EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL CHOLINE ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SOWS: A COOPERATIVE REGIONAL STUDY NCR-42
Committee
on Swine
Nutrition
1,2,3
Five h u n d r e d and f i f t y - o n e sows were used in 22 trials at nine s t a t i o n s to evaluate the t The Committee during the course of this study included: L. T. Frobish, ARS; A. H. Jensen, Illinois; T. Cline, Indiana; V. C. Speer, Iowa; G. L. Allee, Kansas; V. W. Hays, Kentucky; E. R. Miller, Michigan; R. J. Meade, Minnesota; T. L. Veum, Missouri; E. R. Peo, Jr., Nebraska; R. L. Harrold, North Dakota; H. S. Teague, Ohio; R. C. Wahlstrom, South Dakota; R. H. Grummer, Wisconsin and J. A. Hoefer, Michigan, Administrative Advisor. Manuscript prepared by V. W. Hays. 2 Appreciation is expressed to Mr. V. R. Heaton, Calcium Carbonate Co., Quincy, Illinois for the trace mineral mixture and to Dr. T. Berry, Commercial Solvents Corp., Terre Haute, Indiana for supplying choline and for the choline assay on the sample diets. 3Published with the approval of the Director of Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Kentucky, as Journal Article 75-5-110.
TABLE 1. COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS Ingredient
Ref. No. a
Gestation
Lactation (%)
Ground yellow corn Dehulled soybean meal Ground beet pulp Ground limestone Dicalcium phosphate Salt (iodized) Vitamin mix b Trace mineral mix c Choline mix (50% choline)d,e Total
4-02-931 5-04-612
80.000 16.500
4-00-669
...
6-01-069 6-01-080 6-04--151
.850 2.000 .500 .075 .075 . . 100.000
72.500 16.500 7.500 .850 2.000 .500 .075 .075 .
.
.
. 100.000
aAtlas of Nutritional Data on United States and Canadian Feeds. 1971. Nat. Acad. of Sci., Washington, DC. bprovided per kilogram of diet: Vitamin A, 3300 IU; Vitamin D 2, 220 IU; Vitamin E, 44 IU; Riboflavin, 3.3 mg; Pantothenic Acid, 7.2 mg; Niacin, 17.6 mg;and Vitamin B 12, 11.0 milligrams. Cprovided, ppm: Fe, 75 ; Mn, 41 ; Zn, 150 ; Cu, 7.5 and I, 1.1. Some stations used a trace mineralized salt to supply similar levels of salt and trace minerals. dCholine added to the treated group to raise the calculated level from 872 to 1,642 mg/kg of gestation and from 904 to 1,674 mg/kg of lactation diet. The gestation diets from station 6 analyzed 720 and 1,430 mg/kg for the control and treated, respectively. estations 4 and 6 added the equivalent of 100 mg choline per kilogram to control lactation diets and station 4 added 100 mg choline per kilogram to their control gestation diets, thus their diets were higher in choline than for other stations. 1211 JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, Vol. 42, No. 5, 1976
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jas/article-abstract/42/5/1211/4698060 by guest on 04 December 2018
e f f e c t s o f s u p p l e m e n t a l choline (770 m g / k g o f diet) during g e s t a t i o n and lactation on litter size at birth and weaning. During gestation sows were fed a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2.0 kg per day o f a c o r n - s o y b e a n meal t y p e diet calculating 15.0% p r o t e i n and f o r t i f i e d with vitamins and minerals at levels to m e e t e s t i m a t e d r e q u i r e m e n t s . A similar diet was f e d during lactation e x c e p t t h a t 7.5% b e e t pulp was s u b s t i t u t e d f o r an equal a m o u n t of corn. The m a j o r i t y o f t h e sows were full fed during lactation. Diet f o r m u l a s and feeding m e t h o d s were essentially s t a n d a r d i z e d ; but, each s t a t i o n s e c u r e d i n g r e d i e n t s and m i x e d its o w n diets. Sows f e d diets s u p p l e m e n t e d with choline f a r r o w e d m o r e t o t a l pigs per litter (10.54 v s 9.89) and m o r e live pigs per litter (9.33 vs 8.64) and had m o r e pigs at 2 weeks o f age (7.72 vs 7 . 2 9 ) t h a n did sows f e d the u n s u p p l e m e n t e d diet. T h e r e were f e w e r spraddie leg pigs o n the t r e a t e d diet (29 v s 42);
SUMMARY
1212
CHOLINE AND REPRODUCTION
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Committee
on Swine
Nutrition
1,2,3
Five h u n d r e d and f i f t y - o n e sows were used in 22 trials at nine s t a t i o n s to evaluate the t The Committee during the course of this study included: L. T. Frobish, ARS; A. H. Jensen, Illinois; T. Cline, Indiana; V. C. Speer, Iowa; G. L. Allee, Kansas; V. W. Hays, Kentucky; E. R. Miller, Michigan; R. J. Meade, Minnesota; T. L. Veum, Missouri; E. R. Peo, Jr., Nebraska; R. L. Harrold, North Dakota; H. S. Teague, Ohio; R. C. Wahlstrom, South Dakota; R. H. Grummer, Wisconsin and J. A. Hoefer, Michigan, Administrative Advisor. Manuscript prepared by V. W. Hays. 2 Appreciation is expressed to Mr. V. R. Heaton, Calcium Carbonate Co., Quincy, Illinois for the trace mineral mixture and to Dr. T. Berry, Commercial Solvents Corp., Terre Haute, Indiana for supplying choline and for the choline assay on the sample diets. 3Published with the approval of the Director of Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Kentucky, as Journal Article 75-5-110.
TABLE 1. COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS Ingredient
Ref. No. a
Gestation
Lactation (%)
Ground yellow corn Dehulled soybean meal Ground beet pulp Ground limestone Dicalcium phosphate Salt (iodized) Vitamin mix b Trace mineral mix c Choline mix (50% choline)d,e Total
4-02-931 5-04-612
80.000 16.500
4-00-669
...
6-01-069 6-01-080 6-04--151
.850 2.000 .500 .075 .075 . . 100.000
72.500 16.500 7.500 .850 2.000 .500 .075 .075 .
.
.
. 100.000
aAtlas of Nutritional Data on United States and Canadian Feeds. 1971. Nat. Acad. of Sci., Washington, DC. bprovided per kilogram of diet: Vitamin A, 3300 IU; Vitamin D 2, 220 IU; Vitamin E, 44 IU; Riboflavin, 3.3 mg; Pantothenic Acid, 7.2 mg; Niacin, 17.6 mg;and Vitamin B 12, 11.0 milligrams. Cprovided, ppm: Fe, 75 ; Mn, 41 ; Zn, 150 ; Cu, 7.5 and I, 1.1. Some stations used a trace mineralized salt to supply similar levels of salt and trace minerals. dCholine added to the treated group to raise the calculated level from 872 to 1,642 mg/kg of gestation and from 904 to 1,674 mg/kg of lactation diet. The gestation diets from station 6 analyzed 720 and 1,430 mg/kg for the control and treated, respectively. estations 4 and 6 added the equivalent of 100 mg choline per kilogram to control lactation diets and station 4 added 100 mg choline per kilogram to their control gestation diets, thus their diets were higher in choline than for other stations. 1211 JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, Vol. 42, No. 5, 1976
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jas/article-abstract/42/5/1211/4698060 by guest on 04 December 2018
e f f e c t s o f s u p p l e m e n t a l choline (770 m g / k g o f diet) during g e s t a t i o n and lactation on litter size at birth and weaning. During gestation sows were fed a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2.0 kg per day o f a c o r n - s o y b e a n meal t y p e diet calculating 15.0% p r o t e i n and f o r t i f i e d with vitamins and minerals at levels to m e e t e s t i m a t e d r e q u i r e m e n t s . A similar diet was f e d during lactation e x c e p t t h a t 7.5% b e e t pulp was s u b s t i t u t e d f o r an equal a m o u n t of corn. The m a j o r i t y o f t h e sows were full fed during lactation. Diet f o r m u l a s and feeding m e t h o d s were essentially s t a n d a r d i z e d ; but, each s t a t i o n s e c u r e d i n g r e d i e n t s and m i x e d its o w n diets. Sows f e d diets s u p p l e m e n t e d with choline f a r r o w e d m o r e t o t a l pigs per litter (10.54 v s 9.89) and m o r e live pigs per litter (9.33 vs 8.64) and had m o r e pigs at 2 weeks o f age (7.72 vs 7 . 2 9 ) t h a n did sows f e d the u n s u p p l e m e n t e d diet. T h e r e were f e w e r spraddie leg pigs o n the t r e a t e d diet (29 v s 42);
SUMMARY
1212
CHOLINE AND REPRODUCTION
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