Coronary Occlusion During Coronary Angiography By STEPHEN B. Guss, M. D., LEONARD M. ZIR, M.D., HENRY B. GARRISON, M. D., WILLARD M. DAGGETT, M. D., PETER C. BLOCK, M.D., AND ROBERT E. DINSMORE, M.D. SUMMARY Between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 1974, 2981 patients underwent coronary arteriography. Twelve acute coronary dissections or embolizations occurred, an incidence of 0.4%. The incidences of acute occlusions for the Sones and Judkins techniques were 0.19% (4/2077 studies) and 0.88% (8/940), respectively. No instance of acute occlusion has occurred during the past 490 studies performed by the Judkins technique. Eight patients with right coronary artery dissections or circumflex emboli were treated medically. All survived, but in seven a myocardial infarction evolved. Four patients underwent emergency saphenous venous bypass grafting because of refractory ventricular fibrillation (two patients) or because large amounts of myocardium were thought jeopardized (two patients). All patients in this group had interruption of flow supplying the left anterior descending coronary artery. Despite surgical intervention in less than three hours in all patients, survivors all sustained transmural myocardial infarctions. Three patients survived surgery
and
were
discharged home.
ONE OF THE MOST SERIOUS complications of coronary angiography is coronary artery occlusion from coronary dissection or embolization. Now that myocardial revascularization can be performed with an acceptable risk, even in the most critically ill patient, at issue is whether to treat these coronary angiographic complications medically or surgically. With this question in mind, the experience of the cardiac catheterization laboratory and cardiac surgery unit at the Massachusetts General Hospital was reviewed for a five year period (January, 1970 - December, 1974) in an effort to determine the place of emergency myocardial revascularization for acute coronary occlusion during coronary angiography. The results of this experience are described. Results Between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 1974, 2981 patients underwent coronary angiography either as part of a right and left heart catheterization or as the only procedure. All injections of contrast media were hand injections. Twelve instances of catheterinduced coronary occlusion occurred, an over-all incidence of 0.4%. Of 2077 patients studied by the Sones technique,' four patients sustained dissections From the Cardiac and Surgical Cardiovascular Units of the Medical, Surgical, and Radiology Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Presented at the Twenty-fourth Annual Scientific Sessions of the American College of Cardiology, Houston, Texas, February, 1975. Address for reprints: Leonard M. Zir, M.D., Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114. Received March 31, 1975; revision accepted for publication June
24, 1975.
of the right coronary artery (RCA) (table 1), an incidence of 0.19%. Of 904 patients studied by the Judkins technique,2 eight patients (0.88%) sustained acute coronary occlusions: dissections of the main left coronary artery (MLCA) in one patient; dissection of the RCA in two patients; a fat embolus to the MLCA in one patient; an embolus to the left anterior descending (LAD) in one patient; an embolus to the circumflex coronary artery (CMFX) in three patients. Since June of 1973, when systemic heparinization was instituted (0.5 - 0.1 mg/kg), no acute occlusions have occurred in the catheterization laboratory in 490 cases using the Judkins technique. Of the 521 coronary arteriograms performed using the Sones technique since June of 1973, one RCA dissection (0.19% acute occlusion) has occurred. Eleven of twelve patients developed severe precordial pain within minutes of the occlusion. The twelfth patient (patient 6, table 2) had no chest discomfort but developed ECG changes immediately and an acute transmural infarct evolved. All 12 patients developed ECG changes within minutes, and the location of these changes could be predicted by the coronary artery or the collateral supply involved in all patients except patient 11 (table 2). Criteria for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction required the occurrence of two of the following three findings: 1) prolonged, severe precordial pain; 2) appearance of new Q waves on ECG; 3) appropriate enzyme elevations (SGOT, CPK, LDH). Criteria for coronary dissection included the appearance of flow in two channels separated by a thin radiolucent septum and slow or delayed run-off from the false channel. As the central vessel cleared, the false channel rimmed the vessel periphery. In some
1063 Circulation, Volume 52, December 1975 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
GUSS ET AL.
1064
because they were felt to have a minimum of myocardium in jeopardy and because their hemodynamics, electrical activity, and clinical status remained or quickly returned to normal (tables 2 and 3). Seven had severe atherosclerotic coronary artery involvement of at least two vessels, and one patient (patient 5, table 2) had normal coronary arteries. One patient (patient 1, table 2) developed ventricular fibrillation in the laboratory after completion of the procedure and was easily defibrillated to normal sinus rhythm. Other complications occurring within the first 12 hours included brief runs of ventricular tachycardia in two patients, easily controlled by lidocaine, mild ventricular irritability in three patients; and transient hypotension in two patients. Two patients had no arrhythmias (table 4). All patients survived (fig. 1). Seven of the eight patients evolved an acute myocardial infarction in areas corresponding to the occluded coronary vessel. Four patients with RCA dissections developed transmural inferior infarctions. One patient with an embolus to a left dominant CMFX, which supplied branches to the inferior wall, developed a transmural inferior infarct. Two patients with CMFX emboli developed apical and lateral infarcts of the subendocardium. One patient (patient 7) with a RCA dissection developed
Table 1
Five-year Incidence: Acute Coronary Occlusion during
Coronary Angiography Sones
Total cases % Acute occlusioii D)issection MLCA RCA Embolization MLCA LAD CMFX
2077 0.19~~
Judkins
Judkins
(anticoagulation)
904 0. 88'
490
0 4
1 2
0 0
0 0 0
1 1 3
0 0 0
Abbreviations: MLCA = main left coronary artery; RCA = right coronary artery; LAD = left anterior descendinig coronary artery; CMFX = circumflex coronary artery.
cases only the false channel opacified. Coronary emboli were demonstrated by the total occlusion of a vessel with a normal arterial caliber up to the point of an abrupt occlusion. In many of these patients, a previous injection had shown patency of the vessel. Medically Treated Patients
Eight patients were treated medically (five patients with RCA dissections and three with CMFX emboli) [table
2
Acute Coronary Occlusion During Angiography Survival in
Coronary occlusion
Suirgical procedure
Sex
Technique
Medically Treated 51 1. E.B.
M
Judkins
CMFX embolus
none
2. F.D.
48
M
Judkinis
CMFX embolus
none
3. W.K.
43
M
Judkins
RCA dissection
none
4. J.W.
52
M
Judkins
ItCA dissection
none
5. M.F.
61
F
Judkins
CMFX embolus
none
6. K.R.
32
F
Sones
RCA (lissection
nonie
7. E.C.
49
F
Sones
RCA dissection
none
8. K.K.
50
M
Sones
RCA dissection
none
Patient
Age
Surgically Treated 9. V.D.
53
F
Judkins
MLCA dissection
CABG to LAD
10. A.P. 11. B. M.
40 47
M M
Judkins Judkins
MLCA fat embolus LAD) embolus
CABG to LAD CABG to LAD
12. C.S.
52
M
Sones
RCA dissection
CABG to LAD & RCA
Abbreviations: MLCA coronary artery; RCA
=
Resuilt
months to Jan., 1975
Subendocardial apical MI Transmural inferior MI Transmural inferior MI Transmural inferior MI Subendocardial apical MI Transmural inferior Ml Transient inferior ST-elevation Transmural inferior MI
35. mo
Transmural anteroseptal MI Died in O.R. Transmural anterolateral MI Transmural anteroseptal MI
39 mo
21 mo 35 mo
34 mo 19 mo 27 mo 33 mo 6 mo
died 19 mo 49 mo
= left main coronary artery; LAD = left anterior descending coronary artery; CMFX = circumflex right coronary artery; MI = myocardial infarction; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft (saphenous
vein). Circulation, Volume 52, December 1975
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
1065
CORONARY OCCLUSION Table 4
Table 3
Complications of Catheter-induced Acute Coronary Occlu-
Treatment of Acute Coronary Occlusion Sones Techinique Judkins Technique
RCA dissectioni RCA dissection MLCA dissection MLCA embolus LAD embolus CMFX embolus
Medical
Surgical
3 2 0 0 0 3
1
0 1 1
1 0
Abbreviations: RCA = right coronary artery; MLCA main left coronary artery; LAD = left anterior desceniding coronary artery; CMFX = circumflex coronary artery.
severe pain and initial inferior lead ST elevation. The arterial lumen was not totally occluded, and distal run-off could be seen angiographically (fig. 2.). This patient did not develop enzyme elvations, and the ECG reverted to its precatheterization pattern within 24 hours. All eight patients had a clinically benign course after the first 12 hours, and all patients were alive as of January, 1975. Surgically Treated Patients
Four patients underwent emergency myocardial revascularization with saphenous vein bypass grafts (tables 2, 3, and fig. 1). All patients but one with a MLCA dissection and normal distal vessels had severe three vessel disease. Bypass grafts were limited to the acutely involved vessel in patients 9, 10, and 11, but all technically bypassable and diseased vessels were grafted in patient 12. The decision to perform emergency revascularization was dictated by the occurrence of refractory ventricular fibrillation in two patients, both with acute occlusions of the MCLA. Both patients were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass in less than one hour after coronary occlusion. One patient had a fat embolus to the MCLA (documented at postmortem examination) and could not be sustained off cardiopulmonary bypass despite an embolectomy and saphenous vein bypass graft. The second patient, who survived surgery, had a dissection of the MLCA; and surgery consisted of a vein graft to the LAD coronary artery. Despite early surgical intervention, postoperatively this patient developed new Q waves in the anterior precordial leads and enzyme elevations consistent with an acute myocardial infarction. In the other two patients the decision to pursue surgery was based upon the presence of severe hypotension and significantly jeopardized myocardium in the distribution of the LAD coronary artery. One of these patients had an embolus to the LAD artery (fig. 3). The patient was placed on cardiopulmonary bypass within one and one-half hours after the acute occlusion. Despite early surgical intervention and demonstration of LAD graft
sion Medically treated
Total Infarct VF VT PVCs No arrhythmia Hvpotension
Slurgically treated
8 7 1 2 3
4 4 2 0 1
2 2
1 2
Abbreviations: VF = ventricular fibrillation; VT = ventricular tachycardia; PVCs = premature ventricullar contractions.
patency during a study performed two weeks postoperatively, the patient evolved an anterolateral infarct postoperatively with new Q waves and an akinetic anterolateral wall. The fourth surgically treated patient is especially interesting because almost all of the distal LAD blood supply came from RCA collaterals. When a RCA dissection occurred, there were marked ST and T wave abnormalities in the anterior precordial leads consistent with anterior ischemia. Despite emergency placement of a vein graft to the LAD and RCA in less than three hours after the acute occlusion, the patient developed new Q waves in precordial leads V1-V4 and enzyme elevations consistent with an acute myocardial infarction. In all four patients, infarct patterns were limited to the distribution of the acutely involved vessel as documented by ECG or angiographic evidence. The three survivors were discharged home and are alive as of January, 1975. Except for a resolving hip
Figure 1 Course of patients with acute coronary occlusions. All medically treated patients survived, and all but one sustained an acute myocardial infarction. Three of the four surgically treated patients survived surgery but all sustained transmural infarcts.
Circulation, Volume 52, December 1975
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
GUSS ET AL.
1066
:SO-
Figure 3
Figure 2 Right corontary artery (RCA) angiogram of patient 71. Upper panel) Flow through the RCA is complete before dissection occurs at the catheter tip. Middle panel) RCA dissection has occurred. Fragmentation Of contrast material is noted. However, the subintimal hematonia does not totally obstruct the lumen as distal passage of dye occturs. Lower panel) Ten seconds after the injection, hang-up and dye fragmrentation are still observed.
flexor paresis in patient 9 (table 2), survivors had clinically benign postoperative courses. Discussion
Myocardial infarction related to coronary angiography is fortunately a relatively rare complication. Our incidence of acute coronary occlusion during coronary angiography (0.4% for all coronary studies) is similar to other large centers where the occurrence is between 0.3 and 0.9% 3-7 although coronary complications have been reported in some centers to occur
Left coronary angiograrm of patient 11. Upper panel) Arrow points to .90, stenosis of proximal left anterior descending (LAD) artery. Flow continues distally. Middle panel) Arrow points to total occlusion of ILAD) due to thromboembolus. Projection is slightly different from uipper panel. Lower panel) Two weeks postoperatively coronary artery bypass graft to LAD is patent.
in 1.1 to 4.3% of studies.8 1 The number of acute occlusions for the Sones technique (4/2077, 0.19%) was considerably less than for the Judkins technique (8/904, 0.88%) and reflects the higher risk of the Judkins technique seen in many institutions.5 Two years after initiating the Judkins technique in our laboratory, systemic heparinization was instituted. Since that time, no thromboembolic coronary artery complications have occurred in 490 cases. This reduction in coronary occlusive complications with heparinization in our most recent cases has been seen in other laboratories also'1 but may reflect a decrease in the incidence of coronary dissections rather than the effect of heparin. In our laboratory, the Judkins technique now appears to be as safe as the Sones technique. In all cases of coronary dissection nonocclusive Circulation, Volume 52, December 1975
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
1067
CORONARY OCCLUSION
pressure recording and test injections had demonstrated adequate run-off of contrast agent prior to full coronary opacification. Dissections originated proximally near the catheter tip, and all patients had instrinsic disease of the right coronary artery (RCA), visualized angiographically, although the exact site of intimal tear could not always be correlated with an angiographically demonstrated plaque. In most cases, an atherosclerotic intima was probably lifted up. Avoidance of dissection by this mechanism may not be possible despite the most meticulous attention to detail and safety. One main left coronary artery (MLCA) dissection occurred in a patient with normal coronary arteries and may be related to problems inherent in the Judkins technique such as the limited fine control of the catheter and the wedging of the catheter tip in the coronary ostium. Several minutes elapsed before the development of chest pain after coronary dissections. It is postulated that it takes a matter of minutes before the subintimal hematoma totally occludes the lumen. Interestingly, in the one patient (patient 7, table 2) with a RCA dissection who did not develop an infarction, total luminal occlusion did not occur, and distal run-off of contrast medium was observed. This observation has been previously reported12 in a patient displaying resolution of the process on repeat catheterization five days later. One of us (S. Guss, unpublished observations from another institution) has also observed a similar patient with a RCA dissection without total luminal occlusion. No pain or ECG changes occurred, and no evidence of dissection could be detected on repeat catheterization 48 hours later. The decision to perform emergency myocardial revascularization was dictated by refractory ventricular fibrillation in two patients. One patient with a fat embolus to the MLCA died in the operating room after embolectomy and saphenous vein bypass surgery, despite the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass within one hour of the acute occlusion. The second patient with refractory ventricular fibrillation is alive today because of emergency surgery. Nevertheless, despite prompt institution of cardiopulmonary bypass, within 50 minutes after the acute episode this patient evolved an acute anterior infarct. In the other two patients, a surgical decision was predicated upon an assumption that a large segment of myocardium was jeopardized and because of significant hypotension. Despite early intervention (cardiopulmonary bypass in 1.5 hours in patient 11 and three hours in patient 12), both patients evolved postoperative infarcts by ECG (new Q waves) and enzyme elevations. In spite of this, in patient 11, postoperative graft patency was demonstrated angiographically at two weeks.
The importance of coronary collaterals has been in dispute for a long time. 131-7 In our patient 12 in whom the distal LAD was supplied principally by collaterals from the RCA (although some bridging collaterals were visualized), surgery to bypass an occlusion of the RCA was followed by development of a new anteroseptal infarction. In this case the presence of collateral pathways did not prevent development of permanent injury in an acutely ischemic area. This study reinforces the work of others who have demonstrated the feasibility of placing patients on cardiopulmonary bypass rapidly after an acute occlusion and the ability to operate safely on patients with acute infarcts.18-20 The real question is whether surgical intervention prevents the inevitability of myocardial infarction after an acute coronary occlusion or limits the necrotic process by revascularizing marginally perfused areas. We were unable to demonstrate any prophylaxis against infarction in our small series as all patients with total occlusions developed infarcts regardless of the therapy employed. As for infarct size reduction and myocardium salvage, dog experiments are contradictory. Beller et al.21 have shown nonhomogeneous myocardial blood distribution while Bresnahan et al.22 demonstrated hemorrhagic infarct extension in 44% of animals reperfused after coronary occlusion. However, Ross23 has recently shown improvement in ventricular function after the initial postoperative period has passed. Species differences may be important, and animal studies may not be applicable to humans who have chronic ischemia and coronary collateralization. Until more is known about infarct prevention and myocardium salvage with immediate surgical revascularization for acute coronary occlusion, we are recommending medical therapy for clinically stable patients. We would reserve immediate coronary artery bypass surgery for medically unstable patients with refractory ventricular fibrillation, severe hypotension, or pulmonary edema. Patients with MLCA lesions or LAD lesions will most frequently fall in this category. We would treat clinically stable patients with large amounts of myocardium in jeopardy medically until data suggesting that tissue salvage is likely to occur with surgical intervention becomes available. The risk of patients operated upon, often within an hour of acute coronary occlusion, developing new infarctions is too great. Acknowledgment We would like to thank Miss Cynthia Goss for her technical assistance and Miss Kathleen Conway for her help in typing this manuscript.
Circulation, Volume 52, December 1975
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
1068
GUSS ET AL. References
1. SONES FM, SHIREY EK: Cine-coronary arteriography. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis 31: 735, 1962 2. JUDKINS MP: Selective coronary arteriography: I. Percutaneous transfemoral technique. Radiology 89: 815, 1967 3. BALTAXE HA, LEVIN DC: Coronary angiography. Its roles in the management of the patient with angina pectoris. Circulation 46: 1161, 1972 4. Ross RJ, GORLIN R: Coronary arteriography. Circulation 37: (suppl III): Ill-67, 1968 5. ADAMS DF, FRASER DB, ABRAMS HL: The complications of coronary arteriography. Circulation 48: 609, 1973 6. BOURASSA MG, LESPERANCE J, CAMPEAL L: Selective coronary arteriography by the percutaneous femoral artery approach. Am J Roentgenol 107: 377, 1969
7. GREEN CS, MCKINNON M, BoSCH J, JUDKINS MP: Complications of selective percutaneous transfemoral coronary arteriography and their prevention. A review of 445 consecutive examinations. Circulation 45: 552, 1972 8. HASS JM, PETERSON CR, JONES RC: Subintimal dissection of the coronary arteries. A complication of selective coronary arteriography and the transfemoral percutaneous approach. Circulation 38: 678, 1968 9. DE LA TORRE A, JACOBS D, ALEMAN J, ANDERSON GA: Embolic coronary artery occlusion in percutaneous transfemoral coronary arteriography. Am Heart J 86: 467, 1973 10. TAKARO T, HULTCREN HN, LITTMAN D, WRIGHT EC: An analysis of deaths occurring in association with coronary arteriography. Am Heart J 86: 587, 1973
11. JUDKINS MP, GANDER MP Prevention of complications of coronary arteriography. Circulation 49: 599, 1974 12. GERACI AR, KRISHNASWAMI V, SELMAN MW: Aorto-coronary dissection complicating coronary arteriography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 65: 695, 1973
13. HELFANT RH, KEMP GH, GORLIN R: Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary collaterals and their relation to cardiac function. Ann Intern Med 73: 189, 1970 14. HELFANT RH, VOKONAS PS, GORLIN R: Functional importance of the human coronary collateral circulation. N Engl J Med 284: 1277, 1971 15. LAVINE P, FILIP Z, NAJMI M, KIMBIRIS D, SEGAL BL, LINHART JW: Clinical and hemodynamic evaluation of coronary collateral vessels in coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 87: 343, 1974 16. SPAIN DM, BRADESS VA, IRAL P, CRUZ A: Intercoronary anastomotic channels and sudden unexpected death from advanced coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 27: 12, 1963 17. BANKA VS, BODENHEIMER MM, HELFANT RH: Determinants of reversible asynergy. Effect of pathologic Q waves, coronary collaterals, and anatomic location. Ciruculation 50: 714, 1974 18. COHN- LH, GORLIN R, HERMAN MV, COLLINS JJ: Aorto-coronary bypass for acute coronary occlusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 64: 503, 1972 19. PIFARRE R, SPINAZZOLA A, NEMICKAS R, SCANLON PJ, TOBIN JR: Emergency aortocoronary bypass for acute myocardial infarction. Arch Surg 103: 525, 1971 20. CHEANVECHAI C, EFFLER DB, LooP FD, GROVES IK, SHELDON WC, RAZAVI M, SONES FM: Emergency myocardial revascularization. Am J Cardiol 32: 901, 1973 21. BELLER GA, SMITH TW, HoOD WB: Altered regional myocardial blood flow following coronary reperfusion in acute myocardial ischemia. (abstr) Clin Res 22: 262A, 1974 22. BRESNAHAN GF, ROBERTS R, SHELL WE, Ross J, SOBEL BE: Deleterious effects due to hemorrhage after myocardial reperfusion. Am J Cardiol 33: 82, 1974 23. Ross J; Early revascularization after coronary occlusion. Circulation 50: 1061, 1974
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
Coronary occlusion during coronary angiography. S B Guss, L M Zir, H B Garrison, W M Daggett, P C Block and R E Dinsmore Circulation. 1975;52:1063-1068 doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.52.6.1063 Circulation is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Copyright © 1975 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online ISSN: 1524-4539
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/52/6/1063
Permissions: Requests for permissions to reproduce figures, tables, or portions of articles originally published in Circulation can be obtained via RightsLink, a service of the Copyright Clearance Center, not the Editorial Office. Once the online version of the published article for which permission is being requested is located, click Request Permissions in the middle column of the Web page under Services. Further information about this process is available in the Permissions and Rights Question and Answer document. Reprints: Information about reprints can be found online at: http://www.lww.com/reprints Subscriptions: Information about subscribing to Circulation is online at: http://circ.ahajournals.org//subscriptions/
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
and
were
discharged home.
ONE OF THE MOST SERIOUS complications of coronary angiography is coronary artery occlusion from coronary dissection or embolization. Now that myocardial revascularization can be performed with an acceptable risk, even in the most critically ill patient, at issue is whether to treat these coronary angiographic complications medically or surgically. With this question in mind, the experience of the cardiac catheterization laboratory and cardiac surgery unit at the Massachusetts General Hospital was reviewed for a five year period (January, 1970 - December, 1974) in an effort to determine the place of emergency myocardial revascularization for acute coronary occlusion during coronary angiography. The results of this experience are described. Results Between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 1974, 2981 patients underwent coronary angiography either as part of a right and left heart catheterization or as the only procedure. All injections of contrast media were hand injections. Twelve instances of catheterinduced coronary occlusion occurred, an over-all incidence of 0.4%. Of 2077 patients studied by the Sones technique,' four patients sustained dissections From the Cardiac and Surgical Cardiovascular Units of the Medical, Surgical, and Radiology Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Presented at the Twenty-fourth Annual Scientific Sessions of the American College of Cardiology, Houston, Texas, February, 1975. Address for reprints: Leonard M. Zir, M.D., Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114. Received March 31, 1975; revision accepted for publication June
24, 1975.
of the right coronary artery (RCA) (table 1), an incidence of 0.19%. Of 904 patients studied by the Judkins technique,2 eight patients (0.88%) sustained acute coronary occlusions: dissections of the main left coronary artery (MLCA) in one patient; dissection of the RCA in two patients; a fat embolus to the MLCA in one patient; an embolus to the left anterior descending (LAD) in one patient; an embolus to the circumflex coronary artery (CMFX) in three patients. Since June of 1973, when systemic heparinization was instituted (0.5 - 0.1 mg/kg), no acute occlusions have occurred in the catheterization laboratory in 490 cases using the Judkins technique. Of the 521 coronary arteriograms performed using the Sones technique since June of 1973, one RCA dissection (0.19% acute occlusion) has occurred. Eleven of twelve patients developed severe precordial pain within minutes of the occlusion. The twelfth patient (patient 6, table 2) had no chest discomfort but developed ECG changes immediately and an acute transmural infarct evolved. All 12 patients developed ECG changes within minutes, and the location of these changes could be predicted by the coronary artery or the collateral supply involved in all patients except patient 11 (table 2). Criteria for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction required the occurrence of two of the following three findings: 1) prolonged, severe precordial pain; 2) appearance of new Q waves on ECG; 3) appropriate enzyme elevations (SGOT, CPK, LDH). Criteria for coronary dissection included the appearance of flow in two channels separated by a thin radiolucent septum and slow or delayed run-off from the false channel. As the central vessel cleared, the false channel rimmed the vessel periphery. In some
1063 Circulation, Volume 52, December 1975 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
GUSS ET AL.
1064
because they were felt to have a minimum of myocardium in jeopardy and because their hemodynamics, electrical activity, and clinical status remained or quickly returned to normal (tables 2 and 3). Seven had severe atherosclerotic coronary artery involvement of at least two vessels, and one patient (patient 5, table 2) had normal coronary arteries. One patient (patient 1, table 2) developed ventricular fibrillation in the laboratory after completion of the procedure and was easily defibrillated to normal sinus rhythm. Other complications occurring within the first 12 hours included brief runs of ventricular tachycardia in two patients, easily controlled by lidocaine, mild ventricular irritability in three patients; and transient hypotension in two patients. Two patients had no arrhythmias (table 4). All patients survived (fig. 1). Seven of the eight patients evolved an acute myocardial infarction in areas corresponding to the occluded coronary vessel. Four patients with RCA dissections developed transmural inferior infarctions. One patient with an embolus to a left dominant CMFX, which supplied branches to the inferior wall, developed a transmural inferior infarct. Two patients with CMFX emboli developed apical and lateral infarcts of the subendocardium. One patient (patient 7) with a RCA dissection developed
Table 1
Five-year Incidence: Acute Coronary Occlusion during
Coronary Angiography Sones
Total cases % Acute occlusioii D)issection MLCA RCA Embolization MLCA LAD CMFX
2077 0.19~~
Judkins
Judkins
(anticoagulation)
904 0. 88'
490
0 4
1 2
0 0
0 0 0
1 1 3
0 0 0
Abbreviations: MLCA = main left coronary artery; RCA = right coronary artery; LAD = left anterior descendinig coronary artery; CMFX = circumflex coronary artery.
cases only the false channel opacified. Coronary emboli were demonstrated by the total occlusion of a vessel with a normal arterial caliber up to the point of an abrupt occlusion. In many of these patients, a previous injection had shown patency of the vessel. Medically Treated Patients
Eight patients were treated medically (five patients with RCA dissections and three with CMFX emboli) [table
2
Acute Coronary Occlusion During Angiography Survival in
Coronary occlusion
Suirgical procedure
Sex
Technique
Medically Treated 51 1. E.B.
M
Judkins
CMFX embolus
none
2. F.D.
48
M
Judkinis
CMFX embolus
none
3. W.K.
43
M
Judkins
RCA dissection
none
4. J.W.
52
M
Judkins
ItCA dissection
none
5. M.F.
61
F
Judkins
CMFX embolus
none
6. K.R.
32
F
Sones
RCA (lissection
nonie
7. E.C.
49
F
Sones
RCA dissection
none
8. K.K.
50
M
Sones
RCA dissection
none
Patient
Age
Surgically Treated 9. V.D.
53
F
Judkins
MLCA dissection
CABG to LAD
10. A.P. 11. B. M.
40 47
M M
Judkins Judkins
MLCA fat embolus LAD) embolus
CABG to LAD CABG to LAD
12. C.S.
52
M
Sones
RCA dissection
CABG to LAD & RCA
Abbreviations: MLCA coronary artery; RCA
=
Resuilt
months to Jan., 1975
Subendocardial apical MI Transmural inferior MI Transmural inferior MI Transmural inferior MI Subendocardial apical MI Transmural inferior Ml Transient inferior ST-elevation Transmural inferior MI
35. mo
Transmural anteroseptal MI Died in O.R. Transmural anterolateral MI Transmural anteroseptal MI
39 mo
21 mo 35 mo
34 mo 19 mo 27 mo 33 mo 6 mo
died 19 mo 49 mo
= left main coronary artery; LAD = left anterior descending coronary artery; CMFX = circumflex right coronary artery; MI = myocardial infarction; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft (saphenous
vein). Circulation, Volume 52, December 1975
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
1065
CORONARY OCCLUSION Table 4
Table 3
Complications of Catheter-induced Acute Coronary Occlu-
Treatment of Acute Coronary Occlusion Sones Techinique Judkins Technique
RCA dissectioni RCA dissection MLCA dissection MLCA embolus LAD embolus CMFX embolus
Medical
Surgical
3 2 0 0 0 3
1
0 1 1
1 0
Abbreviations: RCA = right coronary artery; MLCA main left coronary artery; LAD = left anterior desceniding coronary artery; CMFX = circumflex coronary artery.
severe pain and initial inferior lead ST elevation. The arterial lumen was not totally occluded, and distal run-off could be seen angiographically (fig. 2.). This patient did not develop enzyme elvations, and the ECG reverted to its precatheterization pattern within 24 hours. All eight patients had a clinically benign course after the first 12 hours, and all patients were alive as of January, 1975. Surgically Treated Patients
Four patients underwent emergency myocardial revascularization with saphenous vein bypass grafts (tables 2, 3, and fig. 1). All patients but one with a MLCA dissection and normal distal vessels had severe three vessel disease. Bypass grafts were limited to the acutely involved vessel in patients 9, 10, and 11, but all technically bypassable and diseased vessels were grafted in patient 12. The decision to perform emergency revascularization was dictated by the occurrence of refractory ventricular fibrillation in two patients, both with acute occlusions of the MCLA. Both patients were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass in less than one hour after coronary occlusion. One patient had a fat embolus to the MCLA (documented at postmortem examination) and could not be sustained off cardiopulmonary bypass despite an embolectomy and saphenous vein bypass graft. The second patient, who survived surgery, had a dissection of the MLCA; and surgery consisted of a vein graft to the LAD coronary artery. Despite early surgical intervention, postoperatively this patient developed new Q waves in the anterior precordial leads and enzyme elevations consistent with an acute myocardial infarction. In the other two patients the decision to pursue surgery was based upon the presence of severe hypotension and significantly jeopardized myocardium in the distribution of the LAD coronary artery. One of these patients had an embolus to the LAD artery (fig. 3). The patient was placed on cardiopulmonary bypass within one and one-half hours after the acute occlusion. Despite early surgical intervention and demonstration of LAD graft
sion Medically treated
Total Infarct VF VT PVCs No arrhythmia Hvpotension
Slurgically treated
8 7 1 2 3
4 4 2 0 1
2 2
1 2
Abbreviations: VF = ventricular fibrillation; VT = ventricular tachycardia; PVCs = premature ventricullar contractions.
patency during a study performed two weeks postoperatively, the patient evolved an anterolateral infarct postoperatively with new Q waves and an akinetic anterolateral wall. The fourth surgically treated patient is especially interesting because almost all of the distal LAD blood supply came from RCA collaterals. When a RCA dissection occurred, there were marked ST and T wave abnormalities in the anterior precordial leads consistent with anterior ischemia. Despite emergency placement of a vein graft to the LAD and RCA in less than three hours after the acute occlusion, the patient developed new Q waves in precordial leads V1-V4 and enzyme elevations consistent with an acute myocardial infarction. In all four patients, infarct patterns were limited to the distribution of the acutely involved vessel as documented by ECG or angiographic evidence. The three survivors were discharged home and are alive as of January, 1975. Except for a resolving hip
Figure 1 Course of patients with acute coronary occlusions. All medically treated patients survived, and all but one sustained an acute myocardial infarction. Three of the four surgically treated patients survived surgery but all sustained transmural infarcts.
Circulation, Volume 52, December 1975
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
GUSS ET AL.
1066
:SO-
Figure 3
Figure 2 Right corontary artery (RCA) angiogram of patient 71. Upper panel) Flow through the RCA is complete before dissection occurs at the catheter tip. Middle panel) RCA dissection has occurred. Fragmentation Of contrast material is noted. However, the subintimal hematonia does not totally obstruct the lumen as distal passage of dye occturs. Lower panel) Ten seconds after the injection, hang-up and dye fragmrentation are still observed.
flexor paresis in patient 9 (table 2), survivors had clinically benign postoperative courses. Discussion
Myocardial infarction related to coronary angiography is fortunately a relatively rare complication. Our incidence of acute coronary occlusion during coronary angiography (0.4% for all coronary studies) is similar to other large centers where the occurrence is between 0.3 and 0.9% 3-7 although coronary complications have been reported in some centers to occur
Left coronary angiograrm of patient 11. Upper panel) Arrow points to .90, stenosis of proximal left anterior descending (LAD) artery. Flow continues distally. Middle panel) Arrow points to total occlusion of ILAD) due to thromboembolus. Projection is slightly different from uipper panel. Lower panel) Two weeks postoperatively coronary artery bypass graft to LAD is patent.
in 1.1 to 4.3% of studies.8 1 The number of acute occlusions for the Sones technique (4/2077, 0.19%) was considerably less than for the Judkins technique (8/904, 0.88%) and reflects the higher risk of the Judkins technique seen in many institutions.5 Two years after initiating the Judkins technique in our laboratory, systemic heparinization was instituted. Since that time, no thromboembolic coronary artery complications have occurred in 490 cases. This reduction in coronary occlusive complications with heparinization in our most recent cases has been seen in other laboratories also'1 but may reflect a decrease in the incidence of coronary dissections rather than the effect of heparin. In our laboratory, the Judkins technique now appears to be as safe as the Sones technique. In all cases of coronary dissection nonocclusive Circulation, Volume 52, December 1975
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
1067
CORONARY OCCLUSION
pressure recording and test injections had demonstrated adequate run-off of contrast agent prior to full coronary opacification. Dissections originated proximally near the catheter tip, and all patients had instrinsic disease of the right coronary artery (RCA), visualized angiographically, although the exact site of intimal tear could not always be correlated with an angiographically demonstrated plaque. In most cases, an atherosclerotic intima was probably lifted up. Avoidance of dissection by this mechanism may not be possible despite the most meticulous attention to detail and safety. One main left coronary artery (MLCA) dissection occurred in a patient with normal coronary arteries and may be related to problems inherent in the Judkins technique such as the limited fine control of the catheter and the wedging of the catheter tip in the coronary ostium. Several minutes elapsed before the development of chest pain after coronary dissections. It is postulated that it takes a matter of minutes before the subintimal hematoma totally occludes the lumen. Interestingly, in the one patient (patient 7, table 2) with a RCA dissection who did not develop an infarction, total luminal occlusion did not occur, and distal run-off of contrast medium was observed. This observation has been previously reported12 in a patient displaying resolution of the process on repeat catheterization five days later. One of us (S. Guss, unpublished observations from another institution) has also observed a similar patient with a RCA dissection without total luminal occlusion. No pain or ECG changes occurred, and no evidence of dissection could be detected on repeat catheterization 48 hours later. The decision to perform emergency myocardial revascularization was dictated by refractory ventricular fibrillation in two patients. One patient with a fat embolus to the MLCA died in the operating room after embolectomy and saphenous vein bypass surgery, despite the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass within one hour of the acute occlusion. The second patient with refractory ventricular fibrillation is alive today because of emergency surgery. Nevertheless, despite prompt institution of cardiopulmonary bypass, within 50 minutes after the acute episode this patient evolved an acute anterior infarct. In the other two patients, a surgical decision was predicated upon an assumption that a large segment of myocardium was jeopardized and because of significant hypotension. Despite early intervention (cardiopulmonary bypass in 1.5 hours in patient 11 and three hours in patient 12), both patients evolved postoperative infarcts by ECG (new Q waves) and enzyme elevations. In spite of this, in patient 11, postoperative graft patency was demonstrated angiographically at two weeks.
The importance of coronary collaterals has been in dispute for a long time. 131-7 In our patient 12 in whom the distal LAD was supplied principally by collaterals from the RCA (although some bridging collaterals were visualized), surgery to bypass an occlusion of the RCA was followed by development of a new anteroseptal infarction. In this case the presence of collateral pathways did not prevent development of permanent injury in an acutely ischemic area. This study reinforces the work of others who have demonstrated the feasibility of placing patients on cardiopulmonary bypass rapidly after an acute occlusion and the ability to operate safely on patients with acute infarcts.18-20 The real question is whether surgical intervention prevents the inevitability of myocardial infarction after an acute coronary occlusion or limits the necrotic process by revascularizing marginally perfused areas. We were unable to demonstrate any prophylaxis against infarction in our small series as all patients with total occlusions developed infarcts regardless of the therapy employed. As for infarct size reduction and myocardium salvage, dog experiments are contradictory. Beller et al.21 have shown nonhomogeneous myocardial blood distribution while Bresnahan et al.22 demonstrated hemorrhagic infarct extension in 44% of animals reperfused after coronary occlusion. However, Ross23 has recently shown improvement in ventricular function after the initial postoperative period has passed. Species differences may be important, and animal studies may not be applicable to humans who have chronic ischemia and coronary collateralization. Until more is known about infarct prevention and myocardium salvage with immediate surgical revascularization for acute coronary occlusion, we are recommending medical therapy for clinically stable patients. We would reserve immediate coronary artery bypass surgery for medically unstable patients with refractory ventricular fibrillation, severe hypotension, or pulmonary edema. Patients with MLCA lesions or LAD lesions will most frequently fall in this category. We would treat clinically stable patients with large amounts of myocardium in jeopardy medically until data suggesting that tissue salvage is likely to occur with surgical intervention becomes available. The risk of patients operated upon, often within an hour of acute coronary occlusion, developing new infarctions is too great. Acknowledgment We would like to thank Miss Cynthia Goss for her technical assistance and Miss Kathleen Conway for her help in typing this manuscript.
Circulation, Volume 52, December 1975
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
1068
GUSS ET AL. References
1. SONES FM, SHIREY EK: Cine-coronary arteriography. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis 31: 735, 1962 2. JUDKINS MP: Selective coronary arteriography: I. Percutaneous transfemoral technique. Radiology 89: 815, 1967 3. BALTAXE HA, LEVIN DC: Coronary angiography. Its roles in the management of the patient with angina pectoris. Circulation 46: 1161, 1972 4. Ross RJ, GORLIN R: Coronary arteriography. Circulation 37: (suppl III): Ill-67, 1968 5. ADAMS DF, FRASER DB, ABRAMS HL: The complications of coronary arteriography. Circulation 48: 609, 1973 6. BOURASSA MG, LESPERANCE J, CAMPEAL L: Selective coronary arteriography by the percutaneous femoral artery approach. Am J Roentgenol 107: 377, 1969
7. GREEN CS, MCKINNON M, BoSCH J, JUDKINS MP: Complications of selective percutaneous transfemoral coronary arteriography and their prevention. A review of 445 consecutive examinations. Circulation 45: 552, 1972 8. HASS JM, PETERSON CR, JONES RC: Subintimal dissection of the coronary arteries. A complication of selective coronary arteriography and the transfemoral percutaneous approach. Circulation 38: 678, 1968 9. DE LA TORRE A, JACOBS D, ALEMAN J, ANDERSON GA: Embolic coronary artery occlusion in percutaneous transfemoral coronary arteriography. Am Heart J 86: 467, 1973 10. TAKARO T, HULTCREN HN, LITTMAN D, WRIGHT EC: An analysis of deaths occurring in association with coronary arteriography. Am Heart J 86: 587, 1973
11. JUDKINS MP, GANDER MP Prevention of complications of coronary arteriography. Circulation 49: 599, 1974 12. GERACI AR, KRISHNASWAMI V, SELMAN MW: Aorto-coronary dissection complicating coronary arteriography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 65: 695, 1973
13. HELFANT RH, KEMP GH, GORLIN R: Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary collaterals and their relation to cardiac function. Ann Intern Med 73: 189, 1970 14. HELFANT RH, VOKONAS PS, GORLIN R: Functional importance of the human coronary collateral circulation. N Engl J Med 284: 1277, 1971 15. LAVINE P, FILIP Z, NAJMI M, KIMBIRIS D, SEGAL BL, LINHART JW: Clinical and hemodynamic evaluation of coronary collateral vessels in coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 87: 343, 1974 16. SPAIN DM, BRADESS VA, IRAL P, CRUZ A: Intercoronary anastomotic channels and sudden unexpected death from advanced coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 27: 12, 1963 17. BANKA VS, BODENHEIMER MM, HELFANT RH: Determinants of reversible asynergy. Effect of pathologic Q waves, coronary collaterals, and anatomic location. Ciruculation 50: 714, 1974 18. COHN- LH, GORLIN R, HERMAN MV, COLLINS JJ: Aorto-coronary bypass for acute coronary occlusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 64: 503, 1972 19. PIFARRE R, SPINAZZOLA A, NEMICKAS R, SCANLON PJ, TOBIN JR: Emergency aortocoronary bypass for acute myocardial infarction. Arch Surg 103: 525, 1971 20. CHEANVECHAI C, EFFLER DB, LooP FD, GROVES IK, SHELDON WC, RAZAVI M, SONES FM: Emergency myocardial revascularization. Am J Cardiol 32: 901, 1973 21. BELLER GA, SMITH TW, HoOD WB: Altered regional myocardial blood flow following coronary reperfusion in acute myocardial ischemia. (abstr) Clin Res 22: 262A, 1974 22. BRESNAHAN GF, ROBERTS R, SHELL WE, Ross J, SOBEL BE: Deleterious effects due to hemorrhage after myocardial reperfusion. Am J Cardiol 33: 82, 1974 23. Ross J; Early revascularization after coronary occlusion. Circulation 50: 1061, 1974
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
Coronary occlusion during coronary angiography. S B Guss, L M Zir, H B Garrison, W M Daggett, P C Block and R E Dinsmore Circulation. 1975;52:1063-1068 doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.52.6.1063 Circulation is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Copyright © 1975 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online ISSN: 1524-4539
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/52/6/1063
Permissions: Requests for permissions to reproduce figures, tables, or portions of articles originally published in Circulation can be obtained via RightsLink, a service of the Copyright Clearance Center, not the Editorial Office. Once the online version of the published article for which permission is being requested is located, click Request Permissions in the middle column of the Web page under Services. Further information about this process is available in the Permissions and Rights Question and Answer document. Reprints: Information about reprints can be found online at: http://www.lww.com/reprints Subscriptions: Information about subscribing to Circulation is online at: http://circ.ahajournals.org//subscriptions/
Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at CONS CALIFORNIA DIG LIB on March 29, 2015
