. Carlson, MD, PhD,b and Renée A. Shellhaas, MD, MSb aDivision
of Pediatric Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; bDivision of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital; and cPatient Food and Nutrition Services, University of Michigan Hospitals, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan KEY WORDS ketogenic diet, epilepsy, IQ ABBREVIATIONS FIRES—febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome FLAIR—fluid-attenuated inversion recovery KD—ketogenic diet SE—status epilepticus Drs Singh and Shellhaas conceptualized and designed the study, analyzed and interpreted the data, drafted the initial manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Drs Joshi, Leber, Carlson, and Ms Potter analyzed and interpreted the data and reviewed and revised the manuscript; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2013-3106
abstract Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a newly recognized epileptic encephalopathy in which previously healthy school-aged children present with prolonged treatment-resistant status epilepticus (SE). Survivors are typically left with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and severe cognitive impairment. Various treatment regimens have been reported, all with limited success. The ketogenic diet (KD) is an alternative treatment of epilepsy and may be an appropriate choice for children with refractory SE. We report 2 previously healthy children who presented with FIRES and were placed on the KD during the acute phase of their illness. Both children experienced resolution of SE and were maintained on the KD, along with other anticonvulsant medications, for several months. Both were able to return to school, with some academic accommodations. These cases highlight the potential value of the KD as a preferred treatment in FIRES, not only in the acute setting but also for long-term management. Early KD treatment might optimize both seizure control and cognitive outcome after FIRES. Pediatrics 2014;134:e1431–e1435
doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3106 Accepted for publication Apr 16, 2014 Address correspondence to Rani Singh, MD, 314 Children’s Harbor Building, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35223. E-mail: [email protected] PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275). Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. FUNDING: No external funding. POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Ms Potter received payment from Nutricia for a webinar about blood ketone monitoring for the ketogenic diet; the other authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
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e1431
Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is an epileptic encephalopathy that presents as pharmacoresistant status epilepticus (SE) in previously healthy school-aged children.1–3 At presentation, SE lasts for weeks and may result in death4 or evolve into treatment-resistant epilepsy with associated severe intellectual disabilities.1 The underlying pathophysiology may be immune-mediated, but adjunctive therapies to anticonvulsant medications, including immunotherapy with intravenous immunoglobulin, steroids, and plasmapheresis, have been used with limited success.5,6 One group suggested the ketogenic diet (KD) may be effective in the acute SE phase of FIRES, based on experience with 9 patients, but cognitive outcomes were not described.7 The KD is a high-fat, adequate-protein, lowcarbohydrate diet that can reduce seizure burden via incompletely understood mechanisms.8 We report 2 children with FIRES for whom the KD was initiated during the acute SE phase and was maintained during convalescence. Before their illnesses, both children performed at or above grade level without social or behavioral concerns. The KD controlled their seizures and may have contributed to their unusually good cognitive outcomes. Our institutional review board approved this study and granted a waiver of informed consent.
Because of persistent altered mental status, he was transferred to our PICU. Diagnostic tests excluded infectious, metabolic, genetic, and autoimmune etiologies (Table 1). Brain MRI revealed increased fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal in bilateral medial temporal lobes (Fig 1A). During the first night of admission, he had 6 clinical seizures characterized by oral
TABLE 1 Diagnostic Evaluations for 2 Patients With FIRES Patient 1 Infectious
Autoimmune
Paraneoplastic
CASE PRESENTATIONS Patient 1 A previously healthy 7-year-old boy presented with a seizure after 1 week of fever (38.3°C –40.6°C), headache, malaise, papular rash, and erythematous oropharynx. He was diagnosed clinically with streptococcal pharyngitis and was taking amoxicillin. His first seizure was described as a self-limited generalized convulsion lasting 1.5 minutes. At a local hospital, head computed tomography scan and lumbar puncture were normal. e1432
automatisms and apnea with oxygen desaturations to the 70s. Continuous video-EEG monitoring demonstrated subclinical SE with seizures arising independently from all 4 quadrants. SE continued for 10 days despite sequential treatment with anticonvulsants (phenytoin,phenobarbital,levetiracetam,valproic acid, and topiramate), a 5-day course of intravenous methylprednisolone, and
Genetic/metabolic Initial MRI findings
a
HSV 1 and 2 DNA qPCR HSV 1 and 2 DNA PCRb HHV-6 DNA qPCRb Enterovirus PCRb CMV DNA qPCRb EBV DNA qPCRb Adenovirus DNA qPCRb Mycoplasma IgM, IgG antibodya Bartonella antibody panela Arbovirus panel West Nile Virus panel C-reactive protein, ESR, thyrotropin, free T4a Thyroglobulin antibodya Microsomal antibodya Antinuclear antibody screena ANA-2 nuclear antibody screena ENA-11 antibody panela Antidouble stranded DNAa Complement levels (C3,C4)a IgG indexb Myelin basic proteinb NMDA-receptor antibodyb Paraneoplastic autoantibody panel: CSF: ANNA-1, ANNA-2, ANNA-3, AGNA-1, PCA-1, PCA-2, PCA-Tr, Amphiphysin antibody, CRMP-5-IgGb Serum: ANNA-1, ANNA-2, ANNA-3, AGNA-1, PCA-1, PCA-2, PCA-Tr, Amphiphysin antibody, CRMP-5-Ig, Striational (Striated Muscle) antibody, P/Q type calcium channel antibody, N-Type calcium channel antibody, ACh Receptor antibody, AchR Ganglionic neuronal antibody, Neuronal (V-G) K Channel antibodya Karyotypea Acylcarnitine profilea Increased FLAIR/T2 signal in bilateral medial temporal lobes
Patient 2 HSV 1 and 2 DNA qPCRa HHV-6 DNA qPCRb Enterovirus PCRb CMV DNA qPCRb EBV DNA qPCRb Adenovirus DNA qPCRb
C-reactive protein, ESR, thyrotropin, free T4a Thyroglobulin antibodya Microsomal antibodya Antinuclear antibody screena ANA-2 nuclear antibody screena ENA-11 antibody panela Antidouble stranded DNAa Thyroid peroxidase antibodya Neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodya IgG indexb Oligoclonal bandsb Pelvic and abdominal ultrasound
Fatty acid profilea Lactatea Normal
AGNA, anti-glial nuclear antibody; ANA, antinuclear antibody; ANNA, anti-neuronal nuclear antibody; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CRMP, collapsin response mediatro protein; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; ENA, extractable nuclear antigen; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HHV, human herpesvirus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; PCA, Purkinje cell antibody; PCA-Tr, Purkinje cell antibody type Tr; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; qPCR, quantitative PCR. a Serum b CSF
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CASE REPORT
FIGURE 1 A, Axial FLAIR image of patient one 2 weeks after acute presentation demonstrating increased right hippocampal intensity. B, Repeat axial FLAIR image of patient one at 1 year demonstrating abnormal signal (hyperintensity) in both temporal regions, right greater than left, consistent with evidence of bilateral mesial temporal sclerosis.
continuous infusions (midazolam, pentobarbital). His EEG reached burst suppression with pentobarbital for 72 hours, but as pentobarbital was weaned, the EEG transitioned to generalized periodic epileptiform discharges with the resurgence of seizures. On hospital day 13, he began the KD, using an enteric formula (Ketocal Nutricia, North America) with a 4:1 ratio of fats to carbohydrates and protein. Beginning with 50% of daily caloric needs, the KD was titrated over 5 days to 100% of total caloric intake. Within 48 hours of KD initiation, he achieved ketosis (serum b-hydroxybutyrate level 3.1), pentobarbital was weaned off, and seizures resolved. He then required 3 weeks of inpatient rehabilitation. His epilepsy treatment regimen was refined to include 3.25:1 KD, topiramate, and phenobarbital. Initial neuropsychological assessments revealed euthymia with emotional lability and significant memory impairments. Twenty months later, his epilepsy remains quiescent with rare, self-limited, focal seizures triggered by illnesses. He is maintained on the KD, phenobarbital, and topiramate. He returned to school with an individualized education
plan. Neuropsychometric testing revealed moderate impairments in working memory, but average ability to recall auditory verbal narratives and normal fine-motor speed and dexterity (full scale IQ 71). He also developed attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Repeat MRI revealed FLAIR signal abnormalities consistent with bilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (Fig 1B). Patient 2 A previously healthy 10-year-old girl presented with new-onset seizures and encephalopathy after 1 week of fevers to 39°C, myalgias, abdominal pain, and nausea. At school she had a 2-minute seizure, described as emesis, tonic stiffening, unresponsiveness, and urinary incontinence, after which she did not return to baseline mental status. At her local hospital, she had a normal head computed tomography scan and lumbar puncture and was treated for presumed meningoencephalitis. She then had another seizure and was transferred to our PICU. Video-EEG monitoring revealed subclinical focal SE arising from the left frontal and temporal regions. Seizures continued despite multiple
anticonvulsants, administered in sequential combinations (fosphenytoin, phenobarbital, levetiracetam, lacosamide, topiramate, valproic acid, and lorazepam), and a course of intravenous methylprednisolone. She continued to have 3 to 8 seizures per hour, and on the third hospital day the KD was started. Ketosis was difficult to achieve and seizures persisted. She was placed on a pentobarbital infusion for 72 hours of burst suppression. After the pentobarbital was weaned, the seizures returned with a new right temporal focus. She was restarted on pentobarbital for 10 days, while the KD ratio was titrated upwards. Ketosis was achieved by day 20 of hospitalization, with a 6:1 KD ratio. Infectious, rheumatologic, and autoimmune investigations were all negative and MRI was normal (Table 1). She was extubated on day 28, stabilized, and transferred to inpatient rehabilitation where she remained for 1 month. She was discharged on a 4:1 ratio KD, topiramate, phenobarbital, and clobazam. At her 1-month follow-up visit, she had suffered 1 complex partial seizure. Due to difficulty with compliance, the KD was weaned 4 months after initial presentation, and she had only 1 subsequent seizure. Her phenobarbital has been discontinued, and topiramate dose reduced. Eighteen months later, she has ongoing challenges with short-term memory, difficulty recalling words, and is tangential in her conversation. Neuropsychological testing reveals impaired phonics and fluency, moderately-to-severely impaired processing speed and recall of auditory verbal narratives (full scale IQ 62). She attends the fifth grade in a regular public school classroom, but requires a modified curriculum with an individualized education plan.
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DISCUSSION Care for a child with refractory SE requires a highly skilled multidisciplinary team with expertise in pediatric critical care, neurology, epileptology, pharmacy, nursing, and in our cases, dieticians. When diagnostic and therapeutic strategies suggest FIRES, and there are no contraindications, we suggest early consideration of KD in order achieve and sustain seizure control. The KD has multiple mechanisms of action that confer anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties.9 Commercially available KD formula simplifies its use among critically ill children.10 Several case series have revealed successful KD use in adults and children with SE due to cryptogenic etiology,11 viral and inflammatory encephalitis,12,13 hemimegalencephaly,14 Rasmussen syndrome, and head trauma.15 In each case, SE resolved 1 to 10 days after KD initiation, even though other treatments failed to abort the SE. The largest study of FIRES included 77 children.5 The acute mortality rate was 11.7%, and 93% of survivors had refractory epilepsy. Only 12 survivors (18%) were cognitively normal; 11 (16%) had borderline cognition, 10 (14%) mild mental retardation, 16 (24%) moderate mental retardation, 8 (12%) severe mental retardation, and 11 (16%) were in a vegetative state.5 Four patients
were treated with KD, of whom 1 had an immediate and sustained response. Cognitive outcomes for these 4 patients were not specifically described. In a series of 9 children with FIRES, a 4:1 KD was initiated after a mean of 23 days, after a 24-hour fasting period. Ketosis (defined by ketonuria, without confirmation by serum b-hydroxybutyrate levels) was reached within 2 to 4 days. One patient failed to reach ketonuria, possibly due to concomitant high-dose steroids. Two patients’ seizures persisted; another child responded initially, but the diet was abruptly interrupted due to concerns of the ICU team, SE recurred, and the patient died 10 days later. The 6 responders remained on the KD for a mean of 1 year (range, 6 months to 2 years).7 Another report described 2 children treated with the KD in the acute phase with a 50% to 70% seizure reduction.16 Detailed cognitive outcomes were not reported in either study.
tions (eg, fatty acid oxidation disorders) mayberate-limitingstepsforKDinitiation. All of the reported FIRES cases treated with KD used enteral administration. It is possible to formulate ketogenic total parenteral nutrition,17 but to our knowledge, ketogenic total parenteral nutrition has not been studied in FIRES. As with any treatment of refractory SE, it is impossible to know whether KD truly alleviated our patients’ seizures or their SE resolved spontaneously. However, because many other interventions failed to provide adequate seizure control, and most concurrent anticonvulsants were successfully weaned after KD initiation, we postulate that KD had a significant impact on their severe epilepsy.
Challenges to KD initiation for refractory SE include occult carbohydrates in concurrently administered medications. For example, because pentobarbital is not water soluble, it is compounded with propylene glycol. The latter is metabolized into organic acids that act as carbohydrates and hinder ketosis. Additionally, interference of steroids with ketosis and the need to quickly rule-out contraindica-
Our experience is unique because our patients with FIRES were not only placed on KD in the acute SE phase, but they also continued on KD for several months to 1 year afterward, and returned to school with only mild impairment in cognition. Although they did not return completely to their pre-FIRES baseline, our patients’outcomes were much more positive than most of those reported in the literature, which highlights the potential value of the KD as a preferred treatment in FIRES, not only in the acute setting, but also to optimize seizure control and cognitive outcomes for the long term. Thus, early consideration of KD may be important in the acute management of children with FIRES.
3. van Baalen A, Häusler M, Boor R, et al. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): a nonencephalitic encephalopathy in childhood. Epilepsia. 2010;51(7):1323–1328 4. Baxter P, Clarke A, Cross H, et al. Idiopathic catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy presenting with acute onset intractable status. Seizure. 2003;12(6):379–387 5. Kramer U, Chi CS, Lin KL, et al. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES):
pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome: a multicenter study on 77 children. Epilepsia. 2011;52(11):1956–1965 6. van Baalen A, Häusler M, Plecko-Startinig B, et al. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome without detectable autoantibodies and response to immunotherapy: a case series and discussion of epileptogenesis in FIRES. Neuropediatrics. 2012;43(4):209–216
REFERENCES 1. Mikaeloff Y, Jambaqué I, Hertz-Pannier L, et al. Devastating epileptic encephalopathy in school-aged children (DESC): a pseudo encephalitis. Epilepsy Res. 2006;69(1): 67–79 2. van Baalen A, Stephani U, Kluger G, Häusler M, Dulac O. FIRES: febrile infection responsive epileptic (FIRE) encephalopathies of school age. Brain Dev. 2009;31(1):91–, author reply 92–93
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7. Nabbout R, Mazzuca M, Hubert P, et al. Efficacy of ketogenic diet in severe refractory status epilepticus initiating fever induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy in school age children (FIRES). Epilepsia. 2010;51(10):2033–2037 8. Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Amark PE, et al; Charlie Foundation, Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society; Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society; International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Optimal clinical management of children receiving the ketogenic diet: recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia. 2009;50(2):304–317 9. Stafstrom CE, Rho JM. The ketogenic diet as a treatment paradigm for diverse neurological orders. Front Pharmacol. 2012;3(59):3–6
10. Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Rho JM. Ketogenic diets: an update for child neurologists. J Child Neurol. 2009;24(8):979–988 11. Bodenant M, Moreau C, Sejourné C, et al. [Interest of the ketogenic diet in a refractory status epilepticus in adults]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2008;164(2):194–199 [Paris] 12. Cervenka MC, Hartman AL, Venkatesan A, Geocadin RG, Kossoff EH. The ketogenic diet for medically and surgically refractory status epilepticus in the neurocritical care unit. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(3):519–524 13. Kumada T, Miyajima T, Kimura N, et al. Modified Atkins diet for the treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in children. J Child Neurol. 2010;25(4):485–489
14. Villeneuve N, Pinton F, Bahi-Buisson N, Dulac O, Chiron C, Nabbout R. The ketogenic diet improves recently worsened focal epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(4): 276–281 15. Wusthoff CJ, Kranick SM, Morley JF, Christina Bergqvist AG. The ketogenic diet in treatment of two adults with prolonged nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2010; 51(6):1083–1085 16. Caraballo RH, Reyes G, Avaria MF, et al. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome: a study of 12 patients. Seizure. 2013;22(7): 553–559 17. Kossoff EH, Nabbout R. Use of dietary therapy for status epilepticus. J Child Neurol. 2013;28(8):1049–1051
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Cognitive Outcomes in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome Treated With the Ketogenic Diet Rani K. Singh, Sucheta M. Joshi, Denise M. Potter, Steve M. Leber, Martha D. Carlson and Renée A. Shellhaas Pediatrics 2014;134;e1431; originally published online October 20, 2014; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3106 Updated Information & Services
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