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Effect of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) on performance, egg traits and blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity in laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) a
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c
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Y. Konca , H. Yalcin , M. Karabacak , M. Kaliber & F. Durmuscelebi a
Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science
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Faculty of Engineering Department of Food Engineering, 38039 Kayseri
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Safiye Çıkrıkçıoğlu Vocational High School, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey Accepted author version posted online: 21 Oct 2014.
To cite this article: Y. Konca, H. Yalcin, M. Karabacak, M. Kaliber & F. Durmuscelebi (2014): Effect of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) on performance, egg traits and blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity in laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), British Poultry Science, DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.978264 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2014.978264
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CBPS-2013-495 Ed. Kjaer, September, 2014; MacLeod, October, 2014 Publisher: Taylor & Francis & British Poultry Science Ltd Journal: British Poultry Science DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.978264
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Effect of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) on performance, egg traits and blood
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coturnix japonica)
Y. KONCA, H. YALCIN 1, M. KARABACAK2, M. KALIBER AND F. DURMUSCELEBI1
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Running title: Hempseed in laying quail diets
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Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, 1Faculty of Engineering Department of Food Engineering, 38039 Kayseri and 2Safiye Çıkrıkçıoğlu Vocational High School, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity in laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix
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Accepted for publication 19th August, 2014
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Correspondence to: Dr. Y. Konca, Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey. Tel: +905056058700. 25
Fax: +903524376209.
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Abstract. 1. This study was conducted to determine the effects of hempseed (HS) on performance, egg traits, serum lipid profile and antioxidant activity in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).
2. A total of 120 eight-week old laying quail were divided into 4 experimental groups with 10 replicates. The treatments were as follows: 1) Control diet (C, no HS in the diet); 2) 5% HS in the diet (HS5); 3) 10% HS in the diet (HS10); and 4) 20% HS in the diet (HS20). The quail
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were fed the experimental diets from 8 to 14 weeks of age.
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3. There was no significant difference in body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the birds overall in the experiment. The egg production was not
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influenced by the HS contents in the diet; however the HS10 diet increased egg weight and egg specific gravity. The carcass traits were not affected by the HS contents.
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4. The serum triglyceride, cholesterol and the high density lipoprotein (HDL) were not significantly altered; however, low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration in HS
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E-mail: [email protected]
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supplemented groups were lower than that of the C group. 5. The MDA, SOD, CAT and NO concentrations were not significantly affected but in the HS10 and HS20 GSH-Px concentration was higher than in the C and HS5 groups.
6. The omega-3 fatty acid content of eggs increased linearly with increasing dietary HS content in the diet.
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7. In conclusion, HS could be a potential feed and health benefit as a natural antioxidant in relation to decreasing serum LDL and increasing GSH-Px concentration in the liver of laying quail. INTRODUCTION Hemp (Cannabis sativa sp.) is an annual and very common plant which is grown in all continents. Hemp is used in many quality products and helps contribute to the health of
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people, farms and communities. Some reports showed a 50 % growth of its businesses over
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Hempseed is rich in nutrient composition with each component having valuable specific properties. Hempseed contains approximately 25% crude protein, 34% crude fat and 34% 55
carbohydrates and several vitamin and minerals. It is a rich source of high quality digestible protein and amino acids (Callaway et al., 2005; Yu et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2008; Girgih et
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al., 2011). Its oil contains 75-80% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 60% and 19% of which is respectively linoleic acid (LA) and alpha linoleic acid (ALA) (Callaway, 2004;
tocopherols which are highly beneficial for health (Oomah et al., 2002; Kriese et al., 2004;
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House et al., 2010). Furthermore, it contains a significant amount of phenolic compounds and
Chen et al., 2012). There has been some efforts to investigate hempseed (HS) and HS oil’s
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pharmacological, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidative, antihypertensive and mineral binding characteristics (Oomah et al., 2002; Korhonen and Pihlanto, 2003) with a limited range of animal and human experiments. In the past, hemp’s cultivation was rectricted
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the past few years (http://www.hemptrade.ca/grow_hemp.php).
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due to its high content of psychologically active Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (Gakhar et
al., 2012). Industrial hemp has low contents of THC (~0.3%) and has been legally licenced for cultivation in Canada since 1998 by Health Canada (http://www.agr.gc.ca). Some EU countries (France and Finland) never prohibited hemp cultivation and since 1993 and thereafter, many EU countries have been allowed to cultivate hemp with a THC content
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below 0.2% (Vantreese, 2002). Hempseed is used as a cage bird feed in Turkey.
4 Consumers prefer foods rich in esssential fatty acids, e.g. LA and ALA, due to their benefits for health. Linoleic acid and ALA are essential fatty acids for the human health and these should be taken with food (Goldberg et al., 2012). It is well known that consumption of foodstuffs rich in antioxidants provides protection against cancer and 75
cardiovascular diseases. As a result of public awareness of these facts consumers now prefer
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natural products which give protection against diseases, even though these foods can be expensive and rare.
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stability (Abuzytoun and Shahidi, 2006). The presence of these substances in animal feeds
may have positive effects on animal health. Therefore, when they are added to poultry feeds, the meat and egg products may be enriched with some functional properties. It has been shown that the addition of hempseed to quail diets increased ALA content in the meat and LA
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and ALA contents in the egg yolk (Yalcin et al., 2012). So, hempseed can be used to formulate functional foods with multifunctional bioactive properties against various free radicals that may cause oxidative stress-related diseases (Girgih et al., 2011). Also, it may
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contribute to reduce LDL cholesterol and high blood pressure (Callaway et al., 2005). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the hempseed inclusion in diets on laying
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performance, egg characteristics, blood lipid profiles and antioxidative capacity of the meat of laying quail. 90
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The bioactive components of vegetable oils play a major role in their oxidative
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Animals and diets A total of 120 eight-week-old female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were used in the study. At the beginning of the experiment, quail were exposed to a 14 d adaptation
period before hempseed feeding. All of the birds were weighed and distributed into 4 95
treatment groups with 10 replicates and three quail per cage as replicate. The cage dimensions were 25 x 20 x 25 cm. Quail were kept in a house providing controlled environmental
5 conditions. The lighting schedule was 16 h light and 8 h dark. Replicates were designated as the experimental units, and randomised with respect to the dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1) Control diet (C, no hempseed addition), 2) 5% 100
hempseed in the diet (HS5); 3) 10% hempseed in the diet (HS10); 4) 20% hempseed in the diet (HS20). The experimental diets were offered to the quail for 8 weeks. The diets were
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based on maize-soybean and formulated with a similar nutrient composition and prepared according to NRC (1994) recommendations. The hempseed were bought from a commercial
and experimental diets is given in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. The animal care protocol
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was approved by the Erciyes University Animal Care Protocol Management and Review Committee 2012/123. Measurements
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Tables 1 and 2 near here
Performance traits
The individual body weights (BW) of birds and feed intake (FI) for each subgroup were
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recorded at 14, 28, 42 and 56 d of age. The feed conversion ratio (FCR; FI/egg mass, g/g) of
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treatment the groups were calculated for each two-week period. Mortality was recorded daily
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and considered when the FI and FCR values were calculated. Laying performance and egg traits 115
Daily egg production was recorded and calculated in 14 d intervals for 4 periods. Periodical
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seed supplier. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The composition of the hempseed
average of egg percentage (%) was calculated as (egg number: animal number) ×100. Egg weight was measured by a digital scale (resolution 0.1 g) every 14 d of all laid eggs. Egg mass was calculated as egg production number × egg weight for each period. Egg specific gravity was estimated by Archimedes’ method (Wells, 1968).
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Determination of carcass traits
6 Ten quail were randomly selected from each dietary treatment group and weighed individually before slaughter and eviscerated at the end of the experiment. The carcass, empty gizzard, liver, heart and intestine weights were recorded individually. The relative weight of organs to carcass weight was calculated as a percentage. The cold carcass weights were 125
recorded after carcasses were kept at +4 °C for 18 h.
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Analytical methods
Determination of the proximate analyses and fatty acid composition
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extract, and crude ash according to established procedures AOAC (1980). The fatty acid (FA)
compositions of the HS and egg samples were determined according to the Agilent application catalogue. For FA analyses of eggs, 120 eggs were used (30 eggs for each group).
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Yolks of each 3 eggs were combined together to get a sample; in this way, a total of 10 samples were obtained for each group. The samples were extracted with ether and stored in
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Eppendorf tubes, and then the air was removed and replaced by nitrogen. The samples were stored at -60 °C until analysis. The oil (100 mg) was saponified with 100 ml 2 N KOH, and 3
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ml hexane was added to the mixture. The mixture was vigorously shaken with a vortex for 1
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min, and then centrifuged at 3913 x g for 5 min. FA compositions were analysed by a GC (Agilent 6890, USA) equipped with a Flame Ionisation Detector and a 100 m × 0.25 mm ID HP-88 column. Injector temperature was 250 °C. The oven temperature was kept at 103 °C
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The hempseed and feed used in this study were analysed for dry matter, crude protein, ether
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for 1 min, then programmed from 103 to 170 °C at 6.5 °C/min, from 170 to 215 °C for 12 min at 2.75 °C/min, finally, 230 °C for 5 min. The carrier gas was helium with a flow rate of 2 ml/min; split rate was 1/50. FA was identified by comparison of retention times to known standards. The results were expressed as g fatty acid/100 g total fatty acids (%). The determination of oxidative parameters
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For oxidative parameters analysis, livers of 10 quail per group (in total 40 samples) were separated and then cleaned with cold distilled water and the fat and connective tissue were
7 removed by using scalpel. Samples were kept on ice and transferred to the laboratory and then stored at –80 °C until analyses. On the d of analysis, extirpated tissue was homogenised in phosphate buffer with the aid of a homogeniser. The supernatant obtained by 150
the centrifugation of tissue homogenates in an ultracentrifuge was used for biochemical analyses.
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The malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, as an index of lipid peroxidation, was
determined by the thiobarbituric acid reaction according to Yoshoiko et al. (1979). The
interaction of thiobarbituric acid with malondialdehyde. The pink colour absorbances were
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measured at 532 nm by using a spectrophotometer and the MDA concentrations were expressed as μmol/l.
Catalase (CAT) activity was measured by the method of Yasmineh (1995). This
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method is based on the disappearance of H2O2 at 240 nm in a reaction medium containing H2O2 and potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Catalase activity was obtained from the molar
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expressed as kU/l.
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absorption coefficient of H2O2 and the absorbance change per min. The CAT activity was
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured by the method described
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originally by Sun et al. (1988). This assay for superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) activity involves inhibition of nitro-blue tetrazolium reduction, with xanthine-xanthine oxidase used as a superoxide generator. The enzyme activity was expressed as units/mg
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principle of this method depends on the measurement of the pink colour produced by the
protein.
Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was measured with the method of Mishra et
al. (1990), which was modified from Paglia and Valentine (1967). The reaction contained 170
glutathione, glutathione reductase, sodium azide, and NADPH. NADPH disappearance was monitored at 340 nm using a spectrophotometer. The enzyme activity was expressed as oxidised nmol NADPH/min/mg protein (U/mg protein).
8 The protein concentrations in the liver were determined using a Lowry (1951) assay. This method is based on the reaction of cupric ions with peptide bonds under 175
alkaline conditions. Concentrations were calculated from a standard curve constructed using bovine serum albumin and the protein concentrations were expressed as mg/ml.
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In order to determine the NO concentration in the serum, an enzymatic methodology was performed based on the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by nitrate reductase (E.C.1.6.6.2).
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concomitant oxidation of coenzyme was monitored by the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm.
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The method of standard addition was used to minimise the effect of interfering substances
from the liver. This spectrophotometric method was used to determine nitrate present in liver. Nitrite and nitrate present in the liver were determined in proportion to the total nitrogen
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oxides (NOx) by this method. The nitrate was measured as nitrite after enzymatic conversion by nitrate reductase (E.C.1.6.6.2). The total nitrite concentration in the liver was measured by
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using the Griess reaction (Bories and Bories, 1995; Moshage et al., 1995). Total nitrite
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concentration as NO was expressed as μmol/l. The determination of serum lipid profile
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For blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) analysis, 10 blood samples from each group (a total 40 birds) were taken by venepuncture of the neck vein at the 15th week of age. Blood samples were kept on ice,
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Nitrate reductase from Aspergillus species was used, in the presence of β-NADPH. The
transferred to the laboratory, where they were centrifuged at 1500 g for 10 min. The serum was then removed, and stored at -20 °C until analysis. The serum triglyceride, total
cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were measured using 195
commercial kits in an auto analyser (Beckman Architect C16000). Statistical analysis The data were analysed by using one-way ANOVA under the General Linear Models of SPSS
9 computer software (SPSS, 1998). The model included the hempseed content of diets. The means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range tests. The results of statistical 200
analysis were shown as mean values and standard error of means (SEM) in the tables. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Performance traits
The compositional analyses of the dietary ingredients showed that HS contained 21.05%
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protein and 31.45% oil. These results were similar to results obtained by Callaway (2004) and
House et al. (2010). Also the fatty acids of hempseed oil were found to include C18:2, 52.51%; C18:3 23.24% and ω-6/ω-3 ratio 2.26. Similar fatty acid content and ω-6/ω-3 ratio were reported by Callaway (2004) and Uluata and Ozdemir (2012).
The effects of HS on body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio
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(FCR) values are shown in Table 3. There were no statistical differences among the treatment
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groups in terms of final BW and change in percentage of BW. Similar results were obtained
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by Gakhar et al. (2012) and Silversides and Lefrancois (2005) where they showed that including HS meal in diets up to 20% did not significantly influence BW of laying hens. Also Gibb et al. (2005) who reported that 0, 9 and 14% HS inclusion in a fattening cattle diet did
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not alter the BW, BWG and FI of steers. In contrast to these results Khan et al. (2010) found that 20% HS inclusion into diets increased the BW of broilers. In the current experiment, two
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protein sources, soybean and sunflower meal, were used in the diets, and HS replaced
soybean meal (see Table 2). As well known, soybean meal is a very valuable protein source in
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poultry diets in terms of protein concentration and essential amino acid balance. On the other hand, no any negative effect was observed on BW and egg performance traits showing that HS may replace soybean meal. In current study findings are overlapping with the studies of Callaway (2004) and Wang et al. (2008), who showed that the protein and amino acid
10 composition, digestibility and bioavailability of HS was similar or higher than that 225
of soybean meal. There were no statistical differences in terms of feed intake and feed Table 3 near here conversion ratio among treatment groups (P > 0.05). It is well known that, poultry feed intake can be affected by amino acid composition in the diet. Imbalances of amino acid content in the diet can cause insufficient or excessive feed intake. Gakhar et al. (2010) observed that
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20%) in laying hen diets. Similarly in this experiment it was found that a high content of HS (20%) did not affect feed intake and efficiency.
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The effects of HS on hen-d egg production, egg weight, egg specific gravity (ESG) and egg mass are shown in Table 4. There were no differences among the groups in terms of hen-d egg production number and percentage in all periods (P > 0.05). However, in the HS10 235
group egg weight and egg mass significantly increased in groups d 0 to 14, 28 to 42 and 42 to
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were not significantly different among groups. In the HS20 group, ESG was higher than those of other HS supplemented groups and in the C group ESG was lower than others on d 14 (P
0.05). As well known, quail can start egg laying when they reach 35 to 40 d of age and after a moderate laying period (3 to 7 months) they can be slaughtered and used
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for human consumption. In this study HS inclusion did not cause superior results in carcass
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supplementation to the diet increased carcass and heart weight but decreased liver and intestinal weight; however, gizzard weight was not affected in the fattening period of quail. 260
Similar results were noted by Khan et al. (2010), who found that 10 and 20% HS in broiler diets did not affect broiler carcass yield. In another experiment, Eriksson and Wall (2012)
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noted that at under organic production conditions HS cake at 10 and 20% ratios in the
Blood lipid profile
Table 5 near here Table near here The effects of HS content in the diet on serum lipid profile are shown in Table5 6. There were
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growing and finishing period did not significantly affect carcass yield in broilers.
no statistical differences among the treatment groups in terms of serum triglyceride,
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cholesterol and HDL concentration in quail. However, the serum LDL concentration in the C group was higher than those of all the HS supplemented groups (P < 0.05). This may be related to the contents of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid
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yield and internal organ ratio of quail. Konca and Beyzi (2012) reported that 10% HS
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ratio in the diet. High omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid contents and a high omega-6/omega-3
fatty acid ratio in the diet may prevent some diseases (Schwab et al., 2006; Simopoulos, 2008). Callaway et al. (2005) reported that HS oil had significant benefits on health, with
regard to reducing LDL cholesterol and high blood pressure, platelet aggregation inhibition, wound healing, and alleviating atopic dermatitis in humans. In the blood lipid profile 275
particularly high LDL concentrations cause coronary artery diseases (Delles et al., 2010). In
12 the animal and human diets, high LA and ALA may protect against coronary disease via lowering total cholesterol and LDL in the body (Callaway 2004; Bourre, 2005). Similarly, HS addition in the diets decreased serum LDL and increased HDL in rats (Karimi and Hayatghaibi, 2006) and in broilers (Mahmoudi et al., 2012). However, dietary HS contents 280
did not significantly affect serum total cholesterol concentration in rats (Karimi and
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Hayatghaibi, 2006), but another experiment showed that the serum total cholesterol and
triglyceride concentrations decreased in broilers given HS (Mahmoudi et al., 2012). On the
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cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglyceride concentration in humans.
Table 6 near here The effects of HS on the oxidant parameters in the liver are shown in Table 7. There were no statistical differences among the treatment groups in liver MDA, NO, SOD and CAT. However, in the HS10 and HS20 groups the GSH-Px concentrations were higher than those of
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the C and HS5 groups (P < 0.05). SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT are antioxidative enzymes which act as the first step of antioxidant defence and protect cells against damage from reactive oxygen species (Tang et al., 2010). In the body, an increase in these antioxidant enzymes
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enhances scavenging activity for oxygen free radicals. When lipid peroxidation is increased the free radicals supply increases and cell damage occurs (Stark, 2005). Hempseed contains
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high digestible protein types and features a balanced amino acid content (Lu et al., 2010), and a high content of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids which may protect the integrity of the cell 295
membrane (Callaway, 2004; Uluata and Özdemir, 2012). In addition, it has nearly 800 mg/kg
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other hand, Kaul et al. (2008) reported that HS oil did not significantly alter plasma total
of oil tocopherols, which are mostly found in the form of ɤ-tocopherol (about 85%). This form has a higher antioxidant capacity than other forms (Oomah et al., 2002). Lu et al. (2010) reported that the peptides from hempseed, at a concentration of 10 µg/ml, protected against
cell death and oxidative apoptosis and researchers implied that these findings are significant 300
for the discovery and development of natural antioxidants from HS by-products. When assessed all together it seems that hempseed has many antioxidant agents to protect cell
13 integrity in the body. Hence we hypothesised that hempseed addition to quail diets may contribute to protection against ROS in the body. However only GSHPx was affected in the HS10 and HS20 groups. Higher contents of HS in quail diet might reveal more effective 305
results. Literature on HS inclusion in animal diets is scarce. Different vegetable oils such as cinnamon oil (Ciftci et al., 2010) and rosemary and garlic (Ancsin et al., 2009) in broilers and
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an essential oil mixture of different plants (Bozkurt et al., 2012) increased GSH-Px
concentration in layers. On the other hand, Hu et al. (2008) reported that serum MDA
compared to control groups fed on diets containing soybean oil and control diet.
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NO is produced at the cellular level from L-arginine catalysed by NO synthetase, and it is a very important signalling molecule (Nathan, 1992). NO participates in several cell processes as a highly reactive free radical (Moncada et al., 1991). It is oxidised very rapidly
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in the body; in the presence of oxygen and the oxidation end-products of NO it can oxidise cell lipids (Hassanpour et al., 2009) and consequently, cell damage occurs. In the current
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study, HS inclusion did not affect NO concentration in liver samples. According to these
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results, HS supplementation at 5, 10 and 15% ratios to the diet of laying Japanese quail diet did not improve oxidant and antioxidant parameters except GSH-Px.
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Fatty acids composition of eggs
Table 7 near here
The quail egg fatty acid composition is presented in Table 8. The saturated fatty acids of the egg oils are palmitic, stearic and myristic acids. The most abundant saturated fatty acid is
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concentration was decreased in rats fed on diets with HS oil at the end of the 90-d trial period
palmitic acid, the amount of which was reduced by feeding with HS enriched diet. This decreasing effect was also observed for myristic acid. The reduction of saturated fatty acids was not the major aim of this enrichment but it was an additional health advantage of the
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omega-3 enriched egg (Ayerza and Coates, 2000). The most abundant fatty acid in the egg samples was the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid. The amount of this fatty acid was decreased by increasing the amount of HS in the diet. The lowest oleic acid value was seen
14 for the HS20 diet at the end of the study. The enrichment treatment seems to have a decreasing effect on the amount of oleic acid, while it has an increasing effect on the linoleic 330
acid content. There may be a relation between oleic and linoleic acid, because as oleic acid increased, linoleic acid decreased. While the α-linolenic acid content of control eggs was very low (0.28%), an increase was observed by increasing HS content in the quail diets. The
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percentage of α-linolenic acid was increased by HS enriched diets. The amount of α-linolenic
acid was increased to 1.95% by the HS20 diet compared to control eggs in the same feeding period. It may be said that HS supplementation of quail diets may influence the α-linolenic
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acid content of the eggs, because hemp seed contains very high amounts (23.24%, Table 1) of α-linolenic acid. There are some of studies on the enrichment of quail diets with different seeds but there is no study in the literature about HS enrichment. Only one experiment was found related to addition of HS in layer diets in which Gakhar et al. (2012) reported that omega-3 fatty acid content of eggs increased linearly with increasing dietary HS content in
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laying hens. On the other hand, Basmacioglu et al. (2003) used flaxseed, which like HS has a
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high α-linolenic acid content, to laying hens in order to increase the omega-3 fatty acid
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concentrations in their eggs. They gave hens diets containing 4.32% and 8.64% flaxseed. They found increasing α-linolenic acid content in the eggs as the flax seed content increased. Conclusion
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According to these results, HS addition to quail diets did not cause any negative effect on
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BW, BWG, FI, FCR, carcass traits and egg production performance. However supplementation of 10% HS may increase egg weight, ESG and egg mass. In addition, HS inclusion at all ratios decreased serum LDL concentration compared to the C group, and 10%
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and 20% HS increased liver GSHPx concentration. Moreover, the omega-3 fatty acid content of eggs increased linearly with increasing dietary HS content in the diet. These results suggested that HS may be used to decrease the serum LDL and liver GSHPx concentration and show that HS has good potential as a natural antioxidant for health improvement and
15 disease prevention. Also, it can be used to produce specific functional poultry 355
products high in omega-3 fatty acid, for example eggs. There are not enough experimental results on the effect of HS inclusion in animal diets and its nutritive and antioxidant efficacy in animals. Further experiments are needed to determine the effects of HS in poultry feeding. REFERENCES
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of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 83:855-861.
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Table 8 near here (EC) No 1782/2003. Official Journal of the European Union. L 303/7, 14.11. AOAC. (1980) Official Methods of Analysis. 13th edn. Association of Official Analytical
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cr ip t
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cr ip t
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cr ip t
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an us M
515
525
ce
pt
ed
520
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caraway, carrot, cranberry, and hempseed oils. Food Chemistry, 91:723-729.
22
Table 1. Analysed nutrient and fatty acid composition of hempseed
Content, g/kg
cr ip t
Item
an us
951.1
220.5
M
Crude protein
324.5
68.0
ce
Crude ash
pt
ed
Crude oil
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Dry matter
Fatty acid composition1
Palmitic acid, C16:0
6.67
2.87
Oleic acid, C18:1 (ω-9)
11.50
Linoleic, C18:2 (ω-6)
52.51
an us
cr ip t
Stearic acid, C18:0
23.24
M
Linolenic, C18:3 (ω-3)
pt
ed
Arachidic acid, C20:0
0.57
ce
Gadoleic acid, C 20:1
0.65
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
23
Behenic acid, C 22:0
0.25
ω-6/ω-3
2.26
ed
pt
ce
Ac 530
cr ip t
1
535
an us
M
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
24
PUFA 87.90
g fatty acid/100 g total fatty acids (%).
25
Table 2. Diet composition
5 (H5)
10 (H10)
an us
0 (C)
cr ip t
Diet composition, g/kg
400.0
20 (H20)
400.0
400.0
400.0
150.2
117.0
83.0
14.9
246.0
231.7
217.3
191.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
ed
M
Maize
ce
pt
Wheat
Soybean meal
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Feedstuffs
Sunflower meal
28.0
26.0
25.0
21.0
Sodium chloride
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.4
Di-calcium phosphate
8.3
7.9
7.3
6.6
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.3
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.75
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
an us
ed
M
Limestone
cr ip t
Vegetable oil
ce
pt
Vitamin-mineral premix1
DL-Methionine
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
26
L-Lysine
27
0.0
50.0
884.0
885.1
202.0
885.8
887.3
201.8
201.5
201.7
103.9
105.0
106.2
109.4
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
an us
Dry matter
ed
M
Crude protein
ce
pt
Crude ash
200.0
Lysine
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Nutrient composition, g/kg2
100.0
cr ip t
Hempseed
Methionine
28
Metabolisable energy, MJ/kg
12.14
12.14
12.14
Vitamin-mineral premix per kg of the diet, retinol acetat, 4500 mcg; cholecalciferol, 50 mg;
cr ip t
1
12.14
tocopheryl acetate, 40.0 mg; menadione, 5.0 mg; thiamine, 3.0 mg; riboflavin, 6.0 mg; 540
pyridoxine, 5.0 mg; cobalamin, 0.03 mg; nicotinic acid, 30.0 mg; biotin, 0.1 mg; calcium d-
an us
35.0 mg; zinc, 50.0 mg; copper, 5.0 mg; iodine, 2.0 mg; cobalt, 0.4 mg; selenium, 0.15 mg assured. 2
545
Dry matter, crude protein and crude ash were analysed according to established procedures
AOAC (1980) and other nutrient compositions are calculated based on NRC (1994) data of
ed
M
feedstuffs nutrient tables.
ce
pt
550
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
pantothenate, 12 mg; folic acid, 1.0 mg, choline chloride, 400 mg, manganese, 80.0 mg; iron,
29
Table 3. Effect of hempseed content on the body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in quail
n = 30
n = 30
P
n = 30
206.7
215.0
210.2
3.60
NS
224.6
222.2
216.8
222.1
3.40
NS
9.0
7.5
0.8
5.7
0.01
NS
M
n = 30
206.1
ce
pt
Initial body weight, g
cr ip t
50 (H5) 100 (H10) 200 (H20) SEM pooled
an us
0 (C)
ed
Item
Final body weight, g
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Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Hempseed content, g/kg feed
BW change, %
30
n = 10
n = 10
n = 10
0 to14 d
28.6
29.5
29.7
28.7
0.82
NS
14 to 28 d
29.6
28.5
28.5
27.5
1.12
NS
28.3
29.9
27.4
1.25
NS
28.8
30.7
28.0
28.5
1.46
NS
28.8
29.2
29.0
28.0
1.19
NS
an us
M
ed 28.2
ce
pt
28 to 42 d
cr ip t
n = 10
42 to 56 d
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Feed intake, g/d
Overall
31
2.7
2.8
2.5
14 to 28 d
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.6
28 to 42 d
2.7
2.6
2.8
3.3
2.7
NS
0.01
NS
2.8
0.03
NS
2.9
3.0
0.03
NS
2.8
2.5
0.02
NS
M
3.1
ce
pt
42 to 56 d
0.02
cr ip t
2.6
an us
0 to 14 d
ed
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Feed conversion ratio, g feed/g egg mass
Ac
Overall
555
2.7
32
Table 4. Effect of hempseed content on egg production (egg number and %), egg weight (g), specific gravity (g/Wg) and egg mass in quail for each period
38.1
cr ip t SEM pooled
P
37.0
36.0
40.0
0.71
NS
ce
pt
0 to 14 d
200 (H20)
100 (H10)
ed
Egg production, number
50 (H5)
an us
0 (C)
M
Item
14 to 28 d
36.0
35.7
35.6
36.3
1.53
NS
36.0
36.7
36.5
38.0
1.49
NS
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Hempseed content, g/kg feed
28 to 42 d
33.0
33.3
33.9
35.0
1.35
NS
Overall
35.8
35.7
35.5
37.3
1.43
NS
an us
Egg production, %
92.7
87.5
95.2
1.68
NS
86.4
90.0
2.22
NS
M
14 to 28 d
88.2
ed
90.6
92.4
ce
pt
0 to 14 d
cr ip t
42 to 56 d
28 to 42 d
86.1
88.5
84.1
82.7
2.00
NS
78.6
79.4
78.6
81.1
1.90
NS
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
33
42 to 56 d
34
Overall
87.0
87.1
86.3
87.3
0 to 14 d
12.0cb
12.2ab
12.3a
11.9c
0.04
**
14 to 28 d
12.1
11.9
12.1
11.8
0.05
NS
28 to 42 d
12.1b
12.6a
12.0b
0.06
**
cr ip t
an us
M
ed
ce
pt
12.2b
NS
42 to 56 d
11.9 b
11.9b
12.4a
11.6b
0.06
**
12.0ab
12.0ab
12.3a
11.8b
0.06
*
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Egg weight, g
2.94
Overall
35
10.9ab
10.8b
10.7b
11.3b
0.04
**
14 to 28 d
11.2
11.0
10.5
10.6
0.05
NS
28 to 42 d
10.4ab
10.8a
10.6a
9.9b
0.05
**
42 to 56 d
9.4c
9.7a
9.4b
0.05
**
10.5b
11.3a
0.04
**
an us
M
ed
ce
pt
9.4b
cr ip t
0 to 14 d
Overall
10.85ab
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Egg mass, g
Specific gravity, g/Wg
10.8ab
1.023c
1.028b
1.029b
1.033a
0.0004
**
14 to 28 d
1.044ab
1.043b
1.046a
1.044ab
0.0004
NS
28 to 42 d
1.0490b
1.047c
1.052a
1.049ab
0.0004
**
42 to 56 d
1.051ab
1.054a
1.054a
1.050b
0.0005
*
Overall
1.042c
1.044ab
0.0004
**
an us
M
ed 1.043a
cr ip t
0 to 14 d
1.045a
Ac
ce
pt
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
36
Mean values within the same row sharing a common superscript letter are not statistically
560
different: *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: P > 0.05.
37
Table 5. Effect of hempseed content in diets on carcass and edible internal organ
n = 10
n = 10
ce
200 (H20)
SEM
P
pooled
n = 10
n = 10
209.6
223.6
214.7
5.57
NS
ed
210.7
100 (H10)
M
50 (H5)
pt
Slaughter BW, g
0 (C)
an us
Traits
Carcass, g
131.6
130.4
144.3
135.3
3.74
NS
Liver, g
6.0
5.9
5.6
5.9
0.26
NS
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Hempseed content, g/kg feed
cr ip t
weight, absolute and relative to slaughter body weight
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
0.08
NS
Gizzard, g
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.5
0.14
NS
Carcass yield, %
62.3
62.3
Liver, %
4.6
64.6
63.2
0.96
NS
3.9
4.3
0.21
NS
ed
M
Relative weight
ce
pt
4.6
cr ip t
Heart, g
an us
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
38
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.3
0.06
NS
2.8
2.7
2.4
2.6
0.16
NS
Ac
Heart, %
Gizzard, %
565
ed
pt
ce
Ac 570
cr ip t
an us
M
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
39
40
Table 6. Effect of hempseed content in diets on blood lipid profile
n = 10
n = 10
cr ip t
50 (H5) 100 (H10)
200 (H20)
SEM pooled
P
an us
0 (C)
n = 10
n = 10
1600.0
1320.0
1332.0
1339.0
143.9
NS
ce
pt
Triglyceride, mg/dl
ed
M
Item
Cholesterol, mg/dl
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Hempseed content, g/kg feed
HDL, mg/dl
196.6
173.2
162.2
169.0
10.53
NS
71.8
62.4
62.6
62.0
3.76
NS
41
21.3b
18.2 b
19.7 b
1.74
**
cr ip t
27.6a
LDL, mg/dl
Mean values within the same row sharing a common superscript letter are not statistically different: *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: P > 0.05.
an us
Table 7. Effect of hempseed content in diets on the liver antioxidant parameters
0 (H0)
50 (H5)
100 (H10)
200 (H20)
n = 10
n = 10
n = 10
10.7
9.3
10.8
SEM pooled
P
1.08
NS
ce
pt
Traits
ed
M
Hempseed content, g/kg feed
n = 10
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
575
MDA
10.2
20.6
22.7
20.5
21.5
2.30
NS
SOD
4.0
5.7
5.2
5.05
0.84
NS
CAT
117.0
116.6
154.6
156.0
30.00
NS
GSH-Px
8.4b
9.5ab
13.0a
13.0a
1.40
*
ed
M
an us
cr ip t
NO
different: *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: P > 0.05.
ce
580
pt
Mean values within the same row sharing a common superscript letter are not statistically
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42
585
43
590
0 (H0)
50 (H5)
100 (H10)
200 (H20)
SEM pooled
P
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Traits
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Hempseed content, g/kg feed
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Table 8. Effect of hempseed content in diets on egg fatty acid composition (g fatty acid/100 g total fatty acids)
n = 10
n = 10
n = 10
1.44a
1.38ab
1.32ab
1.25b
0.04
*
26.42a
25.72 a
25.79 a
23.76b
0.27
**
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n = 10
Myristic acid, C14:0
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595
Palmitic acid, C16:0
3.59 a
3.32 a
3.43 a
2.42b
0.30
**
Stearic acid, C18:0
8.31
9.72
8.76
9.51
0.26
NS
Oleic acid, C18:1
43.80 a
39.62b
40.49b
37.12c
0.66
**
Linoleic, 18:2
14.71c
17.01b
17.14b
21.97a
0.48
**
0.76 b
0.94 b
1.95a
0.13
**
1.80
1.49
1.29
0.24
NS
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Linolenic, C18:3
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Palmitoleic, C16:1
Tetronoic acid, C20:4
1.64
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Mean values within the same row sharing a common superscript letter are not statistically different: *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: P > 0.05.
British Poultry Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbps20
Effect of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) on performance, egg traits and blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity in laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) a
b
c
a
b
Y. Konca , H. Yalcin , M. Karabacak , M. Kaliber & F. Durmuscelebi a
Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science
b
Faculty of Engineering Department of Food Engineering, 38039 Kayseri
c
Safiye Çıkrıkçıoğlu Vocational High School, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey Accepted author version posted online: 21 Oct 2014.
To cite this article: Y. Konca, H. Yalcin, M. Karabacak, M. Kaliber & F. Durmuscelebi (2014): Effect of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) on performance, egg traits and blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity in laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), British Poultry Science, DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.978264 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2014.978264
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1
CBPS-2013-495 Ed. Kjaer, September, 2014; MacLeod, October, 2014 Publisher: Taylor & Francis & British Poultry Science Ltd Journal: British Poultry Science DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.978264
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5
Effect of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) on performance, egg traits and blood
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coturnix japonica)
Y. KONCA, H. YALCIN 1, M. KARABACAK2, M. KALIBER AND F. DURMUSCELEBI1
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Running title: Hempseed in laying quail diets
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Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, 1Faculty of Engineering Department of Food Engineering, 38039 Kayseri and 2Safiye Çıkrıkçıoğlu Vocational High School, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity in laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix
20
Accepted for publication 19th August, 2014
2
Correspondence to: Dr. Y. Konca, Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey. Tel: +905056058700. 25
Fax: +903524376209.
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Abstract. 1. This study was conducted to determine the effects of hempseed (HS) on performance, egg traits, serum lipid profile and antioxidant activity in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).
2. A total of 120 eight-week old laying quail were divided into 4 experimental groups with 10 replicates. The treatments were as follows: 1) Control diet (C, no HS in the diet); 2) 5% HS in the diet (HS5); 3) 10% HS in the diet (HS10); and 4) 20% HS in the diet (HS20). The quail
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were fed the experimental diets from 8 to 14 weeks of age.
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3. There was no significant difference in body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the birds overall in the experiment. The egg production was not
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influenced by the HS contents in the diet; however the HS10 diet increased egg weight and egg specific gravity. The carcass traits were not affected by the HS contents.
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4. The serum triglyceride, cholesterol and the high density lipoprotein (HDL) were not significantly altered; however, low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration in HS
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E-mail: [email protected]
40
supplemented groups were lower than that of the C group. 5. The MDA, SOD, CAT and NO concentrations were not significantly affected but in the HS10 and HS20 GSH-Px concentration was higher than in the C and HS5 groups.
6. The omega-3 fatty acid content of eggs increased linearly with increasing dietary HS content in the diet.
3 45
7. In conclusion, HS could be a potential feed and health benefit as a natural antioxidant in relation to decreasing serum LDL and increasing GSH-Px concentration in the liver of laying quail. INTRODUCTION Hemp (Cannabis sativa sp.) is an annual and very common plant which is grown in all continents. Hemp is used in many quality products and helps contribute to the health of
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50
people, farms and communities. Some reports showed a 50 % growth of its businesses over
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Hempseed is rich in nutrient composition with each component having valuable specific properties. Hempseed contains approximately 25% crude protein, 34% crude fat and 34% 55
carbohydrates and several vitamin and minerals. It is a rich source of high quality digestible protein and amino acids (Callaway et al., 2005; Yu et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2008; Girgih et
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al., 2011). Its oil contains 75-80% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 60% and 19% of which is respectively linoleic acid (LA) and alpha linoleic acid (ALA) (Callaway, 2004;
tocopherols which are highly beneficial for health (Oomah et al., 2002; Kriese et al., 2004;
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House et al., 2010). Furthermore, it contains a significant amount of phenolic compounds and
Chen et al., 2012). There has been some efforts to investigate hempseed (HS) and HS oil’s
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pharmacological, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidative, antihypertensive and mineral binding characteristics (Oomah et al., 2002; Korhonen and Pihlanto, 2003) with a limited range of animal and human experiments. In the past, hemp’s cultivation was rectricted
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the past few years (http://www.hemptrade.ca/grow_hemp.php).
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due to its high content of psychologically active Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (Gakhar et
al., 2012). Industrial hemp has low contents of THC (~0.3%) and has been legally licenced for cultivation in Canada since 1998 by Health Canada (http://www.agr.gc.ca). Some EU countries (France and Finland) never prohibited hemp cultivation and since 1993 and thereafter, many EU countries have been allowed to cultivate hemp with a THC content
70
below 0.2% (Vantreese, 2002). Hempseed is used as a cage bird feed in Turkey.
4 Consumers prefer foods rich in esssential fatty acids, e.g. LA and ALA, due to their benefits for health. Linoleic acid and ALA are essential fatty acids for the human health and these should be taken with food (Goldberg et al., 2012). It is well known that consumption of foodstuffs rich in antioxidants provides protection against cancer and 75
cardiovascular diseases. As a result of public awareness of these facts consumers now prefer
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natural products which give protection against diseases, even though these foods can be expensive and rare.
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stability (Abuzytoun and Shahidi, 2006). The presence of these substances in animal feeds
may have positive effects on animal health. Therefore, when they are added to poultry feeds, the meat and egg products may be enriched with some functional properties. It has been shown that the addition of hempseed to quail diets increased ALA content in the meat and LA
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and ALA contents in the egg yolk (Yalcin et al., 2012). So, hempseed can be used to formulate functional foods with multifunctional bioactive properties against various free radicals that may cause oxidative stress-related diseases (Girgih et al., 2011). Also, it may
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contribute to reduce LDL cholesterol and high blood pressure (Callaway et al., 2005). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the hempseed inclusion in diets on laying
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performance, egg characteristics, blood lipid profiles and antioxidative capacity of the meat of laying quail. 90
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The bioactive components of vegetable oils play a major role in their oxidative
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Animals and diets A total of 120 eight-week-old female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were used in the study. At the beginning of the experiment, quail were exposed to a 14 d adaptation
period before hempseed feeding. All of the birds were weighed and distributed into 4 95
treatment groups with 10 replicates and three quail per cage as replicate. The cage dimensions were 25 x 20 x 25 cm. Quail were kept in a house providing controlled environmental
5 conditions. The lighting schedule was 16 h light and 8 h dark. Replicates were designated as the experimental units, and randomised with respect to the dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1) Control diet (C, no hempseed addition), 2) 5% 100
hempseed in the diet (HS5); 3) 10% hempseed in the diet (HS10); 4) 20% hempseed in the diet (HS20). The experimental diets were offered to the quail for 8 weeks. The diets were
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based on maize-soybean and formulated with a similar nutrient composition and prepared according to NRC (1994) recommendations. The hempseed were bought from a commercial
and experimental diets is given in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. The animal care protocol
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was approved by the Erciyes University Animal Care Protocol Management and Review Committee 2012/123. Measurements
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Tables 1 and 2 near here
Performance traits
The individual body weights (BW) of birds and feed intake (FI) for each subgroup were
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recorded at 14, 28, 42 and 56 d of age. The feed conversion ratio (FCR; FI/egg mass, g/g) of
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treatment the groups were calculated for each two-week period. Mortality was recorded daily
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and considered when the FI and FCR values were calculated. Laying performance and egg traits 115
Daily egg production was recorded and calculated in 14 d intervals for 4 periods. Periodical
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seed supplier. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The composition of the hempseed
average of egg percentage (%) was calculated as (egg number: animal number) ×100. Egg weight was measured by a digital scale (resolution 0.1 g) every 14 d of all laid eggs. Egg mass was calculated as egg production number × egg weight for each period. Egg specific gravity was estimated by Archimedes’ method (Wells, 1968).
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Determination of carcass traits
6 Ten quail were randomly selected from each dietary treatment group and weighed individually before slaughter and eviscerated at the end of the experiment. The carcass, empty gizzard, liver, heart and intestine weights were recorded individually. The relative weight of organs to carcass weight was calculated as a percentage. The cold carcass weights were 125
recorded after carcasses were kept at +4 °C for 18 h.
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Analytical methods
Determination of the proximate analyses and fatty acid composition
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extract, and crude ash according to established procedures AOAC (1980). The fatty acid (FA)
compositions of the HS and egg samples were determined according to the Agilent application catalogue. For FA analyses of eggs, 120 eggs were used (30 eggs for each group).
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Yolks of each 3 eggs were combined together to get a sample; in this way, a total of 10 samples were obtained for each group. The samples were extracted with ether and stored in
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Eppendorf tubes, and then the air was removed and replaced by nitrogen. The samples were stored at -60 °C until analysis. The oil (100 mg) was saponified with 100 ml 2 N KOH, and 3
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ml hexane was added to the mixture. The mixture was vigorously shaken with a vortex for 1
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min, and then centrifuged at 3913 x g for 5 min. FA compositions were analysed by a GC (Agilent 6890, USA) equipped with a Flame Ionisation Detector and a 100 m × 0.25 mm ID HP-88 column. Injector temperature was 250 °C. The oven temperature was kept at 103 °C
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The hempseed and feed used in this study were analysed for dry matter, crude protein, ether
140
for 1 min, then programmed from 103 to 170 °C at 6.5 °C/min, from 170 to 215 °C for 12 min at 2.75 °C/min, finally, 230 °C for 5 min. The carrier gas was helium with a flow rate of 2 ml/min; split rate was 1/50. FA was identified by comparison of retention times to known standards. The results were expressed as g fatty acid/100 g total fatty acids (%). The determination of oxidative parameters
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For oxidative parameters analysis, livers of 10 quail per group (in total 40 samples) were separated and then cleaned with cold distilled water and the fat and connective tissue were
7 removed by using scalpel. Samples were kept on ice and transferred to the laboratory and then stored at –80 °C until analyses. On the d of analysis, extirpated tissue was homogenised in phosphate buffer with the aid of a homogeniser. The supernatant obtained by 150
the centrifugation of tissue homogenates in an ultracentrifuge was used for biochemical analyses.
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The malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, as an index of lipid peroxidation, was
determined by the thiobarbituric acid reaction according to Yoshoiko et al. (1979). The
interaction of thiobarbituric acid with malondialdehyde. The pink colour absorbances were
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measured at 532 nm by using a spectrophotometer and the MDA concentrations were expressed as μmol/l.
Catalase (CAT) activity was measured by the method of Yasmineh (1995). This
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method is based on the disappearance of H2O2 at 240 nm in a reaction medium containing H2O2 and potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Catalase activity was obtained from the molar
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expressed as kU/l.
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absorption coefficient of H2O2 and the absorbance change per min. The CAT activity was
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured by the method described
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originally by Sun et al. (1988). This assay for superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) activity involves inhibition of nitro-blue tetrazolium reduction, with xanthine-xanthine oxidase used as a superoxide generator. The enzyme activity was expressed as units/mg
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principle of this method depends on the measurement of the pink colour produced by the
protein.
Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was measured with the method of Mishra et
al. (1990), which was modified from Paglia and Valentine (1967). The reaction contained 170
glutathione, glutathione reductase, sodium azide, and NADPH. NADPH disappearance was monitored at 340 nm using a spectrophotometer. The enzyme activity was expressed as oxidised nmol NADPH/min/mg protein (U/mg protein).
8 The protein concentrations in the liver were determined using a Lowry (1951) assay. This method is based on the reaction of cupric ions with peptide bonds under 175
alkaline conditions. Concentrations were calculated from a standard curve constructed using bovine serum albumin and the protein concentrations were expressed as mg/ml.
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In order to determine the NO concentration in the serum, an enzymatic methodology was performed based on the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by nitrate reductase (E.C.1.6.6.2).
180
concomitant oxidation of coenzyme was monitored by the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm.
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The method of standard addition was used to minimise the effect of interfering substances
from the liver. This spectrophotometric method was used to determine nitrate present in liver. Nitrite and nitrate present in the liver were determined in proportion to the total nitrogen
185
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oxides (NOx) by this method. The nitrate was measured as nitrite after enzymatic conversion by nitrate reductase (E.C.1.6.6.2). The total nitrite concentration in the liver was measured by
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using the Griess reaction (Bories and Bories, 1995; Moshage et al., 1995). Total nitrite
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concentration as NO was expressed as μmol/l. The determination of serum lipid profile
190
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For blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) analysis, 10 blood samples from each group (a total 40 birds) were taken by venepuncture of the neck vein at the 15th week of age. Blood samples were kept on ice,
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Nitrate reductase from Aspergillus species was used, in the presence of β-NADPH. The
transferred to the laboratory, where they were centrifuged at 1500 g for 10 min. The serum was then removed, and stored at -20 °C until analysis. The serum triglyceride, total
cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were measured using 195
commercial kits in an auto analyser (Beckman Architect C16000). Statistical analysis The data were analysed by using one-way ANOVA under the General Linear Models of SPSS
9 computer software (SPSS, 1998). The model included the hempseed content of diets. The means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range tests. The results of statistical 200
analysis were shown as mean values and standard error of means (SEM) in the tables. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Performance traits
The compositional analyses of the dietary ingredients showed that HS contained 21.05%
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protein and 31.45% oil. These results were similar to results obtained by Callaway (2004) and
House et al. (2010). Also the fatty acids of hempseed oil were found to include C18:2, 52.51%; C18:3 23.24% and ω-6/ω-3 ratio 2.26. Similar fatty acid content and ω-6/ω-3 ratio were reported by Callaway (2004) and Uluata and Ozdemir (2012).
The effects of HS on body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio
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(FCR) values are shown in Table 3. There were no statistical differences among the treatment
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groups in terms of final BW and change in percentage of BW. Similar results were obtained
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by Gakhar et al. (2012) and Silversides and Lefrancois (2005) where they showed that including HS meal in diets up to 20% did not significantly influence BW of laying hens. Also Gibb et al. (2005) who reported that 0, 9 and 14% HS inclusion in a fattening cattle diet did
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not alter the BW, BWG and FI of steers. In contrast to these results Khan et al. (2010) found that 20% HS inclusion into diets increased the BW of broilers. In the current experiment, two
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protein sources, soybean and sunflower meal, were used in the diets, and HS replaced
soybean meal (see Table 2). As well known, soybean meal is a very valuable protein source in
220
poultry diets in terms of protein concentration and essential amino acid balance. On the other hand, no any negative effect was observed on BW and egg performance traits showing that HS may replace soybean meal. In current study findings are overlapping with the studies of Callaway (2004) and Wang et al. (2008), who showed that the protein and amino acid
10 composition, digestibility and bioavailability of HS was similar or higher than that 225
of soybean meal. There were no statistical differences in terms of feed intake and feed Table 3 near here conversion ratio among treatment groups (P > 0.05). It is well known that, poultry feed intake can be affected by amino acid composition in the diet. Imbalances of amino acid content in the diet can cause insufficient or excessive feed intake. Gakhar et al. (2010) observed that
230
20%) in laying hen diets. Similarly in this experiment it was found that a high content of HS (20%) did not affect feed intake and efficiency.
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The effects of HS on hen-d egg production, egg weight, egg specific gravity (ESG) and egg mass are shown in Table 4. There were no differences among the groups in terms of hen-d egg production number and percentage in all periods (P > 0.05). However, in the HS10 235
group egg weight and egg mass significantly increased in groups d 0 to 14, 28 to 42 and 42 to
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56 compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In the 14 to 28 d period egg weight and egg mass
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were not significantly different among groups. In the HS20 group, ESG was higher than those of other HS supplemented groups and in the C group ESG was lower than others on d 14 (P
0.05). As well known, quail can start egg laying when they reach 35 to 40 d of age and after a moderate laying period (3 to 7 months) they can be slaughtered and used
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for human consumption. In this study HS inclusion did not cause superior results in carcass
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supplementation to the diet increased carcass and heart weight but decreased liver and intestinal weight; however, gizzard weight was not affected in the fattening period of quail. 260
Similar results were noted by Khan et al. (2010), who found that 10 and 20% HS in broiler diets did not affect broiler carcass yield. In another experiment, Eriksson and Wall (2012)
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noted that at under organic production conditions HS cake at 10 and 20% ratios in the
Blood lipid profile
Table 5 near here Table near here The effects of HS content in the diet on serum lipid profile are shown in Table5 6. There were
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growing and finishing period did not significantly affect carcass yield in broilers.
no statistical differences among the treatment groups in terms of serum triglyceride,
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cholesterol and HDL concentration in quail. However, the serum LDL concentration in the C group was higher than those of all the HS supplemented groups (P < 0.05). This may be related to the contents of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid
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yield and internal organ ratio of quail. Konca and Beyzi (2012) reported that 10% HS
270
ratio in the diet. High omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid contents and a high omega-6/omega-3
fatty acid ratio in the diet may prevent some diseases (Schwab et al., 2006; Simopoulos, 2008). Callaway et al. (2005) reported that HS oil had significant benefits on health, with
regard to reducing LDL cholesterol and high blood pressure, platelet aggregation inhibition, wound healing, and alleviating atopic dermatitis in humans. In the blood lipid profile 275
particularly high LDL concentrations cause coronary artery diseases (Delles et al., 2010). In
12 the animal and human diets, high LA and ALA may protect against coronary disease via lowering total cholesterol and LDL in the body (Callaway 2004; Bourre, 2005). Similarly, HS addition in the diets decreased serum LDL and increased HDL in rats (Karimi and Hayatghaibi, 2006) and in broilers (Mahmoudi et al., 2012). However, dietary HS contents 280
did not significantly affect serum total cholesterol concentration in rats (Karimi and
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Hayatghaibi, 2006), but another experiment showed that the serum total cholesterol and
triglyceride concentrations decreased in broilers given HS (Mahmoudi et al., 2012). On the
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cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglyceride concentration in humans.
Table 6 near here The effects of HS on the oxidant parameters in the liver are shown in Table 7. There were no statistical differences among the treatment groups in liver MDA, NO, SOD and CAT. However, in the HS10 and HS20 groups the GSH-Px concentrations were higher than those of
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the C and HS5 groups (P < 0.05). SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT are antioxidative enzymes which act as the first step of antioxidant defence and protect cells against damage from reactive oxygen species (Tang et al., 2010). In the body, an increase in these antioxidant enzymes
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enhances scavenging activity for oxygen free radicals. When lipid peroxidation is increased the free radicals supply increases and cell damage occurs (Stark, 2005). Hempseed contains
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high digestible protein types and features a balanced amino acid content (Lu et al., 2010), and a high content of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids which may protect the integrity of the cell 295
membrane (Callaway, 2004; Uluata and Özdemir, 2012). In addition, it has nearly 800 mg/kg
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other hand, Kaul et al. (2008) reported that HS oil did not significantly alter plasma total
of oil tocopherols, which are mostly found in the form of ɤ-tocopherol (about 85%). This form has a higher antioxidant capacity than other forms (Oomah et al., 2002). Lu et al. (2010) reported that the peptides from hempseed, at a concentration of 10 µg/ml, protected against
cell death and oxidative apoptosis and researchers implied that these findings are significant 300
for the discovery and development of natural antioxidants from HS by-products. When assessed all together it seems that hempseed has many antioxidant agents to protect cell
13 integrity in the body. Hence we hypothesised that hempseed addition to quail diets may contribute to protection against ROS in the body. However only GSHPx was affected in the HS10 and HS20 groups. Higher contents of HS in quail diet might reveal more effective 305
results. Literature on HS inclusion in animal diets is scarce. Different vegetable oils such as cinnamon oil (Ciftci et al., 2010) and rosemary and garlic (Ancsin et al., 2009) in broilers and
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an essential oil mixture of different plants (Bozkurt et al., 2012) increased GSH-Px
concentration in layers. On the other hand, Hu et al. (2008) reported that serum MDA
compared to control groups fed on diets containing soybean oil and control diet.
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NO is produced at the cellular level from L-arginine catalysed by NO synthetase, and it is a very important signalling molecule (Nathan, 1992). NO participates in several cell processes as a highly reactive free radical (Moncada et al., 1991). It is oxidised very rapidly
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in the body; in the presence of oxygen and the oxidation end-products of NO it can oxidise cell lipids (Hassanpour et al., 2009) and consequently, cell damage occurs. In the current
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study, HS inclusion did not affect NO concentration in liver samples. According to these
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results, HS supplementation at 5, 10 and 15% ratios to the diet of laying Japanese quail diet did not improve oxidant and antioxidant parameters except GSH-Px.
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Fatty acids composition of eggs
Table 7 near here
The quail egg fatty acid composition is presented in Table 8. The saturated fatty acids of the egg oils are palmitic, stearic and myristic acids. The most abundant saturated fatty acid is
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concentration was decreased in rats fed on diets with HS oil at the end of the 90-d trial period
palmitic acid, the amount of which was reduced by feeding with HS enriched diet. This decreasing effect was also observed for myristic acid. The reduction of saturated fatty acids was not the major aim of this enrichment but it was an additional health advantage of the
325
omega-3 enriched egg (Ayerza and Coates, 2000). The most abundant fatty acid in the egg samples was the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid. The amount of this fatty acid was decreased by increasing the amount of HS in the diet. The lowest oleic acid value was seen
14 for the HS20 diet at the end of the study. The enrichment treatment seems to have a decreasing effect on the amount of oleic acid, while it has an increasing effect on the linoleic 330
acid content. There may be a relation between oleic and linoleic acid, because as oleic acid increased, linoleic acid decreased. While the α-linolenic acid content of control eggs was very low (0.28%), an increase was observed by increasing HS content in the quail diets. The
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percentage of α-linolenic acid was increased by HS enriched diets. The amount of α-linolenic
acid was increased to 1.95% by the HS20 diet compared to control eggs in the same feeding period. It may be said that HS supplementation of quail diets may influence the α-linolenic
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acid content of the eggs, because hemp seed contains very high amounts (23.24%, Table 1) of α-linolenic acid. There are some of studies on the enrichment of quail diets with different seeds but there is no study in the literature about HS enrichment. Only one experiment was found related to addition of HS in layer diets in which Gakhar et al. (2012) reported that omega-3 fatty acid content of eggs increased linearly with increasing dietary HS content in
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laying hens. On the other hand, Basmacioglu et al. (2003) used flaxseed, which like HS has a
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high α-linolenic acid content, to laying hens in order to increase the omega-3 fatty acid
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concentrations in their eggs. They gave hens diets containing 4.32% and 8.64% flaxseed. They found increasing α-linolenic acid content in the eggs as the flax seed content increased. Conclusion
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According to these results, HS addition to quail diets did not cause any negative effect on
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335
BW, BWG, FI, FCR, carcass traits and egg production performance. However supplementation of 10% HS may increase egg weight, ESG and egg mass. In addition, HS inclusion at all ratios decreased serum LDL concentration compared to the C group, and 10%
350
and 20% HS increased liver GSHPx concentration. Moreover, the omega-3 fatty acid content of eggs increased linearly with increasing dietary HS content in the diet. These results suggested that HS may be used to decrease the serum LDL and liver GSHPx concentration and show that HS has good potential as a natural antioxidant for health improvement and
15 disease prevention. Also, it can be used to produce specific functional poultry 355
products high in omega-3 fatty acid, for example eggs. There are not enough experimental results on the effect of HS inclusion in animal diets and its nutritive and antioxidant efficacy in animals. Further experiments are needed to determine the effects of HS in poultry feeding. REFERENCES
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cr ip t
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515
525
ce
pt
ed
520
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caraway, carrot, cranberry, and hempseed oils. Food Chemistry, 91:723-729.
22
Table 1. Analysed nutrient and fatty acid composition of hempseed
Content, g/kg
cr ip t
Item
an us
951.1
220.5
M
Crude protein
324.5
68.0
ce
Crude ash
pt
ed
Crude oil
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Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Dry matter
Fatty acid composition1
Palmitic acid, C16:0
6.67
2.87
Oleic acid, C18:1 (ω-9)
11.50
Linoleic, C18:2 (ω-6)
52.51
an us
cr ip t
Stearic acid, C18:0
23.24
M
Linolenic, C18:3 (ω-3)
pt
ed
Arachidic acid, C20:0
0.57
ce
Gadoleic acid, C 20:1
0.65
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
23
Behenic acid, C 22:0
0.25
ω-6/ω-3
2.26
ed
pt
ce
Ac 530
cr ip t
1
535
an us
M
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
24
PUFA 87.90
g fatty acid/100 g total fatty acids (%).
25
Table 2. Diet composition
5 (H5)
10 (H10)
an us
0 (C)
cr ip t
Diet composition, g/kg
400.0
20 (H20)
400.0
400.0
400.0
150.2
117.0
83.0
14.9
246.0
231.7
217.3
191.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
ed
M
Maize
ce
pt
Wheat
Soybean meal
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Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Feedstuffs
Sunflower meal
28.0
26.0
25.0
21.0
Sodium chloride
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.4
Di-calcium phosphate
8.3
7.9
7.3
6.6
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.3
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.75
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
an us
ed
M
Limestone
cr ip t
Vegetable oil
ce
pt
Vitamin-mineral premix1
DL-Methionine
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
26
L-Lysine
27
0.0
50.0
884.0
885.1
202.0
885.8
887.3
201.8
201.5
201.7
103.9
105.0
106.2
109.4
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
an us
Dry matter
ed
M
Crude protein
ce
pt
Crude ash
200.0
Lysine
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Nutrient composition, g/kg2
100.0
cr ip t
Hempseed
Methionine
28
Metabolisable energy, MJ/kg
12.14
12.14
12.14
Vitamin-mineral premix per kg of the diet, retinol acetat, 4500 mcg; cholecalciferol, 50 mg;
cr ip t
1
12.14
tocopheryl acetate, 40.0 mg; menadione, 5.0 mg; thiamine, 3.0 mg; riboflavin, 6.0 mg; 540
pyridoxine, 5.0 mg; cobalamin, 0.03 mg; nicotinic acid, 30.0 mg; biotin, 0.1 mg; calcium d-
an us
35.0 mg; zinc, 50.0 mg; copper, 5.0 mg; iodine, 2.0 mg; cobalt, 0.4 mg; selenium, 0.15 mg assured. 2
545
Dry matter, crude protein and crude ash were analysed according to established procedures
AOAC (1980) and other nutrient compositions are calculated based on NRC (1994) data of
ed
M
feedstuffs nutrient tables.
ce
pt
550
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Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
pantothenate, 12 mg; folic acid, 1.0 mg, choline chloride, 400 mg, manganese, 80.0 mg; iron,
29
Table 3. Effect of hempseed content on the body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in quail
n = 30
n = 30
P
n = 30
206.7
215.0
210.2
3.60
NS
224.6
222.2
216.8
222.1
3.40
NS
9.0
7.5
0.8
5.7
0.01
NS
M
n = 30
206.1
ce
pt
Initial body weight, g
cr ip t
50 (H5) 100 (H10) 200 (H20) SEM pooled
an us
0 (C)
ed
Item
Final body weight, g
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Hempseed content, g/kg feed
BW change, %
30
n = 10
n = 10
n = 10
0 to14 d
28.6
29.5
29.7
28.7
0.82
NS
14 to 28 d
29.6
28.5
28.5
27.5
1.12
NS
28.3
29.9
27.4
1.25
NS
28.8
30.7
28.0
28.5
1.46
NS
28.8
29.2
29.0
28.0
1.19
NS
an us
M
ed 28.2
ce
pt
28 to 42 d
cr ip t
n = 10
42 to 56 d
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Feed intake, g/d
Overall
31
2.7
2.8
2.5
14 to 28 d
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.6
28 to 42 d
2.7
2.6
2.8
3.3
2.7
NS
0.01
NS
2.8
0.03
NS
2.9
3.0
0.03
NS
2.8
2.5
0.02
NS
M
3.1
ce
pt
42 to 56 d
0.02
cr ip t
2.6
an us
0 to 14 d
ed
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Feed conversion ratio, g feed/g egg mass
Ac
Overall
555
2.7
32
Table 4. Effect of hempseed content on egg production (egg number and %), egg weight (g), specific gravity (g/Wg) and egg mass in quail for each period
38.1
cr ip t SEM pooled
P
37.0
36.0
40.0
0.71
NS
ce
pt
0 to 14 d
200 (H20)
100 (H10)
ed
Egg production, number
50 (H5)
an us
0 (C)
M
Item
14 to 28 d
36.0
35.7
35.6
36.3
1.53
NS
36.0
36.7
36.5
38.0
1.49
NS
Ac
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Hempseed content, g/kg feed
28 to 42 d
33.0
33.3
33.9
35.0
1.35
NS
Overall
35.8
35.7
35.5
37.3
1.43
NS
an us
Egg production, %
92.7
87.5
95.2
1.68
NS
86.4
90.0
2.22
NS
M
14 to 28 d
88.2
ed
90.6
92.4
ce
pt
0 to 14 d
cr ip t
42 to 56 d
28 to 42 d
86.1
88.5
84.1
82.7
2.00
NS
78.6
79.4
78.6
81.1
1.90
NS
Ac
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33
42 to 56 d
34
Overall
87.0
87.1
86.3
87.3
0 to 14 d
12.0cb
12.2ab
12.3a
11.9c
0.04
**
14 to 28 d
12.1
11.9
12.1
11.8
0.05
NS
28 to 42 d
12.1b
12.6a
12.0b
0.06
**
cr ip t
an us
M
ed
ce
pt
12.2b
NS
42 to 56 d
11.9 b
11.9b
12.4a
11.6b
0.06
**
12.0ab
12.0ab
12.3a
11.8b
0.06
*
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Egg weight, g
2.94
Overall
35
10.9ab
10.8b
10.7b
11.3b
0.04
**
14 to 28 d
11.2
11.0
10.5
10.6
0.05
NS
28 to 42 d
10.4ab
10.8a
10.6a
9.9b
0.05
**
42 to 56 d
9.4c
9.7a
9.4b
0.05
**
10.5b
11.3a
0.04
**
an us
M
ed
ce
pt
9.4b
cr ip t
0 to 14 d
Overall
10.85ab
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Egg mass, g
Specific gravity, g/Wg
10.8ab
1.023c
1.028b
1.029b
1.033a
0.0004
**
14 to 28 d
1.044ab
1.043b
1.046a
1.044ab
0.0004
NS
28 to 42 d
1.0490b
1.047c
1.052a
1.049ab
0.0004
**
42 to 56 d
1.051ab
1.054a
1.054a
1.050b
0.0005
*
Overall
1.042c
1.044ab
0.0004
**
an us
M
ed 1.043a
cr ip t
0 to 14 d
1.045a
Ac
ce
pt
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
36
Mean values within the same row sharing a common superscript letter are not statistically
560
different: *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: P > 0.05.
37
Table 5. Effect of hempseed content in diets on carcass and edible internal organ
n = 10
n = 10
ce
200 (H20)
SEM
P
pooled
n = 10
n = 10
209.6
223.6
214.7
5.57
NS
ed
210.7
100 (H10)
M
50 (H5)
pt
Slaughter BW, g
0 (C)
an us
Traits
Carcass, g
131.6
130.4
144.3
135.3
3.74
NS
Liver, g
6.0
5.9
5.6
5.9
0.26
NS
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Hempseed content, g/kg feed
cr ip t
weight, absolute and relative to slaughter body weight
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
0.08
NS
Gizzard, g
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.5
0.14
NS
Carcass yield, %
62.3
62.3
Liver, %
4.6
64.6
63.2
0.96
NS
3.9
4.3
0.21
NS
ed
M
Relative weight
ce
pt
4.6
cr ip t
Heart, g
an us
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
38
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.3
0.06
NS
2.8
2.7
2.4
2.6
0.16
NS
Ac
Heart, %
Gizzard, %
565
ed
pt
ce
Ac 570
cr ip t
an us
M
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
39
40
Table 6. Effect of hempseed content in diets on blood lipid profile
n = 10
n = 10
cr ip t
50 (H5) 100 (H10)
200 (H20)
SEM pooled
P
an us
0 (C)
n = 10
n = 10
1600.0
1320.0
1332.0
1339.0
143.9
NS
ce
pt
Triglyceride, mg/dl
ed
M
Item
Cholesterol, mg/dl
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
Hempseed content, g/kg feed
HDL, mg/dl
196.6
173.2
162.2
169.0
10.53
NS
71.8
62.4
62.6
62.0
3.76
NS
41
21.3b
18.2 b
19.7 b
1.74
**
cr ip t
27.6a
LDL, mg/dl
Mean values within the same row sharing a common superscript letter are not statistically different: *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: P > 0.05.
an us
Table 7. Effect of hempseed content in diets on the liver antioxidant parameters
0 (H0)
50 (H5)
100 (H10)
200 (H20)
n = 10
n = 10
n = 10
10.7
9.3
10.8
SEM pooled
P
1.08
NS
ce
pt
Traits
ed
M
Hempseed content, g/kg feed
n = 10
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
575
MDA
10.2
20.6
22.7
20.5
21.5
2.30
NS
SOD
4.0
5.7
5.2
5.05
0.84
NS
CAT
117.0
116.6
154.6
156.0
30.00
NS
GSH-Px
8.4b
9.5ab
13.0a
13.0a
1.40
*
ed
M
an us
cr ip t
NO
different: *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: P > 0.05.
ce
580
pt
Mean values within the same row sharing a common superscript letter are not statistically
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
42
585
43
590
0 (H0)
50 (H5)
100 (H10)
200 (H20)
SEM pooled
P
ed
M
Traits
an us
Hempseed content, g/kg feed
cr ip t
Table 8. Effect of hempseed content in diets on egg fatty acid composition (g fatty acid/100 g total fatty acids)
n = 10
n = 10
n = 10
1.44a
1.38ab
1.32ab
1.25b
0.04
*
26.42a
25.72 a
25.79 a
23.76b
0.27
**
ce
pt
n = 10
Myristic acid, C14:0
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
595
Palmitic acid, C16:0
3.59 a
3.32 a
3.43 a
2.42b
0.30
**
Stearic acid, C18:0
8.31
9.72
8.76
9.51
0.26
NS
Oleic acid, C18:1
43.80 a
39.62b
40.49b
37.12c
0.66
**
Linoleic, 18:2
14.71c
17.01b
17.14b
21.97a
0.48
**
0.76 b
0.94 b
1.95a
0.13
**
1.80
1.49
1.29
0.24
NS
an us
M
ed 0.28 c
ce
pt
Linolenic, C18:3
cr ip t
Palmitoleic, C16:1
Tetronoic acid, C20:4
1.64
Ac
Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:27 22 October 2014
44
Mean values within the same row sharing a common superscript letter are not statistically different: *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: P > 0.05.
