E C O L O G I C A L LAND C L A S S I F I C A T I O N AS A BASIC T H E M E F O R T H E M A N A G E M E N T O F W I L D L A N D S IN TENNESSEE: A START GLENDON W. SMALLEY 102 Rabbit Run Lane, Sewanee, Tennessee, 37375-2753, U.S.A.

and LORENDA B. SHARBER and JOHN C. GREGORY Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, P.O. Box, 40747, Nashville, Tennessee, 37204, U.S.A.

Abstract. The Tennessee WildlifeResources Agency(TWRA)owns and/orcooperativelymanages nearly 247 000 ha scattered across the state. To aid the management of this diversity of soils, landforms, and plant communities, TWRA has selected a flexible, ecological land classification system developed for the Interior Uplands in southeastern United States. Landtypesare the most detailed unit of the 5-level hierarchy.To date, four wildlifemanagementareas and one state wetland have been mapped and entered into the agency s Geographic Information System (GIS). These five tracts are in the Upper Coastal Plain of west Tennessee, in the Western and Eastern Highland Rim regions of middleTennessee, and in the CumberlandMountainsof east Tennessee. The history, physiography,geology,soils,topography,and vegetationof eacharea are discussed. Afterforestcover type and age informationis mergedwiththe landtypes,wildlifehabitat modellingwill commence.

1. Introduction The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) owns 115 146 ha and cooperatively manages an additional 131 757 ha scattered across nine physiographic provinces (PP). To manage this diversity of soils, landforms, and plant communities requires a flexible ecological land classification. Selected was a five-level hierarchical system developed for the 11.7 million hectares of the Cumberland Plateau and Highland Rim/Pennyroyal PP in parts of Tennessee, Alabama, Kentucky, Georgia, and Virginia (Smalley, 1991a). The system is based on physiography, climate, geology, soils, and topography. Vegetation was relegated to a position of minor importance as a descriptor, because generally, existing forests did not indicate site potential, and stand boundaries often did not coincide with site boundaries. The five levels of this system (proceeding from the least detailed to the most detailed) are: physiographic province, region, subregion, landtype association, and landtype. Landtypes are visually identifiable areas that have resulted from similar climatic, geologic, and pedologic processes. In practice, landtypes become thebasic unit of land management. The Cumberland Plateau was divided into four regions, and the Highland Rim/Pennyroyal was divided into two regions. A guide for each of these six regions (Smalley, 1979a, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984a, 1986a)plus a combined edition (Smalley, 1986b) have been published. Several published papers that describe Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 39: 579-588, 1996. (~ 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

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the overall system and its use (Sims, 1987; Smalley, 1979b, 1984b, 1986c, 1989, 1991a) are available. Presently, five areas totalling 52 262 ha have been mapped: the 18 245-hectare Natchez Trace State Forest/State Resort Park/Wildlife Management Area (NTSF), the 6 450-hectare Laurel Hill Wildlife Management Area (LHWMA), the 8 054hectare Cheatham Wildlife Management Area (CWMA), the 836-hectare Mingo Swamp State Wetland (MSSW), and the 18 677-hectare Royal Blue Wildlife Management Area (RBWMA). On each tract, the actual area mapped extended about 0.8 km beyond the ownership boundary and included private inholdings to facilitate wildlife habitat modelling. The total area mapped to date is in excess of 80 000 ha. A brief history and description of each area follows.

2. Natchez Trace State Forest

The NTSF represents an extension of the original land classification system to the Upper Coastal Plain in West Tennessee (SmaUey, 1991b). Physiographically, the area is situated in the Red Hills belt of the East Gulf section of the Coastal Plain in Carroll and Henderson Counties. The NTSF began in 1935 when the Resettlement Administration of the Federal government purchased 17 290 ha as a land reclamation project. Before purchase, the area consisted of marginal and submarginal farms. Most of the cleared land had sustained severe sheet and gully erosion; in places it was no longer possible to grow row crops because of deep gullies. Forests on hectares not cleared had also been mistreated and were in poor condition. Highgrading was the accepted logging practice, wildfire was prevalent, and wooded areas were grazed by domestic livestock. The NTSF is jointly administered by three state agencies: Division of Forestry, Department of Parks and Recreation, and Wildlife Resources Agency. Two major strata of the Cretaceous period underlie NTSE The area is highly dissected and predominantly hilly, characterized by narrow, winding ridgetops; short, steep sideslopes; and relatively sluggish streams and rivers traversing fairly wide flood plains. Elevation ranges from 128 to 213 m; local relief seldom exceeds 30 m. The dominant soils are formed in sandy and loamy sediments. On mildly sloping terrain, these sediments are capped with loess up to nearly 1 m thick. Common patterns are soils formed in loess and Coastal Plain sediments on the ridgetops, and soils formed entirely in Coastal Plain sediments on the hillsides. The 25 landtypes mapped on NTSF are shown in Table I. Note the use of vegetation in naming landtypes. Those characterized by upland hardwoods were never cleared; those characterized by loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were cleared and cropped, or pastured and eroded.

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TABLE I Landtypes occurring on the Natchez Trace State Forest. Upland hardwoods on narrow sandy ridges and convex upper slopes Loblolly pine on eroded narrow sandy ridges and convex upper slopes Upland hardwoods on broad sandy ridges and convex upper slopes Loblolly pine on eroded broad sandy ridges and convex upper slopes Poor narrow ridges and convex upper slopes Upland hardwoods on N sandy sideslopes Upland hardwoods on S sandy sideslopes Loblolly pine on eroded N sandy sideslopes Loblolly pine on eroded S sandy sideslopes Upland hardwoods on narrow clayey ridges and convex upper slopes Loblolly pine on eroded narrow clayey ridges and convex upper slopes Upland hardwoods on broad clayey ridges and convex upper slopes Loblolly pine on eroded broad clayey ridges and convex upper slopes Upland hardwoods on N clayey sideslopes Upland hardwoods on S clayey sideslopes Loblolly pine on eroded N clayey sideslopes Loblolly pine on eroded S clayey sideslopes Gullied land, sandy material Gullied land, clayey material Lakes, ponds and other impoundments Ponded bottoms and swamps Narrow wet bottoms Narrow moist bottoms Wide wet bottoms Wide moist bottoms

3. Laurel Hill Wildlife Management Area Physiographically, L H W M A is located in the Western Highland Rim region (Smalley, 1980) in L a w r e n c e and Lewis Counties. Two landtype associations are represented: 1) Highly dissected plateau and 2) Weakly dissected plateau-gray soils. In the early 1800s, L H W M A was the site o f Stratmore, a town o f several hundred population and a cotton gin. All that remains is the stone dam which directed water into a raceway to p o w e r the gin and piles o f brick from the building. During the 1930s, a Civilian Conservation Corps camp was established. Roads, fire trails, and c h e c k dams on streams were constructed. Control o f erosion and fires were the main concern. In 1934 lands were leased from private owners for a State-managed wildlife area. In 1956, the G a m e & Fish Commission (forerunner o f the Wildlife Resources A g e n c y ) acquired about 1 092 ha and built the dam that impounds the

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148 ha Laurel Hill Lake. Additional purchases have expanded the area to its current size. Upland game bird habitat is the featured management objective. Eleven percent of the property is in various stages of succession. About 121 ha of ridgetop forests have been converted to game food plots. Second-growth forests are dominated by oaks (Quercus spp.) on the uplands and by white oak (Q. alba L.), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), American elm (Ulmus americana L.), and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in the hollows. There is a small area of loblolly pine plantations. Native shortleaf pine (P. echinata Miller) is sparingly present. Virginia pine (P. virginiana Miller), eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.), sassafras (Sassafra albidum (Nutt.) Nees), and persimmon (Diospyros virginiana L.) dominate the old-fields. The area is underlain by Mississippian limestone and cherty limestone. The strongly dissected portion consists of narrow winding to moderately broad undulating ridges flanked by steep sideslopes. Valleys in the upper reaches of intermittent streams are narrow and V-shaped, but gradually become U-shaped with bottoms as wide as 76 to 152 m before merging with major river bottoms. On the uplands, the loamy and clayey soils are cherty and well-drained to excessively drained. The weakly dissected portion consists of broad, nearly level to undulating ridges with an occasional depression or sinkhole. These uplands are dissected by a weak to moderately well developed dendritic drainage system. Bottoms of intermittent streams are saucer-shaped with little gradient. Bottoms of permanent streams are Ushaped. Short, moderately steep slopes separate the bottoms of permanent streams from the broad ridges. Soils on the level to undulating uplands are silty and cherty, well-drained to poorly drained, and derived from 0.6 to 1.8 m of loess overlying the clayey residuum from cherty limestone. Fragipans are common in soils on the most stable landscapes. Elevation ranges from 213 to 317 m; local relief is 15 m or less in the weakly dissected portion and up to 76 m in the strongly dissected portion. The 10 landtypes mapped on LHWMA are shown in Table II.

4. Cheatham Wildlife Management Area The CWMA encompasses most of a monoclinal ridge between the Harpeth and Cumberland Rivers in Cheatham County. Physiographically, CWMA is in the moderately dissected landtype association of the Western Highland Rim (Smalley, 1980). In the 19th century, CWMA, like much of the Western Highland Rim, was repeatedly burned and logged for the production of charcoal used in the smelting of low-grade iron ore. The "charcoal hearths" or "fire circles" are still evident today (Clatterbuck, 1990). After the decline of the iron industry in the 1880s, the area was burned, grazed, logged, and cleared in places for agriculture. Tennessee acquired the property in 1938 for a wildlife management area. Open grazing was

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TABLE II Landtypes occurring on the Laurel Hill Wildlife Management (LHWMA), Cheatham Wildlife Management Area (CWMA), and Mingo Swamp State Wetland (MSSW). Landtype Narrow cherty ridges and convex upper slopes Broad cherty ridges and convex upper slopes N and S aspects combined Cherty N sideslopes Cherty S sideslopes Shale ridges and convex upper slopes Shaley N sideslopes Shaley S sideslopes Footslopes, terraces, and streambottoms - good drainage Terraces and streambottoms - poor drainage Limestone rockland and shallow soils Broad silty uplands Shale rockland and shallow soils Broad undulating redlands N hilly redlands S hilly redlands N redland sideslopes S redland sideslopes Upland flats, depressions, and sinkholes - good drainage Upland flats, depressions, and sinkholes - poor drainage River footslope, terraces, and bottoms - good drainage River terraces and bottoms - poor drainage Rivers, lakes, ponds, and other impoundments Dumps and borrow pits

LHWMA

CWMA

*

*

* * *

* * * * * * * *

* * * *

* *

MSSW

* *

* * * * * * * * * *

* *

* * * *

*

s t o p p e d . F i r e s h a v e b e e n i n f r e q u e n t a n d s o m e t i m b e r h a r v e s t i n g h a s o c c u r r e d in the last decade. T h e a r e a is u n d e r l a i n b y M i s s i s s i p p i a n c h e r t y l i m e s t o n e a n d S i l u r i a n s h a l e . T h e b r o a d , r o u n d e d m a i n r i d g e n a r r o w s into w i n d i n g s p u r r i d g e s f l a n k e d b y m o d e r a t e l y s t e e p to s t e e p s i d e s l o p e s . N e a r the h e a d s o f i n t e r m i t t e n t s t r e a m s , v a l l e y s a r e Vs h a p e d , b u t g r a d u a l l y b e c o m e U - s h a p e d w i t h b o t t o m s as w i d e as 152 to 2 4 4 m b e f o r e m e r g i n g w i t h t h e r i v e r b o t t o m s . E l e v a t i o n r a n g e s f r o m 146 to 2 5 0 m; l o c a l r e l i e f e x c e e d s 9 0 m b e c a u s e o f t h e p r o x i m i t y to t h e rivers. U p l a n d s o i l s a r e f o r m e d in c h e r t y l i m e s t o n e w i t h a thin l o e s s c a p in p l a c e s . F r a g i p a n s a r e c o m m o n in s o i l s o n t h e m o s t s t a b l e l a n d s c a p e s . V e r y c h e r t y s o i l s a r e o n the s t e e p s i d e s l o p e s . B e l o w t h e M i s s i s s i p p i a n / S i l u r i a n c o n t a c t , s o i l s o n s p u r r i d g e s are thin a n d shaley. O n

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sideslopes the deep, cherty, well-drained, medium-textured soils were formed in creep and in the underlying clayey residuum. The upland forest are dominated by oaks and hickories (Carya spp). Below the contact, the composition changes quickly to American beech, American elm, yellow-poplar and white ash (Fraxinus americana L.). Eastern redcedar, sassafras, and persimmon dominate the old-fields. The area now supports a large white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus L.) population which is intensively managed through controlled hunts. The 15 landtypes mapped on CWMA are shown in Table II. Clatterbuck (this volume) has studied the plant community/landtype relationships.

5. Mingo Swamp State Wetland

Physiographically, MSSW is located in the Eastern Highland Rim region (Smalley, 1983) in Franklin County. Two landtype associations are represented: 1) Weakly dissected plateau-gray soils (also known as "The Barrens") and 2) Weakly dissected plateau-red soils. The swamp is being acquired from private owners because of its ecological uniqueness and its value as critical habitat for waterfowl. It has been recommended for designation as a "National Natural Landmark" and identified as a "Priority Wetland". The swamp is a large karst fen surrounded by a low rim 6 to 15 m high and enclosing a drainage basin of about 1 036 ha. The 291-ha core of the swamp supports a willow (Q. phellos L.) and water oak (Q. nigra L.) forest. At slightly higher elevations, the lowland oak forest gives way to white oak, northern red oak (Q. rubra L.), white ash, red maple (Acer rubrum L.), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), and sweetgum. Post oak (Q. stellata Wangenh.) and southern red oak (Q. falcata Michaux) are on the driest sites. Mingo Pond is a 15.6 ha sinkhole within the swamp. Water level fluctuates from an open pond 1 m deep in winter to 0.5 m deep in autumn. Core samples from Mingo Pond revealed a pollen profile dating from 14 000 years BP (Delcourt, 1979). These profiles show that the pond existed as an open pond surrounded by prairie vegetation. Today the pond is an open marsh surrounded by a sedge meadow. The area is underlain by moderately high-grade Mississippian limestone (St. Louis and Warsaw formations). Elevation of the swamp is about 348 m; local relief does not exceed 20 m. In the surrounding area, elevation rises above 405 m and local relief approaches 40 m. In the swamp, the silty soils are poorly drained to very poorly drained and derived from 0.6 to 1.8 m of loess overlying old alluvium. In the adjacent agricultural land, the mostly deep, reddish, well-drained, clayey and loamy soils are derived from clayey residuum from limestone. In places, a thin loess deposit overlies the old parent materials. The 13 landtypes mapped on MSSW are shown in Table II. Four landtypes represent the wetland: Broad silty uplands; Upland flats, depressions, and sinkholes - good and poor drainage respectively; and Lakes, ponds, and other impoundments. The other landtypes are mostly under agricultural activity; cotton, soybeans, corn,

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and small grains are common crops, and beef cattle and dairy herds are prevalent. A small area is in upland forests.

6. Royal Blue Wildlife Management Area The RBWMA is situated in the Cumberland Mountains region (Smalley, 1984a) in Campbell and Scott Counties. Six landtype associations are represented: 1) Fork Mountain-Chestnut Ridge, 2) Pine Mountain, 3) Cumberland Mountain, 4) Middlesboro syncline, 5) Wartburg Basin and Jellico Mountains, 6) Cumberland River and major tributaries. The area was purchased in 1991 and further acquisitions are planned. The property was owned for several decades by a major forest products company. Despite extensive logging (high-grading to commercial clearcutting), the forests are in reasonably good condition; moderately to fully stocked stands are commonplace. Species composition varies from mixed oak to Braun's (1950) mixed mesophytic forest depending on elevation, aspect, past cutting, and fire history. Much of the land has been disturbed by surface mining for coal. Regulations now require rehabilitation; nonetheless, most land disturbed before passage of reclamation laws is gradually reverting to forest. Soil erosion, stream sedimentation, and surface- and ground-water pollution are serious problems. The Cumberland Mountains region consists of the Pine Mountain thrust plate and the Wartburg Basin-Jellico Mountains, and is underlain by Pennsylvanian shales, siltstones, sandstones, and coal. The thrust plate is delineated by prominent strike ridges: Pine Mountain on the northwest and Cumberland Mountain on the southeast. Along Pine Mountain, the leading edge of the thrust plate strata dip 10 to 35 degrees to the southeast. Strata along Cumberland Mountain, the trailing edge of the thrust plate, dip even more steeply to the northwest and are locally vertical. The dip flattens quickly to merge into the floor of the thrust plate. On the southwest side of the quadrilateral thrust plate is the Jacksboro fault delineated by a prominent anticlinal ridge, Fork Mountain and Chestnut Ridge, where deformed older (sandstone dominated) Pennsylvanian strata are faulted against younger (shale dominated) Pennsylvanian strata. Along the Jacksboro fault, strata were moved northwestward about 17.7 km and raised about 152 m above the normal level in the adjacent Cumberland Plateau. The Middlesboro syncline, in the interior of the thrust plate, contains high rugged mountains underlain by the younger suite of rocks. The Wartburg Basin and Jellico Mountains, lying southwest, west, and northwest of the thrust plate, are underlain with similar, nearly horizontal, strata of shale, sandstone, and coal. Topography is rugged and complex and is characterized by steep slopes, narrow crests, and narrow winding valleys. Elevation ranges from 366 to 914 m. Local relief ranges from 305 to 427 m and may be as much as 762 m in the vicinity of the highest peaks. In the upper reaches of mountain streams, discontinuous flood plains

T A B L E III Landtypes on Royal Blue Wildlife Management Area. Narrow sandstone ridges on Fork Mountain and Chestnut Ridge Broad sandstone ridges-N and S aspects combined on Fork Mountain and Chestnut Ridge Shallow soils and sandstone outcrops and pinnacles Residual sandstone soils on upper N slopes of Fork Mountain and Chestnut Ridge Residual sandstone soils on upper S slopes of Fork Mountain and Chestnut Ridge Colluvial sandstone soils on lower N slopes and benches of Fork Mountain and Chestnut Ridge Colluvial sandstone soils on lower S slopes and benches of Fork Mountain and Chestnut Ridge Overthrust ridge crests and spur ridges on back slopes Residual sandstone soils on the back slope and upper scarp slope of Pine Mountain - N Residual sandstone soils on the back slope and upper scarp slope of Pine Mountain - S Colluvial soils on the back slope of Pine Mountain - N Colluvial soils on the back slope of Pine Mountain - S Residual limestone soils on the upper scarp slope of Pine Mountain - N Residual limestone soils on the upper scarp slope of Pine Mountain - S Colluvial soils on the lower scarp slope of Pine Mountain - N Colluvial soils on the lower scarp slope of Pine Mountain - S Lower limestone spur ridges and benches - S aspect Shallow soils and limestone outcrops Cherty N slopes Cherty S slopes Narrow cherty limestone ridges Residual sandstone soils on the upper back slope of Cumberland Mountain - N Residual sandstone soils on the upper back slope of Cumberland Mountain - S Colluvial soils on the lower back slope of Cumberland Mountain - N Colluvial soils on the lower back slope of Cumberland Mountain - S Upper scarp slope of Cumberland Mountain - N Upper scarp slope of Cumberland Mountain - S Lower scarp slope of Cumberland Mountain - N Lower scarp slope of Cumberland Mountain - S Undulating sandstone mountain uplands Undulating shale mountain uplands Broad shale ridges - N and S aspects combined Narrow shale ridges and points Upper mountain slopes - N Upper mountain slopes - S Colluvial mountain slopes, benches, and coves - N CoUuvial mountain slopes, benches, and coves - S Mountain footslopes, fans, terraces, and streambottoms with good drainage Mountain footslopes, fans, terraces, and streambottoms with poor drainage Surface mines-orphan Surface mines-reclaimed Footslopes, terraces and floodplains with good drainage in Elk Valley Terraces and floodplains with poor drainage in Elk Valley Rivers, lakes, ponds, and other impoundments Quarries, pits, and dumps Urban land

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are typically long and narrow and rimmed with steep rocky ledges. Downstream along the larger creeks and rivers, floodplains and terraces are more extensive. Soils are mostly pale, loamy, and friable and vary in content of sandstone and shale fragments. Soils with dark surface horizons occur at high elevations, in coves, and on cool slopes. The more extensive soils are classified as loamy, mixed or siliceous, mesic Dystrochrepts and Hapludults. Soils formed in surface mine spoil are classified as Udorthents. On upper mountain slopes, soils formed from shale or sandstone depending on elevation. Probably 2/3 or more of R B W M A consists of soils formed in colluvium. On some slopes, the colluvium extends 3/4 or more of the way to the top and, in places, goes through gaps. On some steep mountain slopes, a series of narrow benches and short cliffs forms a stairstep pattern. Soils on broader ridge crests are 0.6 to 1.2 m deep, soils on narrow ridge crests and upper slopes are mainly 0.3 to 0.9 m deep, and soils on colluvial slopes are 1.5 to 4.6 m deep. The 46 landtypes mapped on R B W M A are shown in Table III.

7. Epilogue Application of the land classification system to specific tracts has been instructive. In some cases, landtypes described in the regional guides were combined, e.g., on both L H W M A and CWMA, north and south broad cherty ridges and convex upper slopes were combined. The recognition of aspect fragmented the broad ridges into slivers of land that were impractical to manage. In other cases landtypes were split, e.g., surface mines on the RBWMA. Unreclaimed mines and reclaimed mines represent two distinctly different management situations. Since the use of GIS requires accounting for all of the area within the exterior (map) boundary, additional landtypes such as 1) Rivers, lakes, ponds, and other impoundments, 2) Dumps and borrow pits, and 3) Urban land were necessary. Once these maps are entered into the agency's GIS, they will be merged with forest type and age information; at that point, wildlife habitat modelling for individual or groups of animals will begin.

References Braun, E.L.: 1950, Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America, The Blakiston Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 596 pp. Clatterbuck, W.K.: 1990, 'Forest development following disturbances by fire and by timber cutting for charcoal production', in: S.C. Nodvin and T.A. Waldrop (eds.), Fire and the Environment: Ecological and Cultural Perspectives, Proceedings of an International Symposium, 1990 March 20-24, Knoxville, Tennessee, Gen. Tech. Rep. No. SE-69, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Carolina, pp. 60-65. Clatterbuck, W.K.: 1996, 'A community classification for forest evaluation: development, validation and extrapolation', Environ. Monitor. Assess. (this volume). Delcourt, H.R.: 1979, 'Late quaternary vegetation history of the eastern Highland Rim and adjacent Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee', Ecol. Monog. 49, 255-280.

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Sims, D.H.: 1987, 'How to classify upland forest sites', Forest Farmer 46(3), 8-9. Smalley, G.W.: 1979a, 'Classification and evaluation of forest sites on the southern Cumberland Plateau', Gen. Tech. Rep. No. SO-23, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, Louisiana, 59 pp. Smalley, G.W.: 1979b, 'Classification and evaluation of forest sites for timber production: introduction of a new system for classifying forest sites based on the physical features of the landscape', in: Forest Soils and Site Quality Workshop, 1979 May 8-9, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, pp. 28-47. Smalley, G.W.: 1980, 'Classification and evaluation of forest sites on the western Highland Rim and Pennyroyal', Gen. Tech. Rep. No. SO-30, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, Louisiana, 120 pp. Smalley, G.W.: 1982, 'Classification and evaluation of forest sites on the Mid-Cumberland Plateau', Gen. Tech. Rep. No. SO-38, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, Louisiana, 58 pp. Smalley, G.W.: 1983, 'Classification and evaluation of forest sites on the eastern Highland Rim and Pennyroyal', Gen. Tech. Rep. No. SO-43, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, Louisiana, 123 pp. Smalley, G.W.: 1984a, 'Classification and evaluation of forest sites in the Cumberland Mountains', Gen. Tech. Rep. No. SO-50, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, Louisiana, 84 pp. Smalley, G.W.: 1984b, 'Landforms: a practical basis for classifying forest sites in the Interior Uplands', in: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Hardwood Symposium, May 8-11, 1984, Cashiers, North Carolina, Hardwood Research Council, Asheville, North Carolina, pp. 92-112. Smailey, G.W.: 1986a, 'Classification and evaluation of forest sites on the northern Cumberland Plateau', Gen. Tech. Rep. No. SO-60, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, Louisiana, 74 pp. Smalley, G.W.: 1986b, 'Site classification and evaluation for the Interior Uplands: forest sites of the Cumberland Plateau and Highland Rim-Pennyroyal', Tech. Pub. No. RSTP9, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., Southern Forest Experiment Station and Southern Region, Atlanta, Georgia, 518 pp. Smalley, G.W.: 1986c, 'Landforms: the basis for classifying and evaluating forest sites in the Interior Uplands of the Eastern United States', in: H. van Groenewoud (ed.), Proceedings of a Workshop on Forest Site Classification Methods; IUFRO Working Party S 1.02.06, 1985 October 7-10, Can. For. Serv., Frededcton, New Brunswick, pp. 114-142. Smalley, G.W.: 1989, 'Site classification and evaluation for the Interior Uplands', in: EB. Clark (tech. ed.) and J.G. Hutchinson (ed.), Central Hardwood Notes, Chapter 4.03, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, 5 pp. Smalley, G.W.: 1991a, 'No more plots; go with what you know: developing a forest land classification system for the Interior Uplands', in: D.L. Mengle and D.T. Tew (eds.), Ecological Land Classification: Applications to Identify the Productive Potential of Southern Forests, Proceedings of a Symposium, 1991 January 7-9, Charlotte, North Carolina, Gen. Tech. Rep. No. SE-68, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Carolina, pp. 48-58. Smalley, G.W.: 1991b, 'Classification and evaluation of forest sites on the Natchez Trace State Forest, State Resort Park, and Wildlife Management Area in West Tennessee', Gen. Tech. Rep. No. SO 85, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, Louisiana, 73 pp.