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IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-12 (2016) 1448–1453 Resilience and Vulnerability in Supply Chain: Literature review Resilience and Vulnerability in Chain: Resilience and Vulnerability in Supply Supply Chain: Literature Literature review review H. Elleuch*. E. Dafaoui**.

A. Elmhamedi**. H.Dafaoui**. Chabchoub*** H. E. H. Elleuch*. Elleuch*. Dafaoui**.  E. A. Elmhamedi**. H. Chabchoub*** A. Elmhamedi**. H. Chabchoub*** 

 * University of Sfax, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, Tunisia (Tel: 216 27 58 41 21; e-mail: [email protected]). * of Sfax, of and Sciences, * University University** of University Sfax, Faculty Faculty of Economic Economic and Management Management Paris 8, Paris, France, (e-mail: Sciences, Tunisia (Tel: 216 27 58 41 21; e-mail: [email protected]). Tunisia (Tel:{e.dafaoui, 216 27 58 a.elmhamedi}@iut.univ-paris8.fr) 41 21; e-mail: [email protected]). ** Paris Paris, (e-mail: ** University University Paris 8, 8, School Paris, France, France, (e-mail: *** International of Business, {e.dafaoui, a.elmhamedi}@iut.univ-paris8.fr) {e.dafaoui, a.elmhamedi}@iut.univ-paris8.fr) Sfax, Tunisia, (e-mail: [email protected]) *** *** International International School School of of Business, Business, Sfax, Tunisia, (e-mail: [email protected]) Sfax, Tunisia, (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: Resilience and vulnerability in the supply chain are two concepts that fall within the area of risk management. These two concepts are the factors ensuring the performance and sustainability ofarea the supply Abstract: Resilience and vulnerability in the chain are two concepts that within the Abstract: and vulnerability in the supply supply chain arethe two concepts thatoffall fall withinon thevulnerability area of of risk risk chain. TheResilience main aimtwo of this paper is tothe synthesis and review state of the and art research management. These concepts are factors ensuring the performance sustainability of the supply management.and These two concepts are the factors ensuring the performance and sustainability of the supply management resilience in this context. Through structured review of the literature, this study provides chain. The aim of is to review the state of art of research vulnerability chain. The main main aim of this this paper paper to synthesis synthesis and andresearch review in thethis state of the the art of research on on vulnerability an overview of the conceptual andiscontext. methodological field, not as a collection of independent management and resilience in this Through structured review of the literature, this study provides management and resilience in this context. Through structured review of the literature, this study items, but as a whole, in an integrated manner. We provide the consideration of a review of provides relevant an overview of the conceptual and methodological research in this field, not as a collection of independent an overview of the conceptual and methodological research in the this various field, notissues as a collection of independent literature methods and approaches developed to understand raised in the domain of items, but aa whole, in integrated manner. We provide the consideration of of relevant items, but as asand whole, in an an integrated manner. We provide thecover consideration of aa review review ofproblems relevant vulnerability resilience in the supply chain. Our intention is to the full spectrum of these literature methods and developed to the various issues the domain of literature methodspotential and approaches approaches developed to understand understand the and various issues raised raised in infor thenovice domainand of and to provide challenges, along with conclusions recommendations vulnerability and resilience in the supply chain. Our intention is to cover the full spectrum of these problems vulnerability and resilience in the supply chain. Our intention is to cover the full spectrum of these problems researchers by positioning most promising paths of future research.recommendations Particular attention was paid to and to potential challenges, along and to provide provide potential challenges,measurement. along with with conclusions conclusions and and recommendations for for novice novice and and researches that focus on performance researchers by positioning most promising paths of future research. Particular attention was researchers by positioning most promising paths of future research. Particular attention was paid paid to to researches that focus on measurement. Keywords: Supply Chain, Risk, Resilience, Vulnerability, Performance © 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by measurement Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. researches that focus on performance performance measurement. Keywords: Supply Chain, Chain, Risk, Risk, Resilience, Resilience, Vulnerability, Vulnerability, Performance measurement measurement  Keywords: Supply Performance  1. INTRODUCTION  1. INTRODUCTION Resilience and vulnerability in supply chain are a closely 1. INTRODUCTION concepts. The model of Gallopins (2006) are suggests the Resilience and vulnerability in supply aa closely Resilience and vulnerability invulnerability supply chain chainand are resilience. closely conceptual linkages between concepts. The model of Gallopins (2006) suggests the concepts. model of Gallopins (2006)as suggests Within its The model, resilience isvulnerability considered a resilience. subset the or conceptual linkages between and conceptual linkages between vulnerability anddetermining resilience. component of a systems capacity of response for Within its resilience is as subset or Within its model, model, resilience is considered considered as aa(2010) subset has or how vulnerable a system is. In addition, Pettit component of a systems capacity of response for determining component of a systems capacity of response for determining validated through its empirical study that supply chain how vulnerable aa system is. Pettit (2010) how vulnerable system is. In In addition, addition, Pettit (2010) has has resilience increases as capabilities increase and vulnerabilities validated through its empirical study that supply chain validated through its empirical study that supply chain decrease. Hollnagelas (2011) consider fourandcomponents of resilience increases increase vulnerabilities resilience increases as capabilities capabilities and vulnerabilities resilience: knowing what to do,consider whatincrease to look for,components what to expect decrease. Hollnagel (2011) four of decrease. Hollnagel of (2011) consider four components and what has happened. Vulnerability has essentially dealt with resilience: knowing what to do, what to look for, what to expect resilience: knowing what to do, whatIttoislook for, what to expect the ability to know what to expect. therefore obvious the and what has Vulnerability has essentially dealt with and what has happened. happened. Vulnerability has essentially dealt close relationship between resilience and vulnerably so with itthe is the ability to know what to expect. It is therefore obvious the ability that to know what to expect. It should is therefore obvious the necessary any search in this field focus on the two close relationship between and vulnerably so it close relationship between resilience resilience and vulnerably so it is isa concepts in ananyassociated way.field Theshould literature has seen necessary that search in this focus on the two necessary that any search in this field should focus on the two continuous growth in the number ofThe articles focusing on seen supply concepts in associated way. has concepts in an an and associated way. vulnerability The literature literature haspast seenfewaa chain resilience supply chain in the continuous growth in the number of articles focusing on supply continuous growth in the of articles focusingthe onstate supply years, but little effort hasnumber been made to summarize of chain resilience and supply chain vulnerability in the past few chain resilience and supply chain vulnerability in the past few the art but on resilience and vulnerability in summarize supply chain. years, little effort has been made to the state years, but little effort has been made to summarize the state of of the on and in chain. Theart paper aims to provide some answers to this problem by the art on resilience resilience and vulnerability vulnerability in supply supply chain. making a aims relevant analysissome of the literature on the both The paper to provide to this by The paperTo aims provide some answers answers toresearch this problem problem by concepts. do to this, we propose adequate approach making a relevant analysis of the literature on the both making a relevant analysis of the literature on the both as a guideTothrough the existing literature. It is based on the concepts. do we propose research approach concepts. do this, this, weappropriate propose adequate adequate researchdatabases, approach choice ofTothrough the most bibliographic as a guide the existing literature. It is based on as a guide and through the for existing literature. basedrelevant on the the passwords criteria the selection of Ittheis most choice of the most appropriate bibliographic databases, choice of the most appropriate bibliographic databases, articles. ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, Emerald andrelevant Wiley passwords and criteria for selection the most passwords and criteriaused for the the selectioninof ofthe thetitles, mostkeywords relevant are the main databases for research articles. articles. ScienceDirect, ScienceDirect, Taylor Taylor & & Francis, Francis, Emerald Emerald and and Wiley Wiley are the main databases used for research in the titles, are the main databases used for research in the titles, keywords keywords

and abstracts in journals and conference papers. The scientific papers used are selected regardless of the date of The publication. and and abstracts abstracts in in journals journals and and conference conference papers. papers. The scientific scientific papers used are selected regardless of the date of publication. The main objective of this study is to works papers used are selected regardless ofpresent the datethe ofvarious publication. in this area not as a collection of independent items, but as a The main objective of study to present various works The main objective of this this study is is to provide present the the various works whole, in an integrated manner. We the consideration in this area as of independent items, but in this area not not as aa collection collection independent items, but as astoaa of a review ofintegrated relevant methodsofWe and approaches developed whole, in an manner. provide the consideration whole, in anthe integrated We provide theliterature. consideration understand existing manner. issues discussed in the Our of aa review of relevant methods and approaches developed to of review of relevant methods and approaches developed to intention is the to cover theissues mostdiscussed spectrumsinofthethese problems. understand existing literature. Our understand the existing issues discussed in thethat literature. Our Particular attention was paid to research focus on intention is cover most of these intention is to to cover the the most spectrums spectrums ofremainder these problems. problems. performance measures in supply chains. The of this Particular attention was paid to research that focus on Particular attention was paid to research that focus on article is organized as follows: Section 2 presents an overview performance measures in supply chains. The remainder of this performance measures in supply chains. The remainder of this of the concepts of risk, vulnerability and2resilience in the supply article is as Section an article isAorganized organized as follows: follows: Section 2 presents presents an overview overview chain. literature review covering the resilience and of the concepts of risk, vulnerability and resilience in the supply of the concepts of risk, vulnerability and resilience in the supply vulnerability in supplyreview chain is presented in resilience the section 3. chain. A literature covering the and chain. A covering resilience and Section 4 is literature devoted to review explore the existingthe links within articles vulnerability in supply chain is presented in the section 3. vulnerability in supply chain isFinally, presented in the section 3. with performance measurement. welinks conclude and give Section 4 is devoted to explore the existing within articles Section 4research is devoted to explore the existing links within articles potential opportunities. with with performance performance measurement. measurement. Finally, Finally, we we conclude conclude and and give give potential research opportunities. 2. RISKS, VULNERABILITY potential research opportunities. AND RESILIENCE IN SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE IN 2. 2. RISKS, RISKS, VULNERABILITY VULNERABILITY AND AND RESILIENCE IN SUPPLY In recent years, issues relatedCHAIN to risk, vulnerability and SUPPLY CHAIN resilience in supplyissues chains have become important subjectsand of In recent to vulnerability In recent Ityears, years, issues related related to risk, risk, vulnerability and research. is therefore necessary initially to define the resilience in supply chains have become important subjects resilience supply chains have important subjects of of concepts ofin risk, vulnerability andbecome resilience in this context. research. It is therefore necessary initially to define research. It is therefore necessary initially to define the the concepts of vulnerability concepts of risk, risk, vulnerability and and resilience resilience in in this this context. context. 2.1 Concept of risk 2.1 of 2.1 Concept Concept of risk riskGuide 73 defines risk as "the combination of ISO / IEC (2002) the probability ofGuide an event and its risk consequences." From this ISO // IEC (2002) 73 as "the of ISO IEC (2002) Guide 73 defines defines by riskthe as product "the combination combination of point of view, risk is characterized "probability the probability of an event and its consequences." From this the probability of an event and its consequences." From this point point of of view, view, risk risk is is characterized characterized by by the the product product "probability "probability

Copyright © 2016 IFAC 1448 2405-8963 © 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer review©under of International Federation of Automatic Copyright 2016 responsibility IFAC 1448Control. Copyright © 2016 IFAC 1448 10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.07.775

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× impact». Petit (2009) defines it as "a combination of the state of a system and its sensitivity to hazards that could cause consequences. The risk therefore consists of triplet: Hazard, state of the system and consequences". With these definitions, the risk appears as a dynamic concept. According to (Gourc, 2006), the risk is also multifaceted (Fig. 1). Risk source

Hazard event + State (Vulnerability)

Disruption

Consequences

Fig. 1. Risk vision (adapted from Gourc, 2006). In supply chain, risk is defined by Zsidisin and Ritchie (2008) as “the probability of an incident associated with inbound supply from individual supplier failure or the supply market occurring, in which its outcomes result in the inability of the purchasing firm to meet customer demand or cause threats to customer life and safety". Companies must adapt suitable methodologies and tools that enable them to identify, assess risk and their vulnerability in order to increase the resilience of their supply chain, otherwise their ability to maintain a level of performance and regain a state of stability whatever the events or disturbances to which they may be confronted (Christopher et al, 2004). Given the importance of the concept of risk, in this case because it is as much a source of losses as gains, the risk must be mastered. Therefore, the inclusion of "risk areas" in supply chains is fundamental. 2.2 Concept of vulnerability Vulnerability is an exogenous variable that determines the risk through the intensity of the impact generated or caused damage. According to (Bonnefous et al, 1997), "Vulnerability is the status or the degree of fragility of a system." According to (CRAIM, 2007), "Vulnerability is the readiness with risk" in this context, vulnerability is characterized by the capacity of the system and its preparation to face the hazard or anticipated consequences. (Pettit, 2009) defines it as "The potential for a system to be affected by internal and / or external hazards. Vulnerability is determined from three characteristics: the predisposition to risk, elasticity to withstand shock and strength-building (Gondard, 2004). Risk analysis by the angle of vulnerability is considered as the fruit of own malfunction to the system. In the case of supply chains, there are many causes of increased vulnerability. The supply chains were previously local and integrals, they have become global and modular (Laville, 2006). In terms of risk management, the concept of resilience, which will be the next subsection, seems to impose itself as an alternative for managing risks. 2.3 Concept of resilience Resilience is a concept widely used in many fields, such as the engineering, the environmental science and the organizational research (Pettit, 2010). This subject has motivated researchers and practitioners to increasingly explore the concept of resilience in the field of supply chain and lead to conceptual frameworks dedicated. However, there is no consensus on the definition of resilience. Some authors like (Tang, 2006; Zsidisin and Ritchie, 2008) defined it as the ability of a system to keep functioning despite a major disturbance and recover its

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operation after a major disturbance. Applied to the supply chain, resilience is the ability to return to a stable state after a disturbance (failure of a supplier, unforeseen increase in demand ...) (Laville, 2006). In industrial engineering, supply chain resilience has become a major concern for managers. Indeed, supply chains are becoming increasingly complex in a globalized economy and its efficiency may give the company a competitive advantage in a market (Christopher et al, 2004). In this context, resilience is defined as the ability of a system to return to its original state or a more favourable condition, after being disturbed. It is therefore necessary for organizations to consider the resilience of their supply chain as a component of continuity. Beyond a simple trend, resilience proves to be a new concept in risk management. Contrary to the notion of vulnerability, resilience has a positive connotation. This term refers to the four components of the cycle of risk management: preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery. Robustness, resources and recovery are three key elements of resilience (Fisher et al., 2010). This proactive approach seeks to improve the ability of organizations to manage and prevent risk. Among advices in literature to build supply chain resilience, we cite redundancy, flexibility and cultural change (Sheffi, 2005), vulnerability management (McManus et al, 2008), supply chain collaboration (Christopher et al, 2004). 3. LITERATURE REVIEW DEALING WITH SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE AND VULNERABILITY We observed a growing interest in considering supply chain resilience in the last two years with six articles in 2014 and seven articles in 2015 against two articles in 2010. The most discussed issues were on the conceptualization and on identifying attributes and factors of resilience. However, there was a slight tendency in the last years on design, planning, scheduling and selection of suppliers. In regards to vulnerability in supply chain, the literature is less rich and tendency is rather stable with one or two papers per year at the most from 2005 and 2013. The most discussed issues were on examining drivers of vulnerability, assessing and quantifying vulnerability. Common tools between the two concepts are graph theory, survey literature review and simulation. However, tools used depend on triplet: concept, issue discussed and approach. 3.1 Supply chain resilience The literature has taken various approaches on examining resilience for dealing with several approaches, including analytical for selection, for instance, (Adtiya, 2014) and (Rajesh, 2015) employed multicriteria methods for selecting a supplier in a context of resilient supply chain. (Soni et al, 2014) used graph theory interpretative structural modeling for identifying and ranking enablers of supply chain resilience. Optimization approach was considered by several studies, focusing on inventory optimization, quantity ordering and transportation routing in resilient supply chain (Kristianto et al, 2014; Sawik, 2013) and presenting proactive and reactive strategies to the recovery policies under conditions of ripple effect (Ivanov et al, 2015). Design and planning model for efficient restoration strategies and maximized resilience

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towards disruptions were addressed in optimization way (Gong et al, 2014; Cardoso et al, 2015). In the same way, (Xiao et al, 2014) used linear mixed integer programming for selection stations in a distribution network minimizing costs and maximizing the resilience. Conceptual researches are focused on investigating the concept of resilience in general context of supply chain (Proper, 2011; Mensah et al, 2014; Fiksel, 2003). Special issues are addressed to deal with searching appropriate tools and strategies for resilience (Mensah et al, 2014), identify and explore the relations ships of resilience with vulnerability and supply chain management (Jüttner et al, 2011), examine the relationships among entities in resilient supply chain (Kim et al, 2015), measure resilience and the role of system dynamics in resilience (Spiegel et al, 2012). Empirical approach in turn was extensively adopted in the literature, for instance, attributes and practices for improving resilience were examined into several empirical studies (Demmer et al, 2011; Nikookar et al, 2014; Ambulkar et al, 2015; Leat et al, 2013), while some studies addressed the focus on the general concept of resilience (Pettit et al, 2010; Proper, 2011). Moreover, developing tools for assessing current state of resilience was dealt in literature (Fakoor et al, 2013; Pettit et al, 2013). On the other hand, simulation approach was used for evaluating supply chain scenarios for improving supply chain resilience (Carvalho et al, 2012). In the same way, (Colicchia et al, 2010) have used simulation for examining the improvement of supply chain resilience with reference to the global sourcing process. On their side, Spiegel et al, (2012) used simulation for examining resilience performance according to the lead-time. Finally, probabilistic approach was used for addressing the uncertainty of disruption in resilient system (Abolghasemi et al, 2015; Cardoso et al, 2015). In the light of the literature review, we note that various issues on supply chain resilience have been considered. Thus, resilience measuring and quantifying were discussed in both quantitative and qualitative studies (Soni et al, 2014; Fakoor et al, 2013; Pettit et al, 2013; Spiegel et al, 2012). The problematic of design and planning for resilient supply chain was dealt almost in deterministic and quantitative approaches (Fiksel, 2003; Kristianto et al, 2014; Gong et al, 2014; Cardoso, 2015; Munoz et al, 2015). Selecting resilient strategies, resilient scenarios and resilient suppliers were tackled in (Adtiya, 2014; Rajesh, 2015; Soni, 2014 and Xiao, 2014). Scheduling logistics flow by optimal selecting parts from supplier and quantity ordering was rarely addressed in literature (Sawik et al, 2013). The literature covering the examination of the concept of supply chain resilience with the concept of vulnerability was provided in (Colicchia et al, 2010; Pettit et al, 2010; Pettit et al, 2013; Jüttner et al, 2011). In table 1, we summarize the reviewed articles, measures, and levels of analysis of the supply network disruption and resilience. 3.2 Supply chain vulnerability Vulnerability in supply chain as a related concept, have been less discussed in the literature relatively compared to the resilience. The review in this domain showed a clustering of studies into empirical, analytical and conceptual approaches.

Examine drivers of supply chain vulnerability was considered in empirical approaches by (Wagner et al, 2006); (Peck, 2005) and (Wagner et al, 2012), while identifying practices for reducing supply chain vulnerability was addressed in (Wagner et al, 2012). Analytical approach studies focused almost in assessing and quantifying vulnerability index for control and monitoring in (Wagner et al, 2010), to serve as a guide for process redesign in (Vlajic et al, 2012) and by optimizing the net value of revenues in (Bogataj et al, 2007). Econometric model was used by (Hennet et al, 2010) to represent flow dynamics in a network of enterprises and their responses to strong disturbances from demand and offer side. In the case of (Chen et al, 2013), vulnerability costs were figured among other logistic costs for evaluating the performance of supply chain. On the other hand, conceptual studies had the focus on assessing the vulnerability from different perspectives, for instance, to measure vulnerability index of different supply chain structures (Neureuther et al, 2009), while other works have provided an understanding of the relationships between vulnerability, risk and management in supply chain. In table 2, we review the papers on supply chain vulnerability. 4. RESILIENCE AND VULNERABILITY IN SUPPLY CHAIN FROM PERFORMANCE MEASUMENT PERSPECTIVE In this section, we will present the published contributions that address the relationship between resilience or vulnerability and supply chain performance. The main finding showed that performance measurement was implemented in several research studies related resilience and vulnerability in supply chain. The literature related to supply chain resilience has dealt with performance measurement in different ways. For instance, by comparing performances of suppliers in resilience (Rajesh, 2015), by using performance criteria to measure resilience (Spiegel et al, 2012; Demmer et al, 2011; Munoz et al, 2015) and for measuring the impact of ripple effect on supply chain (Ivanov et al, 2015), However, (Nikookar et al, 2014) have developed a model for discovering resilience practices that improve performance in supply chain. (Cardoso et al, 2015) have addressed the design of supply chain involving resilience metrics for assessing the performance of supply chains operating under demand uncertainty. In their paper, (Carvalho et al, 2012) have evaluated supply chain scenarios for improving resilience by using performance measures. Examining the link between resilience and performance was addressed empirically by (Proper et al, 2011) and (Pettit et al, 2013). On the other hand, many scholars and researchers have seen the topic of relationship between vulnerability and supply chain performance as a great opportunity to be explored and thus helping practitioners in business continuity and competitive advantage. In this regard (Wagner et al, 2012) examined empirically the relationships between supply chain vulnerability and performance. In their study, (Hennet et al, 2010) proposed an econometric model to construct some vulnerability indicators in supply chain. Considering specific vulnerability indicators such as the cost was addressed by (Chen et al, 2013), (Vlajic et al, 2012) proposed a method for assessing the supply chain vulnerability by measuring the variability of key performance indicators.

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Table 1. Classification of relevant issues in the literature related resiliency in supply chain Techniques used

Links with measurement

TOPSIS, Fuzzy logic, AHP, ANP, Grey relational analysis

Comparing the performance suppliers for selection

ANP

The proposed criteria are evaluated by the most appropriate practices and the KPI’s

Graph theory, Interpretative Structural Modeling

–

Empirical approach

SWOT analysis, literature review, survey, Focus group

-

Develop method and tool to measure resilience in supply chain

Empirical approach

Survey, literature review

-

Conceptualize the supply chain resilience

Conceptual approach

Systematic literature graph theory,

Spiegel et al (2012)

Search the existence ways to measure resilience and examine the role of system dynamic in resilience.

Conceptual and analytical approach

System dynamics model, linear and nonlinear model, simulation, Matlab

Use performance criteria for measuring resilience in supply chain

Fiksel (2003)

Provide the concept of a resilient and sustainable system design protocol. An explicit consideration for resilience in systems engineering and the larger systems.

Widespread conceptual approach

Literature review

Give examples of anticipated performance sustainable systems

Kristianto et al (2014), Sawik (2013)

Inventory optimization, quantity ordering and transportation routing in resilient supply chain

Analytical approach for optimization

Gong et al (2014), Cardoso et al (2015)

Design and planning model for efficient restoration strategies and maximized resilience towards disruptions

Analytical approach for optimization

Xiao (2014)

Selection of stations in a distribution network minimizing investment costs and maximizing the resilience of the distribution network

Optimization approach

Benders decomposition, fuzzy shortest path, Mixed integer programming Algorithm branch and bound, CPLEX, multi-period mixed integer linear programming Linear mixed integer programming, Lingo software.

Ivanov et al (2015)

Describe the ripple effect of disruption on the supply chain economic performance and present two model for proactive and reactive approach to the recovery policies on food supply chain under conditions of the ripple effect from resilience and flexibility views

Analytical, optimization

Program control, optimization

Carvalho et al (2012), Colicchia et al (2010)

Evaluate supply chain scenarios for improving supply chain resilience, Examine the improvement of supply chain resilience with reference to the global sourcing process

Simulation empiricalstudy

case

Simulation, SCOR model, scenario of contingency plans

Performance measures were used to evaluate alternative SC scenarios for improving SC resilience to a disturbance

Munoz et al (2015)

Construct a multidimentional, multi-echelon operational supply chain resilience metric. The focus is the operational supply chain resilience. Finding: provide an aggregate index of resilience

Quantitative and analytical approach

Simulation (extendsim software), Matlab, linear weighted sum model

The study provides a performance metrics for disruption in three stage supply chains.

Propose a Bayesian network approach that addresses the uncertainty of SCOR model performance measures. The objective is risk management and improving supply chain performance

Qualitative quantitative, probabilistic approach

SCOR model metrics, Bayesian network, FMEA

Evaluate the performance of the supply chain through SCOR model performance measures

Reference

Objectives

Approach

Adtiya (2014),Rajesh (2015)

Selecting suppliers in the context of resilient supply chain

Analytical selection

for

Cabral et al (2011)

Propose Lean, Agile, resilient and Green (LARG) paradigm and select the best LARG practices for improving performance

Conceptual analytical

and

Identify and rank enablers of supply chain resilience, find out the interaction among identified enablers, propose an index to quantify supply chain resilience and compare various supply chains.

Empirical deterministic approach

and

Soni et al (2014)

Identify and examine attributes, factors and resilience strategies in the supply chain.

Demmer et al (2011), Nikookar et al (2014), Ambulkaret al (2015), Pettit et al (2010), leat et al (2013) Fakoor and al (2013), Pettit and al (2013) Tallontire (2015), Mensah et al (2014), Jüttner et al (2011), Kim et al (2015), Proper (2011)

Aboghasemi (2015)

et

al

review,

positional

and

performance

of

-

Use resilience metrics for assessing the performance of supply chain – Economic performance is used for measuring the impact of ripple effect on supply chain

Table 2. Classification of relevant issues in the literature related vulnerability in supply chain Reference

Objectives

Approach

Techniques used

Links with performance measurement

Wagner et al (2006), Peck (2005), Wagner et al (2012)

Examine drivers of supply chain vulnerability

Empirical approach

Investigation, survey literature review

-

Wagner et al (2012)

Identify practices for reducing supply chain vulnerability

Empirical approach

Survey

Examine relationships between supply chain vulnerability and performance

Wagner et al (2010)

Quantify and mitigate supply chain vulnerability by developing and calculating a supply chain vulnerability index.

Quantitative and empirical approach

Graph theory

–

Bogataj et al (2007)

Provide a mathematical programming formulation for assessing vulnerability in supply chain by optimizing the net present value of revenues.

Analytical approach for optimization

Mathematical formulation

–

Vlajic et al (2012)

Provide a method for assessing the vulnerability in the supply chain and serve as a decision guide for process redesign in order to increase supply chain robustness

Quantitative and analytical approach

VULA method, discrete event simulation

Assessing the vulnerability in logistical processes over a given time horizon by measuring the variability on specific key performance indicators

Hennet et al (2010)

Propose an ARIMA model of supply chain to represent flow dynamics in a network of enterprises and their responses to strong disturbances from the demand and or the offer side. The study aim to construct vulnerability indicators for SC.

Analytical econometric approach

Time series, ARIMA.

Propose some measures vulnerability in supply chain.

Chen et al (2013)

Present a new method for evaluating the performance of a supply chain network. The main index is cost factors including (production costs, disruption costs, co-ordination costs and vulnerability costs).

Conceptual and analytical approach

Analytical formulation

Vulnerability costs are factor and a measure for evaluating the performance of supply chain

Develop a model of risk, called the risk assessment index, to assess the vulnerability of different supply chain structures and to determine the tradeoffs (cost, efficiency and structural reliability) that enable a competitive supply chain in a vulnerable environment.

Conceptual and analytical study

Reliability theory, formulation

Peck (2006)

Provide a critique of the extant canon and review the positioning of research. The aim is to give an understanding of the relationships between supply chain vulnerability, risk and supply chain management.

Conceptual approach

Literature review

–

Berle et al (2011)

Transfer the safety oriented formal safety assessment framework into the domain of maritime supply chain vulnerability

Conceptual approach

Structural formal vulnerability assessment, interviews

–

Neureuther (2009)

et

al

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and

analytical

–

of

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5. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we reviewed 28 international journal articles appearing between 2003 and 2015 targeting the area of resilience in supply chain and 12 international journal articles appearing between 2005 and 2013 targeting the area of vulnerability in supply chain. We provide a classification of the reviewed articles in both domains into the objectives of research, the nature of approach, the techniques used and the link with performance measurement. This will provide useful insights on the issues discussed in the existing literature and give potential future direction and improvement in considering resilience and vulnerability in supply chain. Based on the literature presented in this paper, we realized that there are several directions and opportunities for further research in the area of resilience and vulnerability in supply chain. There are lacks of research in achieving policies for simultaneously mitigating vulnerability and enhancing capacities of resilience in supply chain. Optimization models and simulation approaches could be used for dealing with recoverability of disrupted supply chains. Optimal allocation of resources needs to be more developed for selecting efficient resilient supply chain with the tradeoff between vulnerability reduction and resilience capacities enhancement. Future studies may focus on the impact of resilient practices on supply chain performance. This type of research could help in monitoring the performance levels during a disruption and in the recoverability phase and in assessing the response of supply chain to a specific disturbance. REFERENCES Abolghasemi, M., Khhodakarami, V., and Tehranifard, H (2015). A new approach for supply chain risk management: Mapping SCOR into Bayesian network. Journal of industrial engineering and management. 8. Pp.280-302. Adtiya, kumarsahu, S. KumarSahu, A., and Mahapatra, S.S. (2014). A decision support system towards suppliers’ selection in resilient supply chain: exploration of fuzzyTopsis. International journal of management and international business studies, Vol 4, pp. 159-168. Ambulkar, S., Blackhurst, J., and Grae, S. (2015). Firm’s resilience to supply chain disruptions: Scale development and empirical examination”. Journal of operations management 33-34 p: 111-122. Bhamra, R., Dani, S., and K. Burnard. (2011). Resilience: The Concept, a Literature Review and Future Directions. International Journal of Production Research 49 (18): 5375–5393. Bogataj, D. and Bogataj, M. (2007). Measuring the supply chain risk and vulnerability in frequency space. International journal of Production Economics. 108. Pp. 291-301. Bonnefous, S., Massuelle, M.H., and Richard, V. (1997). Aspects sémantiques du risque. Vocabulaire lié au risque à travers une analyse bibliographique : IPSN. 35 pp. Cabral, I., Grilo, A., and Cruz-Machado, V. (2012). A decision-making model for lean, agile, resilient and green

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