http://informahealthcare.com/mdn ISSN: 1940-1736 (print), 1940-1744 (electronic) Mitochondrial DNA, Early Online: 1–2 ! 2015 Informa UK Ltd. DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.1003843
MITOGENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Complete mitochondrial genome of a Wild Amur Moose (Alces alces cameloides) Yanze Yu1,2*, Yuan Feng1*, Hongcheng Wang1, Yong Yang1, Yubao Duan1, Zhengyan Zhou1, and Minghai Zhang1 College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China and 2Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin, PR China
Mitochondrial DNA Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Nyu Medical Center on 04/21/15 For personal use only.
1
Abstract
Keywords
In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mt DNA) of Amur Moose (Alces alces cameloides) was sequenced, using muscle tissue obtained from a male Amur moose. The total length of the mitochondrial genome is 16,305 bp. The genome structure of Amur moose is similar to other moose and it contains 12S rRNA gene, 16S rRNA gene, 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and 1 control region.
Amur Moose, complete sequence, mitochondrial genome
The Amur Moose (Alces alces cameloides) is the largest extant species in the deer family, which range from Amur-Ussuri region of far eastern Russia, as well as the North Eastern part of China (Miller et al., 1972). Amur moose are different from other moose as their antler size is much smaller, or lack any at all. Even adult bulls antlers are small and cervine with little palmation (Peterson et al., 1984). It is the smallest moose subspecies in Asia and the world, with both males and females standing only 1.65–1.85 m at the shoulder and weigh between 200 and 350 kg (Samuel, et al., 1976; Stevenson & Voordouw, 1975). The mt DNA has a higher
History Received 20 November 2014 Revised 6 December 2014 Accepted 19 December 2014 Published online 28 January 2015
rate of evolutionary substitution than nuclear DNA (Kocher et al., 1989). It is a valuable molecule for understanding the evolutionary relationships among individuals, populations, and species (Irwin et al., 1991). In deer, mt DNA is generally a small genome (14.8–18.1 kb) containing 37 genes (Chang et al., 1994). In our research, the wild dead male moose was found in March 2013 at Genhe City, Inner Mongolia, China. The muscle tissue of Amur moose was selected from the hind legs for the extraction of mitochondrial DNA and DNA sequencing. The mitochondrial DNA isolation kit (BioVision, San Francisco Bay, CA) was used
Table 1. Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome of Alces alces cameloides.
Locus tRNAPhe 12S rRNA tRNAVal 16S rRNA tRNALeu(UUR) Nd1 tRNAIIe tRNAGln tRNAMet Nd2 tRNATrp tRNAAla tRNAAsn tRNACys OriginL tRNATyr
From 1 69 1025 1091 2661 2742 3696 3760 3837 3907 4947 5017 5087 5084 5158 5187
To 68 1024 1090 2660 2738 3695 3763 3834 3906 4946 5015 5085 5160 5157 5189 5255
Strand
Length(bp)
H H H H H H H L H H H L L L
68 956 65 1569 77 953 67 73 69 1039 68 68 73 71 31 67
L
Codon Start
Codon Stop
ATG
TA
ATA
AAT
Intergenic nucleotides 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 (continued )
*These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence: Prof. Minghai Zhang, College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China. Tel: 86-45182192076. Fax: 86-451-82190700. E-mail: [email protected]
2
Y. Yu et al.
Mitochondrial DNA, Early Online: 1–2
Mitochondrial DNA Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Nyu Medical Center on 04/21/15 For personal use only.
Table 1. Continued.
Locus
From
To
Strand
Length(bp)
Codon Start
Codon Stop
Cox1 tRNAser(UCN) tRNAAsp Cox2 tRNALys Atp8 Atp6 Cox3 tRNAGly Nd3 tRNAArg Nd4l Nd4 tRNAHis tRNASer(AGY) tRNALeu(CUN) Nd5 Nd6 tRNAGln Cytb tRNAThr tRNAPro Control region
5258 6798 6881 6951 7639 7709 7871 8552 9337 9406 9754 9824 10,114 11,493 11,564 11,625 11,696 13,497 14,025 14,099 15,243 15,315 15,382
6801 6873 6950 7635 7707 7910 8552 9336 9406 9753 9823 10,121 11,492 11,563 11,624 11,695 13,514 14,025 14,094 15,239 15,314 15,381 16,305
H L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L L H H L
1543 74 69 684 68 201 681 784 69 347 69 297 1378 70 60 70 1818 528 69 1140 71 66 923
ATG
TAA
ATG
TAA
ATG ATG ATG
TAA TAA T–
ATA
T–
ATG ATG
TAA T–
ATT ATG
TAA TAA
ATG
AGA
for extraction of mitochondrial DNA according the instructions, the 12 pairs of PCR primers were used for amplification of DNA, and then DNA were sequenced by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). The total length of mitochondrial genome from the wild Amur moose is 16,305 bp. This mitochondrial genome sequence had submitted to the GenBank with the accession number KP164854. Sequence analysis showed that the genome structure contains 12S rRNA gene, 16S rRNA gene, 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), and D-loop region (Table 1). Twelve proteincoding genes were found in the major strand and the remaining 1 in the minor strand. The percentages of all nucleotide bases in the Amur moose mitochondrial genome were found homologous to other Cervidae species like Tianshan wapiti (Cervus elaphus songaricus) (Li et al., 2014), Korean musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) (Jang & Hwang, 2010) and Anhui musk deer (Moschus anhuiensis) (Zhu, et al., 2013). The total base composition is A, 33.3%; T, 28.8%; C, 24.4%; G, 13.5%. The nucleotide composition showed considerable bias toward an A + T preference as 62.8%. It is similar to most vertebrates.
Declaration of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. This research was supported by the Youth Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (QC2014C027).
Intergenic nucleotides 3 7 1 3 1 40 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 17 0 4 3 0 0 0
References Chang YS, Huang FL, Lo TB. (1994). The complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of carp (Cyprinus carpio) mitochondrial genome. J Mol Evol 38:138–55. Irwin DM, Kocher TD, Wilson AC. (1991). Evolution of the cytochrome b gene of mammals. J Mol Evol 32:128–44. Jang KH, Hwang UW. (2010). Mitochondrial genome of the Korean musk deer Moschus moschiferus (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia, Moschidae). Mitochondrial DNA 21:65–7. Kocher TD, Thomas WK, Meyer A, Edwards SV, Paabo S, Villablanca FX, Wilson AC. (1989). Dynamics of mitochondrial DNA evolution in animals: Amplification and sequencing with conserved primers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:6196–200. Li Y, Ba H, Yang F. (2014). Complete mitochondrial genome of Cervus elaphus songaricus (Cetartiodactyla: Cervinae) and a phylogenetic analysis with related species. Mitochondrial DNA. [Epub ahead of print]. Miller FL, Broughton E, Land EM. (1972). Moose fatality resulting from overextension of range. J Wildlife Dis 8:95–8. Peterson RO, Page RE, Dodge KM. (1984). Wolves, moose, and the allometry of population cycles. Science 224:1350–2. Samuel WM, Barrett MW, Lynch GM. (1976). Helminths in moose of Alberta. Can J Zool 54:307–12. Stevenson KJ, Voordouw JK. (1975). Characterization of trypsin and elastase from the moose (Alces alces). I. Amino acid composition and specificity towards polypeptides. Biochim Biophys Acta 386:324–31. Zhu X, Shi W, Pan T, Wang H, Zhou L, Zhang B. (2013). Mitochondrial genome of the Anhui musk deer (Moschus anhuiensis). Mitochondrial DNA 24:205–7.
MITOGENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Complete mitochondrial genome of a Wild Amur Moose (Alces alces cameloides) Yanze Yu1,2*, Yuan Feng1*, Hongcheng Wang1, Yong Yang1, Yubao Duan1, Zhengyan Zhou1, and Minghai Zhang1 College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China and 2Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin, PR China
Mitochondrial DNA Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Nyu Medical Center on 04/21/15 For personal use only.
1
Abstract
Keywords
In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mt DNA) of Amur Moose (Alces alces cameloides) was sequenced, using muscle tissue obtained from a male Amur moose. The total length of the mitochondrial genome is 16,305 bp. The genome structure of Amur moose is similar to other moose and it contains 12S rRNA gene, 16S rRNA gene, 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and 1 control region.
Amur Moose, complete sequence, mitochondrial genome
The Amur Moose (Alces alces cameloides) is the largest extant species in the deer family, which range from Amur-Ussuri region of far eastern Russia, as well as the North Eastern part of China (Miller et al., 1972). Amur moose are different from other moose as their antler size is much smaller, or lack any at all. Even adult bulls antlers are small and cervine with little palmation (Peterson et al., 1984). It is the smallest moose subspecies in Asia and the world, with both males and females standing only 1.65–1.85 m at the shoulder and weigh between 200 and 350 kg (Samuel, et al., 1976; Stevenson & Voordouw, 1975). The mt DNA has a higher
History Received 20 November 2014 Revised 6 December 2014 Accepted 19 December 2014 Published online 28 January 2015
rate of evolutionary substitution than nuclear DNA (Kocher et al., 1989). It is a valuable molecule for understanding the evolutionary relationships among individuals, populations, and species (Irwin et al., 1991). In deer, mt DNA is generally a small genome (14.8–18.1 kb) containing 37 genes (Chang et al., 1994). In our research, the wild dead male moose was found in March 2013 at Genhe City, Inner Mongolia, China. The muscle tissue of Amur moose was selected from the hind legs for the extraction of mitochondrial DNA and DNA sequencing. The mitochondrial DNA isolation kit (BioVision, San Francisco Bay, CA) was used
Table 1. Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome of Alces alces cameloides.
Locus tRNAPhe 12S rRNA tRNAVal 16S rRNA tRNALeu(UUR) Nd1 tRNAIIe tRNAGln tRNAMet Nd2 tRNATrp tRNAAla tRNAAsn tRNACys OriginL tRNATyr
From 1 69 1025 1091 2661 2742 3696 3760 3837 3907 4947 5017 5087 5084 5158 5187
To 68 1024 1090 2660 2738 3695 3763 3834 3906 4946 5015 5085 5160 5157 5189 5255
Strand
Length(bp)
H H H H H H H L H H H L L L
68 956 65 1569 77 953 67 73 69 1039 68 68 73 71 31 67
L
Codon Start
Codon Stop
ATG
TA
ATA
AAT
Intergenic nucleotides 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 (continued )
*These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence: Prof. Minghai Zhang, College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China. Tel: 86-45182192076. Fax: 86-451-82190700. E-mail: [email protected]
2
Y. Yu et al.
Mitochondrial DNA, Early Online: 1–2
Mitochondrial DNA Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Nyu Medical Center on 04/21/15 For personal use only.
Table 1. Continued.
Locus
From
To
Strand
Length(bp)
Codon Start
Codon Stop
Cox1 tRNAser(UCN) tRNAAsp Cox2 tRNALys Atp8 Atp6 Cox3 tRNAGly Nd3 tRNAArg Nd4l Nd4 tRNAHis tRNASer(AGY) tRNALeu(CUN) Nd5 Nd6 tRNAGln Cytb tRNAThr tRNAPro Control region
5258 6798 6881 6951 7639 7709 7871 8552 9337 9406 9754 9824 10,114 11,493 11,564 11,625 11,696 13,497 14,025 14,099 15,243 15,315 15,382
6801 6873 6950 7635 7707 7910 8552 9336 9406 9753 9823 10,121 11,492 11,563 11,624 11,695 13,514 14,025 14,094 15,239 15,314 15,381 16,305
H L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L L H H L
1543 74 69 684 68 201 681 784 69 347 69 297 1378 70 60 70 1818 528 69 1140 71 66 923
ATG
TAA
ATG
TAA
ATG ATG ATG
TAA TAA T–
ATA
T–
ATG ATG
TAA T–
ATT ATG
TAA TAA
ATG
AGA
for extraction of mitochondrial DNA according the instructions, the 12 pairs of PCR primers were used for amplification of DNA, and then DNA were sequenced by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). The total length of mitochondrial genome from the wild Amur moose is 16,305 bp. This mitochondrial genome sequence had submitted to the GenBank with the accession number KP164854. Sequence analysis showed that the genome structure contains 12S rRNA gene, 16S rRNA gene, 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), and D-loop region (Table 1). Twelve proteincoding genes were found in the major strand and the remaining 1 in the minor strand. The percentages of all nucleotide bases in the Amur moose mitochondrial genome were found homologous to other Cervidae species like Tianshan wapiti (Cervus elaphus songaricus) (Li et al., 2014), Korean musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) (Jang & Hwang, 2010) and Anhui musk deer (Moschus anhuiensis) (Zhu, et al., 2013). The total base composition is A, 33.3%; T, 28.8%; C, 24.4%; G, 13.5%. The nucleotide composition showed considerable bias toward an A + T preference as 62.8%. It is similar to most vertebrates.
Declaration of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. This research was supported by the Youth Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (QC2014C027).
Intergenic nucleotides 3 7 1 3 1 40 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 17 0 4 3 0 0 0
References Chang YS, Huang FL, Lo TB. (1994). The complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of carp (Cyprinus carpio) mitochondrial genome. J Mol Evol 38:138–55. Irwin DM, Kocher TD, Wilson AC. (1991). Evolution of the cytochrome b gene of mammals. J Mol Evol 32:128–44. Jang KH, Hwang UW. (2010). Mitochondrial genome of the Korean musk deer Moschus moschiferus (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia, Moschidae). Mitochondrial DNA 21:65–7. Kocher TD, Thomas WK, Meyer A, Edwards SV, Paabo S, Villablanca FX, Wilson AC. (1989). Dynamics of mitochondrial DNA evolution in animals: Amplification and sequencing with conserved primers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:6196–200. Li Y, Ba H, Yang F. (2014). Complete mitochondrial genome of Cervus elaphus songaricus (Cetartiodactyla: Cervinae) and a phylogenetic analysis with related species. Mitochondrial DNA. [Epub ahead of print]. Miller FL, Broughton E, Land EM. (1972). Moose fatality resulting from overextension of range. J Wildlife Dis 8:95–8. Peterson RO, Page RE, Dodge KM. (1984). Wolves, moose, and the allometry of population cycles. Science 224:1350–2. Samuel WM, Barrett MW, Lynch GM. (1976). Helminths in moose of Alberta. Can J Zool 54:307–12. Stevenson KJ, Voordouw JK. (1975). Characterization of trypsin and elastase from the moose (Alces alces). I. Amino acid composition and specificity towards polypeptides. Biochim Biophys Acta 386:324–31. Zhu X, Shi W, Pan T, Wang H, Zhou L, Zhang B. (2013). Mitochondrial genome of the Anhui musk deer (Moschus anhuiensis). Mitochondrial DNA 24:205–7.
