JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 1992,

p.

1424-1427

Vol. 30, No. 6

0095-1137/92/061424-04$02.00/0 Copyright X 1992, American Society for Microbiology

Method for Detection of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Neutralizing Antibodies Using a Noncommercial Antigen Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay MARY J. WELCH1 AND MARGARET E. THOULESS1,2* University of Washington Regional Primate Research Center' and Department of Pathobiology,2 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195

Received 12 November 1991/Accepted 2 March 1992

A neutralization test (NT) using a noncommercial antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect simian immunodeficiency virus (Sly) growth in vitro was developed. The capture antibody was a mixture of purified macaque anti-SIV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and a monoclonal antibody to SIV p27. Captured antigens were detected by using purified macaque anti-SIV IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The NT reliably and sensitively detected differences when various amounts of SIV were used with positive and negative control macaque sera. Dilutions of sequential sera from a macaque (Macaca nemestrina) that had been experimentally infected with SIV were tested for neutralizing antibody with 300 50% tissue culture infective doses of SIV. In this macaque, neutralizing activity and anti-SIV IgG levels in serum (detected by ELISA) increased with time after SIV inoculation, and high IgG titers were required in serum before neutralization occurred in vitro. This simple NT, which detects the presence of SIV serum neutralizing antibodies at a low cost, will be useful for investigating the role of neutralizing antibodies in the SIV-infected macaque model for AIDS. The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected mamodel for human immunodeficiency virus infection is used to gain understanding of host immune responses and for vaccine development (3, 4, 14). The role of neutralizing antibodies in delaying the progression of AIDS is not well understood (24, 26), but because they prevent initial infection and reduce the spread of virus in vitro, it is an important aspect of vaccine research (5). There is an increased interest in the peptides and polypeptides that may induce a protective neutralizing immune response in vaccinated animals (7, 10). To detect the SIV- or human immunodeficiency virusneutralizing activity of serum samples in a neutralization test (NT), different methods have been used to measure virus growth (23). These include visual scoring of the cytopathic effect or syncytium formation (13, 16), determination of reverse transcriptase activity (6, 17) and [3H] thymidine incorporation (8), and colorimetric determination of incorporation of vital dyes such as tetrazolium salt (12, 21), as well as antigen capture (7). There is a need for a low-hazard, inexpensive, but reliable serum NT that is not cumbersome to perform. Here we report a new SIV serum NT that uses 174xCEM cells and a noncommercial antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The neutralization results obtained with different SIV doses and sequential serum samples from experimentally SIV-infected macaques are presented.

animal was bled regularly after intrarectal inoculation with 1,000 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50s) of SIVE11S (a biological clone of SIVMNE) (2). The monkey developed lymphadenopathy at week 8 and died at week 43 postinoculation. Serum samples collected between weeks 0 and 39 were tested in this study. Serum IgG ELISA. All macaque serum samples were preabsorbed by diluting them 1/10 in a mixture of bovine fetal and calf sera to prevent nonspecific binding and were titrated across 96-well vinyl assay plates (Costar, Pleasanton, Calif.) precoated with SIV antigen (strain EllS clone 5, B1419, donated by R. E. Benveniste, National Cancer Institute). Binding of anti-SIV IgG was detected with antihuman IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). o-Phenylenediamine was used for the color reaction, and the plates were read at a wavelength of 492 nm. The optical densities (ODs) were blanked on wells that were not coated with antigen but that had the first serum dilution, conjugate, and substrate. Titers were calculated as the reciprocal dilution at which an OD of 0.60 was reached. This is an arbitrary value on the linear portion of the plot of serum dilution-versus-OD at 492 nm. Cell culture. The 174x CEM cells were obtained from Peter Cresswell, AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (19). The cells are a fusion product of the human B-cell line 721.174 and human T-cell line CEM. They were grown in growth medium (RPMI 1640, 10% inactivated fetal bovine serum, 1 mM glutamine, 1 mM pyruvate, 1 mM HEPES [N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2ethanesulfonic acid], 100 U of potassium penicillin G per ml, 100 ,ug of streptomycin sulfate per ml, 2.5 ,ug of amphotericin B per ml). SIV TCID50s. Polyethylene glycol-concentrated SIV, which had been frozen only once, was titrated across sterile 96-well tissue culture plates in 50-,ul volumes of growth medium. The 174xCEM cells (100 p,l, 3 x 105/ml) were

caque

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental monkey sera. A male macaque (Macaca nemestrina) was shown to be clinically healthy by examination and negative for SIV and simian type D retroviruses by immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA and cocultivation of peripheral blood lymphocytes as described previously (1, 20). The *

Corresponding author. 1424

SIV NEUTRALIZATION ELISA

VOL. 30, 1992

added to each well. After a 7-day incubation in 5% CO2, the well contents were assayed for SIV growth by using the antigen capture procedure described below. Wells that received SIV doses of 103 TCID50s or larger produced OD results greater than 2.00, while uninfected wells consistently gave OD results of between 0.01 and 0.06. Wells infected with 1 TCID50 gave OD values of about 0.40. The TCID50 for each virus titration was calculated by using the formula of Reed and Muench (18). Serum NT. All sera were inactivated at 56°C for 30 min. Doubling serum dilutions were made (in quadruplicate) across 96-well sterile tissue culture plates in growth medium. The first two wells in each row had identical serum dilutions. The first wells received 50 pl of growth medium only, as a control for cell growth. The remaining wells received 50 ,ul of medium containing 30, 300, or 600 TCID50s of SIVE1ls. Neutralization was allowed to occur for 1 h at room temperature before 100 ,u of 174xCEM cells (3 x 105/ml in growth medium) was added. The plates were then incubated in 5% CO2 at 37°C for 7 days before evaluation of viral growth was performed by the SIV antigen capture ELISA described below. Antibodies for SIV antigen capture. A male macaque (M. nemestnna) shown to be SIV and simian type D retrovirus negative was experimentally infected with SIVE1lS. Blood was collected at the time of death, and the serum was shown by ELISA to contain anti-SIV IgG. The serum IgG was purified by using a protein A column, and the total IgG was measured (9). IgG (5 mg) was conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Sigma) by a previously described method (15). The conjugate was used for detecting the SIV antigens captured on the plate. The hybridoma FA2 (obtained from Suganto Sutjipto and Preston Marx through the AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) produces a monoclonal antibody to SIV p27 core antigen (21). IgG was concentrated and purified from the hybridoma culture supernatants by using a protein A column and was quantified as described above. Antigen capture assay. A total of 50 p1l of 2% sodium deoxycholate in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was added to each well of neutralization or virus titration plates. They were held at room temperature for 1 h to inactivate the virus. Immulon 1 ELISA plates (Dynatech Laboratories, Inc., Chantilly, Va.) were coated with 3 p,g of FA2 monoclonal antibody per ml and 3 pug of purified macaque anti-SIV IgG per ml in 0.1 M sodium carbonate buffer (pH 9.6). After washing with PBS-0.1% Tween 20, 100 pl of the contents of each well of the inactivated NT plates was transferred to the corresponding well in the coated ELISA plate. The plates were incubated overnight at room temperature. After washing, macaque anti-SIV IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, diluted to 1/500 in PBS-0.1% Tween 20 containing 0.5% fetal bovine serum and 0.5% bovine calf serum, was applied to all wells and the plates were reincubated for 2 h at room temperature. After a final wash, o-phenylenediamine substrate solution was applied. After 30 min, the reaction was stopped with 0.1 M sulfuric acid. The plates were read at 492 nm and blanked on the control wells. Serum neutralization titers are given as the reciprocal of the serum dilution which gave 50 or 90% reduction of virus growth in comparison with virus growth in the preimmune serum.

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Method for detection of simian immunodeficiency virus neutralizing antibodies using a noncommercial antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

A neutralization test (NT) using a noncommercial antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect simian immunodeficiency virus (SI...
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