212
B . W . BlERER AND W . T . DERIEUX
Eleazer, T. H., 1968. Unpublished research data. Clemson Livestock Laboratory, P.O. Box 1771, Columbia, S.C. 29202. Gale, G. O., J. S. Riser and T. F. McNamara, 1963. Bacterial resistance to chemotherapy. Avian Diseases, 7: 457-466. Heddleston, K. L., 1972a. Personal communication, January 24, 1972, National Animal Disease Labora-
tory, Ames, Iowa 50010. Heddleston, K. L., 1972b. Avian pasteurellosis. In: Diseases of Poultry, Iowa State University Press, 5th Ed., page 236. Yacowitz, H., R. D. Carter and E. Ross, 1955. Further studies on Hemorrhagic syndrome induced by feeding high levels of sulfaquinoxaline to chicks. Poultry Sci. 34: 1229.
C.
M.
READING, 2 * G.
H.
ARSCOTT* AND I. J.
TINSLEY**
Departments of Poultry Science* and Agricultural Chemistry,** Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 (Received for publication April 25, 1975)
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dieldrin and calcium on reproductive performance of quail. At 25% egg production the quail received diets containing 0, 10 or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 6, 28-day periods in experiment 1 and 0, 5, or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 4, 28-day periods in experiment 2. Pesticide treatments were employed with diets containing 0.5% and 3.0% calcium. The results show that egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production, feed consumption, egg weights, fertility, hatchability and body weights were not affected by dieldrin treatments. However, egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production and hatchability were adversely affected by the lower calcium level. Female body weights were consistently heavier for the low calcium diet. Mortality increased in the presence of 10 and especially 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin. Livability of chicks from hens receiving rations with 10 and 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin was significantly lower than those fed no dieldrin. In summary, dieldrin was without effect on egg shell quality or other reproductive factors but did exert a detrimental effect on adult mortality and livability of progeny. POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 212-219,
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1976
decreases in egg shell weight or thinning. T h e relationship of pesticides to t h e egg shell thinE C L I N E S in certain avian populations ning process has been extensively studied and such as the peregrine falcon (Falco ' reviewed (Ratclif fe, 1967; P o t t s , 1968; Hickey peregrinus) and sparrow h a w k (Accipiterr and A n d e r s o n , 1968; Tucker, 1971). Porter nisus) beginning in the middle 1940's, led and Wiemeyer (1969) fed dieldrin and D D T investigators to relate this p h e n o m e n o n to contaminated diets to sparrow hawks and — reported egg shell thinning in t w o generations 1. Technical Paper No. 4013, Oregon Agricultural of this species. L e h n e r and Egbert (1969) also Experiment Station. Supported in part by U.S. Public reported thinning of egg shells in mallard hens Health Service Grant ES00040. This paper was develover a four-month dieldrin feeding period. oped in part from a thesis submitted by C. M. Reading, a Chester M. Wilcox Memorial Scholarship recipient On the other h a n d , several researchers have (1973-74), to the Graduate School, Oregon State Unibeen unable to find a relationship between versity in partial fulfillment of the M. S. degree. dieldrin and egg shell thinning. Muller (1971) 2. Present address: University of Oregon Dental found no egg shell thinning in Mallard ducks School, mail: 3323 SW Multnomah, Apt. #55, Port(Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) receivland, Oregon 97219.
D
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
Effect of Dieldrin and Calcium on the Performance of Adult Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)1
DIELDRIN AND C A IN QUAIL
The toxicity of dieldrin to Japanese quail was clearly shown by Walker et al. (1969) when dietary levels of 10,20, 30 and 40 p.p.m. were administered for periods up to 18 weeks. Mortality increased with dieldrin exposure of 20 p.p.m. and above. Female pheasants exhibited high mortality (75%) when challenged with 100and200p.p.m. dieldrin during the pre-reproductive period, Genelly and Rudd (1956a). DeWitt (1955) produced high mortality in Bobwhite quail using levels of 5 to 5000 p.p.m. dieldrin. Levels of 5 and 10 p.p.m. required a longer time period to produce 100% mortality. Genelly and Rudd (1956b) working with pheasants noted that the first two weeks after
hatch were perhaps the most critical in chick survival. Linder and Lamb (1967) and Baxter et al. (1969) also working with pheasants found no differences in chick survival rates over an 8-week period. When chickens eggs were injected with known concentrations of dieldrin prior to incubation, Guthrie and Donaldson (1970) reported the majority of the chicks were unaffected. Feeding or starving the chicks for three days made no difference in survival rates. This investigation was conducted in order to ascertain what effect dieldrin would have on the reproductive performance of Japanese quail and to determine if egg shell thinning could be induced in this species when exposed to varying calcium levels in the diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS All Japanese quail used in this study were obtained from a closed flock.3 At the onset of sexual maturity, (ca 5 to 6 weeks of age) groups of quail, (20 to a compartment) were housed in a chick finishing battery (Wes Bilt Mfg. Co., Hayward, Cal.). Each battery contained 16 compartments, with sloping floors constructed of 1.3 cm. 2 welded wire mesh, with 2.5 x 5.1 cm. welded wire sides. The batteries were fitted with continuous flow waterers and external hanging feed troughs. The quail were provided with continuous incandescent lighting and a room temperature of at least 18° C. was maintained by means of an electric space heater. Two experiments were conducted: the first, consisting of six, 28-day production periods; and the second, four, 28-day periods. Both experiments began when the birds reached 25% egg production. During the last 8 days of each production period, eggs were collect-
3. This flock was obtained in 1960 from the Oregon Game Commission, Hermiston, Oregon. We are informed they were originally obtained as mature stock from Oklahoma.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
ing 4 p.p.m. dieldrin for 90 days. Potts (1968) investigating the hatching success of eggs of the shag (Phalacrocorax oristotelis) concluded that dieldrin and other chlorinated hydrocarbons were probably not solely responsible for egg breakage or egg shell thinning. Egg shell thinning in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus torguatus) fed dieldrin was not shown by Dahlgren and Linder (1970). Egg production decreased with dieldrin contamination (Genelly and Rudd, 1956b; Walker et al., 1969; Baxter etal., 1969; Atkins and Linder, 1967; Linder and Lamb, 1967). Others have noted no effect (DeWitt, 1955; Graves et al., 1969). Reproductive parameters such as fertility and hatchability have generally been unaffected by dieldrin treatment. Atkins and Linder (1967) and Linder and Lamb (1967) reported that dieldrin at levels of 4, 6, 8 and 12 mg. per hen per week in single oral doses had no adverse effect on fertility or hatchability in pheasants. DeWitt (1956) using a level of 1 p.p.m. in the diet of quail (Colinus virginianus virginianae L.) found fertility and hatchability relatively unaffected. Graves et al. (1969) reported that dieldrin at 5 p.p.m. had no effect on fertility and hatchability in White Leghorn hens and Coulson et al. (1962) reported similar results with Japanese quail using 10 p.p.m. dieldrin.
213
214
CM.
READING, G. H. ARSCOTT AND I . J .
TINSLEY
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal rations for Experiments 1 and 2 Starter ration 0-2 weeks (%) 20.9
ed and saved for hatching purposes. The eggs saved during the last three days were used to obtain egg weight and specific gravity data. Individual eggs were weighed on a Mettler scale (Model P-1000), and egg shell thickness was measured by specific gravity using the method described by Arscott and Bernier (1961). On the last day of each production period, bulk quail body weights and feed consump-
tion data were obtained. Males and females in each pen were weighed separately. Feed consumption was calculated on a per-bird per-day basis after subtracting the feed consumed by males within these pens using feed consumption data for the males housed separately. Fertility and hatchability were obtained from the first 5 days eggs following 18 days of incubation. Fertility was determined by
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
Layer rations Ingredients (%) Glucose monohydrate1 67.14 67.14 Corn, yel. grd. — 4. 2. 2. Veg. fat, corn oil2 18.73 69. 18.73 Soybean meal (44% prot.) 3. 3. Alfalfa meal (20% prot.) — 6.65 Cellulose3 — — .15 .15 DL-methionine (98%) — 6.15 Limestone flour — — 1.5 2. Dicalcium phosphate — .5 .5 Salt, iodized 6. Salts, N 4 .1 Salts, N, suppl't mix.5 .33 .33 Vit.-tr. min. mix.6 Vit.-antioxidant-amino acid mix7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Totals Calculated Analyses: 15.2 15.2 31.6 Protein, % 1.24 .5 3.0 Ca, % .8 .7 P, % .63 1. Cerelose 2001 (Corn Products Co., New York). 2. Mazola, (Corn Products Co., New York). 3. Solka Floe BW-100 (Brown Co., Berlin, New Hampshire). 4. Fox and Briggs, (I960)—supplies as % of diet: Ca, 1.24; P, 0.8; K, 0.37; Na, 0.384; CI, 0.58; Mg, 0.06; Fe, 0.00334; Mn, 0.00813; I, 0.0006; Zn, 0.00728; Cu, 0.0004 (General Biochemicals, Chagrin Falls, Ohio). 5. Fox and Briggs, (1960)—supplies in mg./kg. of diet: Se, 0.1; Mo, 2.0. 6. Supplies in amts./kg. of premix.: vit. A, 1,320,000 I.U.; vit D 3 , 440,000 I.C.U.; vit. E, 440 I.U.; vit. K, 0.22 g.; riboflavin, 0.88 g.; d-pantothenic acid, 1.32 g.; niacin, 6.6 g.; choline CI, 44 g.; vit. B 12 , 1.8 mg.; butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 50 g.; Mn, 24 g.; Zn, 11 g.; Fe, 8 g.; Cu, 0.8 g.; I, 0.48 g.; Co, 88 mg. 7. Gordon and Sizer (1955)—added at 6 g./kg. of diet and supplies in g./kg. of premix.: vit. K (menadione), 0.2; vit. B12, 0.004; thiamine HC1, 1.6; riboflavin, 1.6; d-Ca-pantothenate, 4.; niacin, 20.; pyridoxine HC1, 1.6; folacin, 0.6; biotin, 0.06; glucose monohydrate, qs. (Nutritional Biochemicals Corps., Cleveland, Ohio); plus in g./kg. of diet: vit. A (30,000 U.S.P.U./g.), 0.333; vit. D 3 (1500 I.C.U./g.), 1.33; vit. E (Myvamix, 44 I.U./g., Distillation Products Industries, Rochester, N.Y.), 0.938; choline CI (25%), 12; BHT, 0.125; DL-methionine (98%), 5.; glycine, 2.
215
DlELDRIN AND C A IN QuAIL
4. Recrystallized from technical grade dieldrin and having an activity equivalent to 99% pure dieldrin through chromatographic analysis. Dissolved in corn oil prior to inclusion in basal ration at expense of corn oil in the diet.
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B . W . BlERER AND W . T . DERIEUX
Eleazer, T. H., 1968. Unpublished research data. Clemson Livestock Laboratory, P.O. Box 1771, Columbia, S.C. 29202. Gale, G. O., J. S. Riser and T. F. McNamara, 1963. Bacterial resistance to chemotherapy. Avian Diseases, 7: 457-466. Heddleston, K. L., 1972a. Personal communication, January 24, 1972, National Animal Disease Labora-
tory, Ames, Iowa 50010. Heddleston, K. L., 1972b. Avian pasteurellosis. In: Diseases of Poultry, Iowa State University Press, 5th Ed., page 236. Yacowitz, H., R. D. Carter and E. Ross, 1955. Further studies on Hemorrhagic syndrome induced by feeding high levels of sulfaquinoxaline to chicks. Poultry Sci. 34: 1229.
C.
M.
READING, 2 * G.
H.
ARSCOTT* AND I. J.
TINSLEY**
Departments of Poultry Science* and Agricultural Chemistry,** Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 (Received for publication April 25, 1975)
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dieldrin and calcium on reproductive performance of quail. At 25% egg production the quail received diets containing 0, 10 or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 6, 28-day periods in experiment 1 and 0, 5, or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 4, 28-day periods in experiment 2. Pesticide treatments were employed with diets containing 0.5% and 3.0% calcium. The results show that egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production, feed consumption, egg weights, fertility, hatchability and body weights were not affected by dieldrin treatments. However, egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production and hatchability were adversely affected by the lower calcium level. Female body weights were consistently heavier for the low calcium diet. Mortality increased in the presence of 10 and especially 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin. Livability of chicks from hens receiving rations with 10 and 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin was significantly lower than those fed no dieldrin. In summary, dieldrin was without effect on egg shell quality or other reproductive factors but did exert a detrimental effect on adult mortality and livability of progeny. POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 212-219,
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1976
decreases in egg shell weight or thinning. T h e relationship of pesticides to t h e egg shell thinE C L I N E S in certain avian populations ning process has been extensively studied and such as the peregrine falcon (Falco ' reviewed (Ratclif fe, 1967; P o t t s , 1968; Hickey peregrinus) and sparrow h a w k (Accipiterr and A n d e r s o n , 1968; Tucker, 1971). Porter nisus) beginning in the middle 1940's, led and Wiemeyer (1969) fed dieldrin and D D T investigators to relate this p h e n o m e n o n to contaminated diets to sparrow hawks and — reported egg shell thinning in t w o generations 1. Technical Paper No. 4013, Oregon Agricultural of this species. L e h n e r and Egbert (1969) also Experiment Station. Supported in part by U.S. Public reported thinning of egg shells in mallard hens Health Service Grant ES00040. This paper was develover a four-month dieldrin feeding period. oped in part from a thesis submitted by C. M. Reading, a Chester M. Wilcox Memorial Scholarship recipient On the other h a n d , several researchers have (1973-74), to the Graduate School, Oregon State Unibeen unable to find a relationship between versity in partial fulfillment of the M. S. degree. dieldrin and egg shell thinning. Muller (1971) 2. Present address: University of Oregon Dental found no egg shell thinning in Mallard ducks School, mail: 3323 SW Multnomah, Apt. #55, Port(Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) receivland, Oregon 97219.
D
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
Effect of Dieldrin and Calcium on the Performance of Adult Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)1
DIELDRIN AND C A IN QUAIL
The toxicity of dieldrin to Japanese quail was clearly shown by Walker et al. (1969) when dietary levels of 10,20, 30 and 40 p.p.m. were administered for periods up to 18 weeks. Mortality increased with dieldrin exposure of 20 p.p.m. and above. Female pheasants exhibited high mortality (75%) when challenged with 100and200p.p.m. dieldrin during the pre-reproductive period, Genelly and Rudd (1956a). DeWitt (1955) produced high mortality in Bobwhite quail using levels of 5 to 5000 p.p.m. dieldrin. Levels of 5 and 10 p.p.m. required a longer time period to produce 100% mortality. Genelly and Rudd (1956b) working with pheasants noted that the first two weeks after
hatch were perhaps the most critical in chick survival. Linder and Lamb (1967) and Baxter et al. (1969) also working with pheasants found no differences in chick survival rates over an 8-week period. When chickens eggs were injected with known concentrations of dieldrin prior to incubation, Guthrie and Donaldson (1970) reported the majority of the chicks were unaffected. Feeding or starving the chicks for three days made no difference in survival rates. This investigation was conducted in order to ascertain what effect dieldrin would have on the reproductive performance of Japanese quail and to determine if egg shell thinning could be induced in this species when exposed to varying calcium levels in the diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS All Japanese quail used in this study were obtained from a closed flock.3 At the onset of sexual maturity, (ca 5 to 6 weeks of age) groups of quail, (20 to a compartment) were housed in a chick finishing battery (Wes Bilt Mfg. Co., Hayward, Cal.). Each battery contained 16 compartments, with sloping floors constructed of 1.3 cm. 2 welded wire mesh, with 2.5 x 5.1 cm. welded wire sides. The batteries were fitted with continuous flow waterers and external hanging feed troughs. The quail were provided with continuous incandescent lighting and a room temperature of at least 18° C. was maintained by means of an electric space heater. Two experiments were conducted: the first, consisting of six, 28-day production periods; and the second, four, 28-day periods. Both experiments began when the birds reached 25% egg production. During the last 8 days of each production period, eggs were collect-
3. This flock was obtained in 1960 from the Oregon Game Commission, Hermiston, Oregon. We are informed they were originally obtained as mature stock from Oklahoma.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
ing 4 p.p.m. dieldrin for 90 days. Potts (1968) investigating the hatching success of eggs of the shag (Phalacrocorax oristotelis) concluded that dieldrin and other chlorinated hydrocarbons were probably not solely responsible for egg breakage or egg shell thinning. Egg shell thinning in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus torguatus) fed dieldrin was not shown by Dahlgren and Linder (1970). Egg production decreased with dieldrin contamination (Genelly and Rudd, 1956b; Walker et al., 1969; Baxter etal., 1969; Atkins and Linder, 1967; Linder and Lamb, 1967). Others have noted no effect (DeWitt, 1955; Graves et al., 1969). Reproductive parameters such as fertility and hatchability have generally been unaffected by dieldrin treatment. Atkins and Linder (1967) and Linder and Lamb (1967) reported that dieldrin at levels of 4, 6, 8 and 12 mg. per hen per week in single oral doses had no adverse effect on fertility or hatchability in pheasants. DeWitt (1956) using a level of 1 p.p.m. in the diet of quail (Colinus virginianus virginianae L.) found fertility and hatchability relatively unaffected. Graves et al. (1969) reported that dieldrin at 5 p.p.m. had no effect on fertility and hatchability in White Leghorn hens and Coulson et al. (1962) reported similar results with Japanese quail using 10 p.p.m. dieldrin.
213
214
CM.
READING, G. H. ARSCOTT AND I . J .
TINSLEY
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal rations for Experiments 1 and 2 Starter ration 0-2 weeks (%) 20.9
ed and saved for hatching purposes. The eggs saved during the last three days were used to obtain egg weight and specific gravity data. Individual eggs were weighed on a Mettler scale (Model P-1000), and egg shell thickness was measured by specific gravity using the method described by Arscott and Bernier (1961). On the last day of each production period, bulk quail body weights and feed consump-
tion data were obtained. Males and females in each pen were weighed separately. Feed consumption was calculated on a per-bird per-day basis after subtracting the feed consumed by males within these pens using feed consumption data for the males housed separately. Fertility and hatchability were obtained from the first 5 days eggs following 18 days of incubation. Fertility was determined by
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
Layer rations Ingredients (%) Glucose monohydrate1 67.14 67.14 Corn, yel. grd. — 4. 2. 2. Veg. fat, corn oil2 18.73 69. 18.73 Soybean meal (44% prot.) 3. 3. Alfalfa meal (20% prot.) — 6.65 Cellulose3 — — .15 .15 DL-methionine (98%) — 6.15 Limestone flour — — 1.5 2. Dicalcium phosphate — .5 .5 Salt, iodized 6. Salts, N 4 .1 Salts, N, suppl't mix.5 .33 .33 Vit.-tr. min. mix.6 Vit.-antioxidant-amino acid mix7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Totals Calculated Analyses: 15.2 15.2 31.6 Protein, % 1.24 .5 3.0 Ca, % .8 .7 P, % .63 1. Cerelose 2001 (Corn Products Co., New York). 2. Mazola, (Corn Products Co., New York). 3. Solka Floe BW-100 (Brown Co., Berlin, New Hampshire). 4. Fox and Briggs, (I960)—supplies as % of diet: Ca, 1.24; P, 0.8; K, 0.37; Na, 0.384; CI, 0.58; Mg, 0.06; Fe, 0.00334; Mn, 0.00813; I, 0.0006; Zn, 0.00728; Cu, 0.0004 (General Biochemicals, Chagrin Falls, Ohio). 5. Fox and Briggs, (1960)—supplies in mg./kg. of diet: Se, 0.1; Mo, 2.0. 6. Supplies in amts./kg. of premix.: vit. A, 1,320,000 I.U.; vit D 3 , 440,000 I.C.U.; vit. E, 440 I.U.; vit. K, 0.22 g.; riboflavin, 0.88 g.; d-pantothenic acid, 1.32 g.; niacin, 6.6 g.; choline CI, 44 g.; vit. B 12 , 1.8 mg.; butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 50 g.; Mn, 24 g.; Zn, 11 g.; Fe, 8 g.; Cu, 0.8 g.; I, 0.48 g.; Co, 88 mg. 7. Gordon and Sizer (1955)—added at 6 g./kg. of diet and supplies in g./kg. of premix.: vit. K (menadione), 0.2; vit. B12, 0.004; thiamine HC1, 1.6; riboflavin, 1.6; d-Ca-pantothenate, 4.; niacin, 20.; pyridoxine HC1, 1.6; folacin, 0.6; biotin, 0.06; glucose monohydrate, qs. (Nutritional Biochemicals Corps., Cleveland, Ohio); plus in g./kg. of diet: vit. A (30,000 U.S.P.U./g.), 0.333; vit. D 3 (1500 I.C.U./g.), 1.33; vit. E (Myvamix, 44 I.U./g., Distillation Products Industries, Rochester, N.Y.), 0.938; choline CI (25%), 12; BHT, 0.125; DL-methionine (98%), 5.; glycine, 2.
215
DlELDRIN AND C A IN QuAIL
4. Recrystallized from technical grade dieldrin and having an activity equivalent to 99% pure dieldrin through chromatographic analysis. Dissolved in corn oil prior to inclusion in basal ration at expense of corn oil in the diet.
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