This article was downloaded by: [ECU Libraries] On: 22 April 2015, At: 19:27 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujpd20
Crack Use and Correlates of Use in a National Population of Street Heroin Users a
b
c
c
Duane C. McBride , James A. Inciardi , Dale D. Chitwood , Clyde B. McCoy & The National AIDS Research Consortium a
Andrews University, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Institute of Alcoholism and Drug Dependency b
Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies, University of Delaware
c
University of Miami, Comprehensive Drug Research Center, School of Medicine Published online: 18 Jan 2012.
To cite this article: Duane C. McBride , James A. Inciardi , Dale D. Chitwood , Clyde B. McCoy & The National AIDS Research Consortium (1992) Crack Use and Correlates of Use in a National Population of Street Heroin Users, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 24:4, 411-416, DOI: 10.1080/02791072.1992.10471665 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1992.10471665
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
Crack Use and Correlates of Use in a National
Population of Street Heroin Userst
Downloaded by [ECU Libraries] at 19:27 22 April 2015
Duane C. McBride*; James A. Inciardi**; Dale D. Chitwood***; Clyde B. McCoy*** & The National AIDS Research Consortium**** Abstract- Traditionally, researchers and clinicians have viewed street heroin users as representing an end point in a drug -using career. It is toward this population that major national treatment efforts have been directed. Concomitant with the historical national concern about heroin use has been concern about the increase in crack cocaine use. There has been speculation that crack use may have become a substitute for the higher risk of heroin injection. This article examines the impact of crack use in a national population of heroin users. It was consistently found that there was a correlation between the frequency of crack use and the frequency of speedballing as well as the use of other forms of cocaine, amphetamines, and marijuana. There was also a positive relationship between frequency o f crack use and such HIV risk behaviors as renting needles and having a large number of sex partners. The d ata suggest that in this population of heroin users, crack is not a substitute for heroin but rather is a part of a drug -use pattern that includes an increased use of other drugs and increased high-risk behaviors for contracting HIV. Keywords- correlates of use, crack cocaine , heroin, HIV high-risk behaviors, injecting drug users
Traditionally, researchers and clinicians in the drug field have viewed heroin use as the end point in a drug-
using career. Most users initiated their drug careers with alcohol, followed by inhalants and/or marijuana, and then a range of stimulants, depressants, and narcotics. By the Lime they were injecting heroin, they were seen as members of a hard-core population that was alienated from the wider society, committed to an addict lifestyle, and in need of extensive treatment and social service intervention, yet among the most difficult to impact with treatment assistance (Nurco et al. 1981; Stephens 1991). Furthermore, during the past decade, this population has emerged as a major risk group for HIV infection because of intravenous (IV) injection, the chief route of heroin intake (Centers for Disease Control 1992; Turner, Miller & Moses 1989; Galea, Lewis & Baker 1988). A concomitant problem in the American drug scene is the widespread use of crack cocaine, which has recently been associated with the spread of HIV and AIDS through sex-for-crack exchanges (Forney, Inciardi & Lockwood 1992; Chiasson et al. 1991; Inciardi et al. 1991 ; Bowser 1989; Fullilove & Fullilove 1989). Furthermore, there has been speculation that the increased use of crack in some communities may represent a switch from the higher HIV risk of injecting drugs to the lower risk of smoking crack
tRescarch supported by National Institute of Drug Abuse Grant Rl8A05349. *Andrews University, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Institute of Alcoholism and Drug Dependency. ••Director, Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies, University of Delaware . •••University of Miami, Comprehensive Drug Research Center, School of Medicine. ••••Principal investigators and members of the Consortium who contributed to the data contained in this article include: Marcia Andersen, Ph.D.; Robert Baxter, M.Ed.; Sandra Baxter; George Beschner, M.S.W.; Patrick Biernacki, Ph.D.; Stanley Broadnax, M.D.; Vivian Brown, Ph.D.; Larry DeNeal, Ph.D.; Sherry Deren, Ph.D.; Antonio Estrada, Ph.D.; David Fleming, M.D.; Samuel Friedman, Ph.D.; Sena Gates; Peggy Glider, Ph.D.; Ted Hammett, Ph.D.; Dana HIDlt, Ph.D.; Lynne Kotranski, Ph.D.; Clyde McCoy, Ph.D.; Josette Mondanaro, M.D.; Harvey Musikoff, Ph.D.; Richard Needle, Ph.D.; Fen Rhodes, Ph.D.; Rafaela Robles , Ed.D.; Roy Ross; Bruce Rounsaville, M.D.; Jean Schensul, Ph.D.; Vernon Shorty; Harvey Siegal, Ph.D.; Merrill Singer, Ph.D.; Frederick Snyder, Ph.D.; Barbara Sowder, Ph.D.; Richard Stephens, Ph.D.; Sally Stevens, Ph.D.; Kenneth Vogtsberger, M.D.; Judith Walton; Deena Watson, M.S.; Wayne Weibel, Ph.D.; Mark Williams, Ph.D.; Robert Wood, M.D. Please address reprint requests to Duane C. McBride, Andrews University, Department of Behavioral Sciences, 123 Nethery Hall, Berrien Springs, Michigan 49104. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
411
Vol. 24(4), Oct- Dec 1992
McBride et al .
Crack Use and Correlates of Heroin Use
TABLE I USE OF CRACK COCAINE MORE THAN ONCE PER DAY AMONG SELECTED SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS Groups Males Females
Downloaded by [ECU Libraries] at 19:27 22 April 2015
Black Hispanic While Native American Asian Age 10-2 1 22-29 30-34 35-39 40-49 50+ Full-lime job Part-lime job Occasionally employed Unemployed
Group % Using>Once/day 15,454 6,618
Tests 15.4 25.2
12,305 4,022 5,233 380 132
23 .9 13.5 9.7 12.4 9.8
x =t,776.76,p
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujpd20
Crack Use and Correlates of Use in a National Population of Street Heroin Users a
b
c
c
Duane C. McBride , James A. Inciardi , Dale D. Chitwood , Clyde B. McCoy & The National AIDS Research Consortium a
Andrews University, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Institute of Alcoholism and Drug Dependency b
Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies, University of Delaware
c
University of Miami, Comprehensive Drug Research Center, School of Medicine Published online: 18 Jan 2012.
To cite this article: Duane C. McBride , James A. Inciardi , Dale D. Chitwood , Clyde B. McCoy & The National AIDS Research Consortium (1992) Crack Use and Correlates of Use in a National Population of Street Heroin Users, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 24:4, 411-416, DOI: 10.1080/02791072.1992.10471665 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1992.10471665
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
Crack Use and Correlates of Use in a National
Population of Street Heroin Userst
Downloaded by [ECU Libraries] at 19:27 22 April 2015
Duane C. McBride*; James A. Inciardi**; Dale D. Chitwood***; Clyde B. McCoy*** & The National AIDS Research Consortium**** Abstract- Traditionally, researchers and clinicians have viewed street heroin users as representing an end point in a drug -using career. It is toward this population that major national treatment efforts have been directed. Concomitant with the historical national concern about heroin use has been concern about the increase in crack cocaine use. There has been speculation that crack use may have become a substitute for the higher risk of heroin injection. This article examines the impact of crack use in a national population of heroin users. It was consistently found that there was a correlation between the frequency of crack use and the frequency of speedballing as well as the use of other forms of cocaine, amphetamines, and marijuana. There was also a positive relationship between frequency o f crack use and such HIV risk behaviors as renting needles and having a large number of sex partners. The d ata suggest that in this population of heroin users, crack is not a substitute for heroin but rather is a part of a drug -use pattern that includes an increased use of other drugs and increased high-risk behaviors for contracting HIV. Keywords- correlates of use, crack cocaine , heroin, HIV high-risk behaviors, injecting drug users
Traditionally, researchers and clinicians in the drug field have viewed heroin use as the end point in a drug-
using career. Most users initiated their drug careers with alcohol, followed by inhalants and/or marijuana, and then a range of stimulants, depressants, and narcotics. By the Lime they were injecting heroin, they were seen as members of a hard-core population that was alienated from the wider society, committed to an addict lifestyle, and in need of extensive treatment and social service intervention, yet among the most difficult to impact with treatment assistance (Nurco et al. 1981; Stephens 1991). Furthermore, during the past decade, this population has emerged as a major risk group for HIV infection because of intravenous (IV) injection, the chief route of heroin intake (Centers for Disease Control 1992; Turner, Miller & Moses 1989; Galea, Lewis & Baker 1988). A concomitant problem in the American drug scene is the widespread use of crack cocaine, which has recently been associated with the spread of HIV and AIDS through sex-for-crack exchanges (Forney, Inciardi & Lockwood 1992; Chiasson et al. 1991; Inciardi et al. 1991 ; Bowser 1989; Fullilove & Fullilove 1989). Furthermore, there has been speculation that the increased use of crack in some communities may represent a switch from the higher HIV risk of injecting drugs to the lower risk of smoking crack
tRescarch supported by National Institute of Drug Abuse Grant Rl8A05349. *Andrews University, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Institute of Alcoholism and Drug Dependency. ••Director, Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies, University of Delaware . •••University of Miami, Comprehensive Drug Research Center, School of Medicine. ••••Principal investigators and members of the Consortium who contributed to the data contained in this article include: Marcia Andersen, Ph.D.; Robert Baxter, M.Ed.; Sandra Baxter; George Beschner, M.S.W.; Patrick Biernacki, Ph.D.; Stanley Broadnax, M.D.; Vivian Brown, Ph.D.; Larry DeNeal, Ph.D.; Sherry Deren, Ph.D.; Antonio Estrada, Ph.D.; David Fleming, M.D.; Samuel Friedman, Ph.D.; Sena Gates; Peggy Glider, Ph.D.; Ted Hammett, Ph.D.; Dana HIDlt, Ph.D.; Lynne Kotranski, Ph.D.; Clyde McCoy, Ph.D.; Josette Mondanaro, M.D.; Harvey Musikoff, Ph.D.; Richard Needle, Ph.D.; Fen Rhodes, Ph.D.; Rafaela Robles , Ed.D.; Roy Ross; Bruce Rounsaville, M.D.; Jean Schensul, Ph.D.; Vernon Shorty; Harvey Siegal, Ph.D.; Merrill Singer, Ph.D.; Frederick Snyder, Ph.D.; Barbara Sowder, Ph.D.; Richard Stephens, Ph.D.; Sally Stevens, Ph.D.; Kenneth Vogtsberger, M.D.; Judith Walton; Deena Watson, M.S.; Wayne Weibel, Ph.D.; Mark Williams, Ph.D.; Robert Wood, M.D. Please address reprint requests to Duane C. McBride, Andrews University, Department of Behavioral Sciences, 123 Nethery Hall, Berrien Springs, Michigan 49104. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
411
Vol. 24(4), Oct- Dec 1992
McBride et al .
Crack Use and Correlates of Heroin Use
TABLE I USE OF CRACK COCAINE MORE THAN ONCE PER DAY AMONG SELECTED SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS Groups Males Females
Downloaded by [ECU Libraries] at 19:27 22 April 2015
Black Hispanic While Native American Asian Age 10-2 1 22-29 30-34 35-39 40-49 50+ Full-lime job Part-lime job Occasionally employed Unemployed
Group % Using>Once/day 15,454 6,618
Tests 15.4 25.2
12,305 4,022 5,233 380 132
23 .9 13.5 9.7 12.4 9.8
x =t,776.76,p
