Strumiło et al. BMC Family Practice (2016) 17:63 DOI 10.1186/s12875-016-0463-6
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Combined assessment of clinical and patient factors on doctors’ decisions to prescribe antibiotics Julia Strumiło1*, Sławomir Chlabicz1, Barbara Pytel-Krolczuk1, Ludmiła Marcinowicz1, Dorota Rogowska-Szadkowska1 and Anna Justyna Milewska2
Abstract Background: Antibiotic overprescription is a worldwide problem. Decisions regarding antibiotic prescription for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are influenced by medical and non-medical factors. Methods: In family medicine practices in Białystok, Poland, family medicine residents directly observed consultations with patients with RTI symptoms. The observing residents completed a questionnaire including patient data, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, any prescribed antibiotic, and assessment of ten patient pressure factors. Results: Of 1546 consultations of patients with RTIs, 54.26 % resulted in antibiotic prescription. Antibiotic prescription was strongly associated with rales (OR 26.90, 95 % CI 9.00–80.40), tonsillar exudates (OR 13.03, 95 % CI 7.10–23.80), and wheezing (OR 14.72, 95 % CI 7.70–28.10). The likelihood of antibiotic prescription was increased by a >7-day disease duration (OR 3.94, 95 % CI 2.80–5.50), purulent nasal discharge (OR 3.87, 95 % CI 2.40–6.10), starting self-medication with antibiotics (OR 4.11, 95 % CI 2.30–7.30), and direct request for antibiotics (OR 1.87, 95 % CI 1.30–2.80). Direct request not to prescribe antibiotics decreased the likelihood of receiving antibiotics (OR 0.34, 95 % CI 0.27–0.55). Conclusion: While clinical signs and symptoms principally impact prescribing decisions, patient factors also contribute. The most influential patient pressure factors were starting self-medication with antibiotics, and directly requesting antibiotic prescription or no antibiotic prescription. Interventions aiming to improve clinical sign and symptom interpretation and to help doctors resist direct patient pressure could be beneficial for reducing unnecessary antibiotic prescribing. Keywords: Antimicrobial agents, Physician–patient relations, Respiratory tract infections, Family physicians
Background The majority of antibiotics prescriptions are issued in primary care for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) [1, 2]. Most RTIs do not require antibiotic therapy as they are predominantly of viral aetiology and are self-limited in nature [3, 4]. nevertheless, patients are often prescribed antibiotics unnecessarily and without clinical justification [5, 6]. Multiple interventions aiming at decreasing unnecessary antibiotics prescriptions for common RTIs have been targeted to doctors [7]. Such interventions have reportedly * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Białystok, Mieszka I 4B, 15-054 Białystok, Poland Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
improved physicians’ antibiotic prescribing practices [8, 9], which consequently may slow resistance development and improve patient outcomes. A better understanding of the factors that influence general practitioners’ prescribing decisions could help in the design of more effective interventions to promote prudent antibiotic use. While a doctor’s diagnostic skills are undoubtedly important in the prescribing process [10, 11], the motives for prescribing antibiotics seem to be more complex [12]. There are reportedly multiple reasons for unjustified prescription of antibiotics [13, 14], with pressure from patients and their families appearing to be an important factor [13, 14]. Patients use different types of direct and indirect pressure to influence physicians’ decisions concerning antibiotic
© 2016 The Author(s). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Strumiło et al. BMC Family Practice (2016) 17:63
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prescription, which must be considered when planning interventions aiming to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions. Doctors may need to develop effective strategies to resist explicit or implicit requests to prescribe. On the other hand, some studies indicate that doctors often have false perceptions of their patients’ desires for antibiotics, and that patients do not want antibiotics as much as doctors think [15]. There has been much research regarding which factors influence antibiotics prescribing practices in ambulatory care [16]. However, most studies of doctor–patient interactions regarding antibiotic prescribing during RTI consultations are qualitative [17]. Systematic reviews report that the studies analysing antibiotics misprescription in ambulatory care are limited and heterogeneous, and that the available data are likely insufficient due to methodological limitations in a large number of these studies [16]. Moreover, quantitative studies are often based on simulated prescribing and do not permit examination of factors other than the doctor’s knowledge, as doctor–patient interactions influencing the prescription cannot be evaluated. The present study aimed to examine real-life consultations with patients with RTIs in primary care in Poland. Questionnaires were used to record these consultations. Our main goal was to establish which symptoms and physical findings influenced the outcome of the consultation in terms of prescribing antibiotics, as well as the forms of patients’ direct or indirect requests for antibiotics.
Measurements
Methods Study design
This study was conducted in family doctors’ offices in Białystok—a city of approximately 300 000 inhabitants in north-eastern Poland—from 2007 to 2013. Białystok is so-called “green lungs of Poland”, a city with unpolluted, fresh air, compared to other Polish urban areas. It has a low level of occupational lung disease as Białystok is not an industrial city. Fifty family doctors with degrees in Family Medicine and fifty family medicine residents were voluntarily enrolled into the study and gave their consent to participate. The doctors were recruited through The Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing from the Medical University of Białystok. Consultations with consecutive patients having any symptoms of respiratory infection were directly observed by the family medicine residents, who started their first year of 4-year family medicine training under the supervision of the fully qualified family medicine physicians. The family medicine trainees sat in the consultation, one-to-one with their supervisors. These trainees observed how the consultations of the patients with RTIs were managed by senior doctors and completed questionnaires during or immediately after the consultation, irrespective of whether an antibiotic was prescribed.
On the questionnaire, the resident recorded the patient’s age, gender, and symptoms. The first part of the questionnaire also included questions regarding common physical findings (e.g. enlarged lymphatic nodes or auscultation sounds), common additional tests, probable diagnosis, and whether and what kind of antibiotic was prescribed for the patient. Each patient was given only one diagnosis, classified according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Modifications included that acute pharyngitis was divided into two categories (viral and bacterial), and that the additional diagnosis of unspecified bacterial superinfection was provided. The second part of the questionnaire covered ten patient factors relating to antibiotic prescription (presented in a table below) and the resident’s general impression of whether the patient pressured the physician for antibiotic prescription, if no pressure was present, or it was unclear to the observer whether any pressure was present. For each patient factor, the questionnaire included open space for the observing resident to write the exact words that the patient used to pressure the doctor for prescription, if the resident deemed it necessary or of interest. Patient factor
Example
Patient factor 1: patient started treatment on his own, as he/she was in possession of an antibiotic (asked in the pharmacy, had at home, other source, what source?)
“I had antibiotics from the previous therapy and I started them on my own.”
Patient factor 2: direct request for antibiotics
“I need an antibiotic as I have had several infections in the last few weeks.”
Patient factor 3: candidate diagnosis
“I must have sinusitis.” “This must be tonsillitis.”
Patient factor 4: emphasising the necessity of quick recovery, appealing to life circumstances
“I need to get back to work.” “I need to take care of my child.”
Patient factor 5: without being “When I had similar symptoms last asked by the physician, the patient year, I received an antibiotic and it insists that antibiotics were helped.” effective in similar cases in the past Patient factor 6: the patient recalls “My mom was prescribed an that a family member was antibiotic when she had a similar prescribed an antibiotic when he/ cough and it helped.” she had similar symptoms and had good results “I know that when I have cough Patient factor 7: the patient says that similar symptoms in the past like this it won’t stop unless I get did not resolve without an antibiotic an antibiotic. It is always like that.” Patient factor 8: patient emphasizes “This cough is going to kill me.” the severity of symptoms “The sore throat is so intense.” (portraying severity of illness) Patient factor 9: direct request not to prescribe antibiotics
“I don’t want an antibiotic as it makes my immune system weaker.”
Patient factor 10: other expressions used by the patient that may influence prescription decision
“Over-the-counter remedies that I took didn’t help at all and neither did the syrup you prescribed me.”
Strumiło et al. BMC Family Practice (2016) 17:63
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Selection of study subjects
The patients whose data was collected anonymously were consecutive patients coming for consultation for RTI symptoms, the participating patients were identified when they entered the doctors’ office and declared that they are willing to have a consultation with their family physician because of the RTI symptoms. The patients attending primary care agreed to have their data collected by the trainee present during their consultation. All data were stored anonymously. The study protocol was approved by the Bioethical Committee of the Medical University of Białystok. Outcomes and statistical analysis
Univariate logistic regression was performed for „antibiotic prescription” with variables such as patient’s symptoms and physical findings and patient pressure factors as independent variables. Solely the factors that were found statistically significant in the univariate regression model were included into the multivariate regression model. Next, the method of backward elimination was applied, the essence of which was to eliminate the predictor with the smallest impact in the next steps until the satisfactory quality of parameters of the model was obtained. We presented results for all analysed independent variables (both statistically significant and insignificant) when analysis was performed by the method of univariate regression. We also presented all variables, that were found in the created multivariate statistical regression model (all of them were statistically significant). P value of
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Combined assessment of clinical and patient factors on doctors’ decisions to prescribe antibiotics Julia Strumiło1*, Sławomir Chlabicz1, Barbara Pytel-Krolczuk1, Ludmiła Marcinowicz1, Dorota Rogowska-Szadkowska1 and Anna Justyna Milewska2
Abstract Background: Antibiotic overprescription is a worldwide problem. Decisions regarding antibiotic prescription for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are influenced by medical and non-medical factors. Methods: In family medicine practices in Białystok, Poland, family medicine residents directly observed consultations with patients with RTI symptoms. The observing residents completed a questionnaire including patient data, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, any prescribed antibiotic, and assessment of ten patient pressure factors. Results: Of 1546 consultations of patients with RTIs, 54.26 % resulted in antibiotic prescription. Antibiotic prescription was strongly associated with rales (OR 26.90, 95 % CI 9.00–80.40), tonsillar exudates (OR 13.03, 95 % CI 7.10–23.80), and wheezing (OR 14.72, 95 % CI 7.70–28.10). The likelihood of antibiotic prescription was increased by a >7-day disease duration (OR 3.94, 95 % CI 2.80–5.50), purulent nasal discharge (OR 3.87, 95 % CI 2.40–6.10), starting self-medication with antibiotics (OR 4.11, 95 % CI 2.30–7.30), and direct request for antibiotics (OR 1.87, 95 % CI 1.30–2.80). Direct request not to prescribe antibiotics decreased the likelihood of receiving antibiotics (OR 0.34, 95 % CI 0.27–0.55). Conclusion: While clinical signs and symptoms principally impact prescribing decisions, patient factors also contribute. The most influential patient pressure factors were starting self-medication with antibiotics, and directly requesting antibiotic prescription or no antibiotic prescription. Interventions aiming to improve clinical sign and symptom interpretation and to help doctors resist direct patient pressure could be beneficial for reducing unnecessary antibiotic prescribing. Keywords: Antimicrobial agents, Physician–patient relations, Respiratory tract infections, Family physicians
Background The majority of antibiotics prescriptions are issued in primary care for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) [1, 2]. Most RTIs do not require antibiotic therapy as they are predominantly of viral aetiology and are self-limited in nature [3, 4]. nevertheless, patients are often prescribed antibiotics unnecessarily and without clinical justification [5, 6]. Multiple interventions aiming at decreasing unnecessary antibiotics prescriptions for common RTIs have been targeted to doctors [7]. Such interventions have reportedly * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Białystok, Mieszka I 4B, 15-054 Białystok, Poland Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
improved physicians’ antibiotic prescribing practices [8, 9], which consequently may slow resistance development and improve patient outcomes. A better understanding of the factors that influence general practitioners’ prescribing decisions could help in the design of more effective interventions to promote prudent antibiotic use. While a doctor’s diagnostic skills are undoubtedly important in the prescribing process [10, 11], the motives for prescribing antibiotics seem to be more complex [12]. There are reportedly multiple reasons for unjustified prescription of antibiotics [13, 14], with pressure from patients and their families appearing to be an important factor [13, 14]. Patients use different types of direct and indirect pressure to influence physicians’ decisions concerning antibiotic
© 2016 The Author(s). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Strumiło et al. BMC Family Practice (2016) 17:63
Page 2 of 8
prescription, which must be considered when planning interventions aiming to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions. Doctors may need to develop effective strategies to resist explicit or implicit requests to prescribe. On the other hand, some studies indicate that doctors often have false perceptions of their patients’ desires for antibiotics, and that patients do not want antibiotics as much as doctors think [15]. There has been much research regarding which factors influence antibiotics prescribing practices in ambulatory care [16]. However, most studies of doctor–patient interactions regarding antibiotic prescribing during RTI consultations are qualitative [17]. Systematic reviews report that the studies analysing antibiotics misprescription in ambulatory care are limited and heterogeneous, and that the available data are likely insufficient due to methodological limitations in a large number of these studies [16]. Moreover, quantitative studies are often based on simulated prescribing and do not permit examination of factors other than the doctor’s knowledge, as doctor–patient interactions influencing the prescription cannot be evaluated. The present study aimed to examine real-life consultations with patients with RTIs in primary care in Poland. Questionnaires were used to record these consultations. Our main goal was to establish which symptoms and physical findings influenced the outcome of the consultation in terms of prescribing antibiotics, as well as the forms of patients’ direct or indirect requests for antibiotics.
Measurements
Methods Study design
This study was conducted in family doctors’ offices in Białystok—a city of approximately 300 000 inhabitants in north-eastern Poland—from 2007 to 2013. Białystok is so-called “green lungs of Poland”, a city with unpolluted, fresh air, compared to other Polish urban areas. It has a low level of occupational lung disease as Białystok is not an industrial city. Fifty family doctors with degrees in Family Medicine and fifty family medicine residents were voluntarily enrolled into the study and gave their consent to participate. The doctors were recruited through The Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing from the Medical University of Białystok. Consultations with consecutive patients having any symptoms of respiratory infection were directly observed by the family medicine residents, who started their first year of 4-year family medicine training under the supervision of the fully qualified family medicine physicians. The family medicine trainees sat in the consultation, one-to-one with their supervisors. These trainees observed how the consultations of the patients with RTIs were managed by senior doctors and completed questionnaires during or immediately after the consultation, irrespective of whether an antibiotic was prescribed.
On the questionnaire, the resident recorded the patient’s age, gender, and symptoms. The first part of the questionnaire also included questions regarding common physical findings (e.g. enlarged lymphatic nodes or auscultation sounds), common additional tests, probable diagnosis, and whether and what kind of antibiotic was prescribed for the patient. Each patient was given only one diagnosis, classified according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Modifications included that acute pharyngitis was divided into two categories (viral and bacterial), and that the additional diagnosis of unspecified bacterial superinfection was provided. The second part of the questionnaire covered ten patient factors relating to antibiotic prescription (presented in a table below) and the resident’s general impression of whether the patient pressured the physician for antibiotic prescription, if no pressure was present, or it was unclear to the observer whether any pressure was present. For each patient factor, the questionnaire included open space for the observing resident to write the exact words that the patient used to pressure the doctor for prescription, if the resident deemed it necessary or of interest. Patient factor
Example
Patient factor 1: patient started treatment on his own, as he/she was in possession of an antibiotic (asked in the pharmacy, had at home, other source, what source?)
“I had antibiotics from the previous therapy and I started them on my own.”
Patient factor 2: direct request for antibiotics
“I need an antibiotic as I have had several infections in the last few weeks.”
Patient factor 3: candidate diagnosis
“I must have sinusitis.” “This must be tonsillitis.”
Patient factor 4: emphasising the necessity of quick recovery, appealing to life circumstances
“I need to get back to work.” “I need to take care of my child.”
Patient factor 5: without being “When I had similar symptoms last asked by the physician, the patient year, I received an antibiotic and it insists that antibiotics were helped.” effective in similar cases in the past Patient factor 6: the patient recalls “My mom was prescribed an that a family member was antibiotic when she had a similar prescribed an antibiotic when he/ cough and it helped.” she had similar symptoms and had good results “I know that when I have cough Patient factor 7: the patient says that similar symptoms in the past like this it won’t stop unless I get did not resolve without an antibiotic an antibiotic. It is always like that.” Patient factor 8: patient emphasizes “This cough is going to kill me.” the severity of symptoms “The sore throat is so intense.” (portraying severity of illness) Patient factor 9: direct request not to prescribe antibiotics
“I don’t want an antibiotic as it makes my immune system weaker.”
Patient factor 10: other expressions used by the patient that may influence prescription decision
“Over-the-counter remedies that I took didn’t help at all and neither did the syrup you prescribed me.”
Strumiło et al. BMC Family Practice (2016) 17:63
Page 3 of 8
Selection of study subjects
The patients whose data was collected anonymously were consecutive patients coming for consultation for RTI symptoms, the participating patients were identified when they entered the doctors’ office and declared that they are willing to have a consultation with their family physician because of the RTI symptoms. The patients attending primary care agreed to have their data collected by the trainee present during their consultation. All data were stored anonymously. The study protocol was approved by the Bioethical Committee of the Medical University of Białystok. Outcomes and statistical analysis
Univariate logistic regression was performed for „antibiotic prescription” with variables such as patient’s symptoms and physical findings and patient pressure factors as independent variables. Solely the factors that were found statistically significant in the univariate regression model were included into the multivariate regression model. Next, the method of backward elimination was applied, the essence of which was to eliminate the predictor with the smallest impact in the next steps until the satisfactory quality of parameters of the model was obtained. We presented results for all analysed independent variables (both statistically significant and insignificant) when analysis was performed by the method of univariate regression. We also presented all variables, that were found in the created multivariate statistical regression model (all of them were statistically significant). P value of
