Effects of oat bran, rice bran, wheat fiber, and wheat on postprandial lipemia in healthy adults13 Louis Cara, Anne-Marie

Christophe Dubois, Pau!i, Pierre-Marie

Patrick Bernard,

Bore!, and

days a low-fiber

Six normolipidemic males ingested test meal [2.8 g dietary fiber (IDF)]

70 g fat and

mg cholesterol,

ABS1’RACT 756

enriched

or not

Martine Armand, Denis Lairon

containing

affect

10 g TDF

the

testine, prandial

h and

(19)

were

isolated.

Adding

fibers

to the test

meal

induced

study

glycenides

tailed

were

reduced

with

wheat

fiber.

All

fiber

sources

re-

know

but

While

only

the

effects

the present

study

reporting

the

guar gum and oat bran)

reduce

the time

postprandial

tent.

lipemia in humans 1992;55:8l-8.

Am J Clin

KEY

WORDS

lipemia,

to

a

variable

cx-

Nutr

Humans,

triglycerides,

dietary

fiber,

cereal,

published (22). and lipoproteins

after

food

intake

studies

lished

only

cholesterol

term

Several

epidemiologic

surveys

suggested

that

dietary

fiber

in-

shown

enriched

numerous

term

is now

nutritional studies

effects

well-recognized.

management were conducted

ofingesting

Thus,

various

sources

ofdietary

hypocholesterolemic and/or hypotriglyceridemic were repeatedly observed in laboratory animals (10),

the extent

especially

of reduction

to the

nature

being

of the

As a whole, the long-term fibers on lipid metabolism mechanisms

whereby

fiber

related

fiber.

to several

absorption fibers

some

of fat

volatile

in the large

and

fibers

intestine

and that some important be altered after chronic Am J C/in Nutr

cholesterol

fatty

1992;55:8l-8.

acids

may

could

produced

factors

Printed

lipemia

effects

in mildly

wheat

others

of

was

lipemia involved

period,

state.

most

Very

metabolism

in humans

bran

was

of

relevant were

pub-

effects

bran,

men

processed

than

raw

affected but

and (30).

it

some Wheat

intestinal

hypocholesterolemic

chronic

intake

(32, 33). Wheat

is a newly effects

(29)

cholesterol

both

after

subjects

marked

in rats

fat and

13) and to exhibit

hardly

less studied

hypercholesterolemic dietary

cereals because displayed long-

but

much

effect

to reduce

in rats (12,

more

a 24-h

and

de-

in humans

were selected among Oat bran repeatedly

Rice

hypotriglycendemic

fiber wheat

in rats

fibers, source

bran,

(31)

ie, fiberthat

could

as shown

by

(34).

The the

over

pasta

(a mixture

lipemia

in the postprandial

28).

and in hyperlipidemic

Indeed,

present

effects

lipemia

study

was dedicated

of different in healthy

kinds

human

to comparatively

of dietary

fibers

on

studying postprandial

subjects.

and

of some dietary However, the

affect

digestion

be

during

(10, in USA.

and

from animal or delayed in the intestinal

impaired

(12-16),

fermentation

could reduce cholesterogenesis steps oflipoprotein metabolism

fiber intake

uptake

have

the first

fibers

another

source.

metabolism have not yet been elucidated. Results studies suggest that fat digestion could be reduced the presence of fiber-rich fractions (1 1-13), that that

some (7, 8), long-

effects of fibers (9) and humans

beneficial effects seems established.

dietary

given

ofserum lipid disorders to evaluate the possible

performed,

an hypocholesterolemic effects

coronary-heart-disease

being

of dietary

(20) and

(23-27).

(10,

was

and

into

was

ofpostprandial

germ

was negatively correlated to the coronary-heart-disease death rate (1-4). The key role of hypercholesterolemia (5) and, to a lesser extent, of hypertriglyceridemia (6) in the development of take

possible

spent

recently

beneficial

the post-

incorporated

on postprandial

hypocholesterolemic

exhibited

compared

of data meals

gum

but also because

triglycendemia

Introduction

test

fiber

effects

The fiber sources studied oftheir particular properties.

postprandial

amount

It seems important to study postprandial not only to elucidate the mechanisms

is usually

basic

report

inpost-

a viscous

ofguar

study

chylomicron cholesterol. Cholesterolemia decreased postprandially for 6 h and was further lowered in the presence ofoat bran. Serum apolipoprotein (apo) A-l and apo B concentrations were not affected. Thus, dietary fibers from cereals may duced

and

small the

with fiber-enriched

a brief

bran

specifically the

and/or

An important

glycemia

ofwheat

fibers from

secretion

metabolism.

for triglycerides, effects

dietary

cholesterol

the chylomicron

on postmeal

described

(21).

in humans

of fat and

lipoprotein

prandial

Portugal,

whether

altering

was obtained

no change in serum glucose or insulin responses. The serum triglyceride response was lower (P 0.05) in the presence of oat bran, wheat fiber, or wheat germ and chylomicron tn-

Henri

assimilation

thus

as oat bran, rice bran, or wheat fiber or 4.2 g TDF as wheat germ. Fasting and postmeal blood samples were obtained for 7 chylomicrons

Senfi,

We do not

on separate

with

Michele

germ

of (17),

might

18). © 1992 American

Society

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/55/1/81/4715198 by guest on 06 February 2018

I From the Unite 130-INSERM (National Institute Medical Research); the Laboratoire central d’analyse, Marguerite; and the Service de m#{233}decineinterne et H#{244}pital Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France. 2 Supported in part by a MRT grant (Aliment 2000, an INRA grant(AIP metabolic effects ofdietary fibers)and support ofGIE ARN (Paris) and ARD (Paris). 3

Address

reprint

requests

to D Lairon,

of Health and H#{244}pitalSte endocrinologie, 88-G-0894) and by the financial

UnitC 130-INSERM,

18 Av

Mozart, 13009 Marseille, France. Received April 10, 1991. Accepted for publication July 3, 1991. for Clinical

Nutrition

81

El

CARA

82

Subjects

and methods

dietary

Six adult

(aged

Center,

22-4

Marseille,

France).

mmol/L),

(25.1-85.7

pmol/L)

obese

mass

[body not

vary

No

glucose were index

during

subjects

subject

usual

basal

food

recall

were

made

in the

(35):

the

were

taken

normal

medications

range.

not to deviate

subject

relied

d)];

protein

and

295

± 1 8 g/d,

on

carbohydrate

± 10 g) and

cholesterol

dietary

intake

± 727 kJ/d

a rather (492

(Micro

high

108

daily

± 33 mg);

and

with

a

(28 1 5 ± 1 74 kcal/

averaging

range

6, Nancy,

intake

of fat (134

low-fiber

test

meal

and

the

four

enriched with cereal dietary fibers were presented order and each subject served as his own control. between two The effects

test meals ofprevious

to the

next

test

meal

before

an experiment,

was 7- 15 d. food intake were

(37,

subjects

were

dinner before 2 100, composed green salad and soft cheese, without any alcoholic drink.

As presented

in Table

of commercially

TABLE 1 Composition

38).

Thus,

asked

I, the available

control food

low-fiber and

response

to have

test

contained

by pasta

ratio amount

meal,

but

determined

was

not

(24-26):

of the

of polyunsat-

much

higher

this

intestinal

of cholesby gas-liquid than

was done secretion

of choles-

only.

the fiber-enriched test meals, four different fibers were incorporated into the tomato wheat

in

to allow

fiber

(processed

wheat

bran

cereal sauce.

containing

80% total dietary fiber) coming from ARD (Paris, France), wheat germ (Diepal, Villefranche/Sa#{244}ne, France), oat bran (Westhove, Arques, France), or rice bran (Rizerie du Petit Manusclat, Arles, Given fiber

the

sources

reported (42,

43),

influence

to the test

meal

either

(40 g), or rice bran

of the

we ground

composition total dietary

in the form

(39.4

particle

all cereal

size

sources

of diused

to

ofthe fiber sources fibers (40) were

ofwheat

g), and only

fiber

(12.5

g),

4.2 g was added

form of wheat germ (40 g) because of the lower fiber of this last fraction. Because of the different nutrient of the cereal fractions studied (Table 2), the nutrient

contents of the four test meals exhibited small variations as compared with the control test meal, in the range of 0-13.4% for fats and 0. 1-14.8% for carbohydrates (Table 1).

the evening

ofa portion of mashed one slice of ham, and

After an overnight with an intravenous

a light

fast, cannula

an antecubital vein was equipped with disposable

catheterized obturators

potatoes, one fruit,

(Becton Dickinson, Meylan, France). sample (0 h) was collected. Then the meal within 20 mm; food was ingested

A baseline fasting blood subjects ingested the test in the same succession

meal

to avoid perturbances in gastric emptying (46). Then, blood samples were obtained

or metabolic responses every 0.5 h for 5 h and

con-

2.8 g total

of the test mealstm Weight

g 50.0 50.0 100.0 140.0 25.0 20.0 125.0 860.0

Pasta Bread Tomato sauce Eggs,two Butter Sunflower oil Yogurt Control test meal OB test meal RB test meal WFtestmeal WG test meal The amount

900.0

899.4 872.5 900.0

of nutrients

Energy

dietary

Proteins

kJ(kcal) 771.2 (184.5) 533.0 (127.5) 280.1 (67.0) 1022.0(244.5) 748.2 (179.0) 752.4 ( I 80.0) 235.3 (56.3) 5350.4 (1280.0) 5835.3 (1396.0) 5960.7 (1426.2) 5375.5(1286.0) 5480.8 (131 1.2)

and fiber provided

matter methods.

=

fiber.

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/55/1/81/4715198 by guest on 06 February 2018

Lipids

Cholesterol

Carbohydrates

Fibert

g

g

mg

g

g

6.3 3.5 6.1 19.4 0 0 4.3 40.6 46.2 46.7 42.0 51.6

0.6 0.4 0.4 17.4 20.0 20.0 1.9 70.0 72.4 79.4 70.0 74.4

0 0 0 756.0 62.5 0 10.0 756.0 756.0 756.0 756.0 756.0

37.5 27.5 1 1.4 1.4 0.1 0 5.6 121.3 139.3 130.6 121.4 133.2

1.45 1.35 1.00 0 0 0 0 2.80 12.80 12.80 12.80 7.00

by the test meal was obtained

(39). Pasta weight was expressed as crude matter (cooked test-meal actual values were measured by usual analytical t Total

by chylomicrons

in the content contents

meals

in a random The interval

on the metabolic

reported

the

test

the The

studies

determination

added

other

high

postprandial

carried

and 0.78.

test

terol

oat bran

control

basically

was

pass a 200-zm sieve. The detailed is given in Table 2. Ten grams

g/d).

provided

24-27)

acids

the accurate

etary

a low-to-moderate

1 5-24

was

recent

France).

± 8 and

(22,

fatty

in a control

To prepare

a 7-d

diet,

meals

sources ofdietary They were either

calculations

Western

intakes

( 19 ± 2 g/d,

through

and

present

other

habits

were

which are the most common starch sources glycemic indexes (41). The respective fractions supplied by protein (12.7%), carbohydrate

chromatography,

meals

The

S

was

or exercise, (36). The

monitored

a typical

[1 1 767

respectively;

fiber

was

Carbohydrates

to saturated

terol

weights

regular

alcohol consumption on lipid metabolism

the first week experiment the GENI software package

subjects

subject

by test

urated

insulin

Body

from

of each

with

No

(40).

(37.9%), and fat (49.4%) were comparable with the mean usual food intake of the participants. The total amount of fat present in the control test meal (70 g) was in the range of that usually provided

experiment.

diet

The

and

ordiabetic.

during

consumption

sisted

in the

Fasting blood triglycerides

mmol/L),

19.8-24.5]

instructed

high-energy

Test

had

(4.48-5.50

and, especially, to avoid excess given their reported influence

France).

participated

with lipid metabolism for months. ofcholesterol (4. 1 1-5.20 mmol/L),

(0.62-1.04

The

volunteers

giving informed consent to a protocol approved by Ethics Committee (Regional University Hospital

that interfered concentrations

did

1 y) male

fiber

and white bread, with very different of meal energy

Subjects

study after the Medical

AL

from

150 g). Total OR, oat bran;

the Food food

intake

Products includes

Composition

Table,

from

Renaud

100 mL water and 150 mL coffee. RB. rice bran: WF, wheat fiber; WG, wheat germ.

and Atti#{233} Control

DIETARY TABLE 2 Components

FIBER

AND

POSTPRANDIAL the

provided

by the four cereal

fractions

added

to the test

Oat bran

addition

blood vidual

meals

Rice bran

Wheat fiber

Wheat germ

prandial ±

40

39.4

12.5

40

Dry matter (%)* Total dietary fiber (g)t Soluble fibers (g)4: Unsoluble fibers (g)j: Proteins (g/l00 g dry

90.0 10.00 5.14 4.86

89.2 10.00 1.16 8.84

89.2 10.00 2.00 8.00

92.0 4.19 0.50 3.69

matter)*

14.0

15.4

11.0

27.5

matter)tm

6.0

Values

given

45 30

23.58 328

1 20

29.8 150

according

to reference

40.

according

to reference

44.

and quantified

then

6 and

were

food-restricted

7 h later.

by gas-liquid

During but

to the

L’

-

-

serum

1 , B. Insulin

did .

L

chromatography

the postprandial were

allowed

the test

insulin

meals

did

insulin

curve

(control,

from

whole

mL

meals:

to the meals

quickly

water.

occuring meal

1.62

1.18-2.87

not

significantly

138.2;

in Figure

the baseline

intake. Baseline ofeither fiber

mean

OB,

from

change

1 ) or the

(Fig

are shown

rose

h after the meal 7 h. The addition

the

area

218.9;

triglyceride

responses

to

values sources

postprandial

under

RB,

are

intake. ingestion

174.2;

the

0-6-h

WF,

191.5;

before intake.

the This

wheat

germ

at some

4 and

6 h. Consequently,

under

the curve)

the

maximal was

times

significantly

in Figure

was

observed

during

oat

2.5

wheat

the decreasing

whole

2, gly0.5

bran, and triglyceride

reached

with

h after

fiber

phase,

triglyceride

decreased

with from

approximately test meal. The

wheat fiber, postprandial

value

also the

presented

observed than were observed

lriglyceridemia of the control

addition of cereal fibers, especially rice bran, significantly decreased

participants

300

change

pmol#{149}L -h).

serum

rise

the

(control:

responses

course

the

change

significantly fiber-enriched

concentrations

time

176.4

markedly

h).

insulin

WG,

not

different mdicurve of post-

not

the highest values 0.5-1.5 were reached again after into

did

We observed highly the areas under the

A. Much less individual variation was cemia, and smooth bell-shaped curves

(45).

period,

to drink

meal

h;

‘ .

to 7 h after the meal doubled 2 h after the

:1:Determined

Analytical

11.0

by the manufacturers.

t Determined

§ Separated

traces

mmol

The

Carbohydrates (g/ 100 g dry matter)tm Phytosterols (mg) *

23.8

glycemia

0.73 The

Lipids (g/lOO g dry

of fibers

83

glucose time course. responses and thus

mmol Amount(g)

LIPEMIA

and

between

response

(areas

in the presence

of wheat

determinations

Serum

was

separated

#{176}C, 10 mm,

910

blood

by centrifugation

(4

glucose was determined by enzymatic procedure (47) and insulin was assayed by an immunoenzymatic method (48) with the help ofcommercial kits (Enzymum-test

OB

X g). Serum

insulin,

Boehringer

Mannheim,

Mannheim,

-j 0

E E

FRG). Lii

Chylomicrons were isolated from mL 0.9% NaCI by ultracentrifugation

x g in a Beckman lomicron (49,

triglycerides

50). Total highest

Alto,

were

Portions

triglyceride

CA)

by enzymatic serum

three

concentrations

B (54)

apo

and

chy-

samples

oxidase

h postprandial

determination Total serum

of apoproteins apolipoprotein

assayed

0 C.) -I

0

Lu Cl)

displaying

(1.5-3

were

(I)

procedures

ofthe

(apo)

and

Serum

by the cholesterol

used for samples.

(53)

rotor.

was assayed

peak) were pooled and as in the fasting serum A-l

40.3

determined

cholesterol

(5 1 , 52).

method the

(Palo

1 mL serum layered under 2 at 10 #{176}C for 1 h at 24 000

1 3

TIME

(h)

by immunonephe-

lometry.

CONTROL

C

Statistical

analysis

-j

0

In this own

double-blind,

control.

pressed baseline

The

as variations values being

variable 0- to 7-h tistical significance a fiber-enriched by

using

values

randomized values

curves

(P meal

analysis

study,

each

subject

was

(1 ± SE of six determinations) of concentration zero). Integrated

over areas

his

are cx-

baseline (fasting under the blood

were calculated (24, 27, 41). 0.05) ofthe differences observed

The stabetween

and

assessed

the

of variance

control and

test Student’s

meal

was

I test

for

paired

E 0.

z

As shown rose

of the control increase (0.7

in Figure peaked

low-fiber mmol/L)

1, A, the

postprandial

between test meal. was observed

3 and

glucose 6 h after

In this after

only the

mod-

ingestion

case, the maximum 3.5 h. On the whole,

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/55/1/81/4715198 by guest on 06 February 2018

-.-.-...-.-.

WHEAT

BRAN

(RB)

FIBER(WF) GERM

(WG)

Cl)

z

50

0 Lii

Cl) 1 0

and

WHEAT

100

3 TIME

erately

-----A----

1

(55).

Results

RICE

0-S--

150

(C)

OAT BRAN (OB)

-0#{149}---

4

5

(h)

FIG 1 . Serum glucose and serum insulin responses to the low-fiber test meal (control) and the fiber-enriched meals. Values (concentration change from fasting value, ) are ± SE; n = 6. A significant difference (P 0.05) between a fiber-enriched meal and the control test meal is indicated by the presence of the corresponding lettering (OR, RB, WF,

WG).

84

CARA S

-J

1.5

.

OB

A Cl)

0-#{149}

1.3

Lu

-.

1.1

0.9

WF WF

0.7

-I

0

2

RICE BRAN (RB) WHEAT FIBER (WF) WHEAT GERM (WG)

---.

and (from

cholesterolemia Adding any

pressed in the

the

transient

case

induced

intake, value.

of the

relative control

cholesterol test

a cholesterolemia

0.1

meal

rice

2

3 TIME

4

6

5

7

bran

and marginally (P response calculated

(h)

bran

decreased

Cl)

with

the

LU

prandial

U1

oE Lu

with

did

than

not

0.05) sup-

after rice

3 h bran,

baseline

markedly

Lu Cl)

after change

apo

A-l

and

total

over

baseline.

to a lesser

extent

wheat

germ

and

oat bran,

not

The

mean

in the

serum

3, A. The was

of chylomicron

time

course

triglycerides

of secretion

comparable

with

respectively.

(range

for five

apo

In this

meals:

B concentrations

were

that

displayed

times, in the

B). As expected,

the triglycerides

originated

mainly

study

to mimick

the chylomicron

to a maximum decreased very close

A). With

value

secreted

tri(Fig 3,

postprandially

wheat

fiber,

concentration

a complex, the

usual

mixed, meal

bran

2.5

4, B), was significantly postprandially ingested the

germ,

the

reduced

occurring are shown control test

0

meal

with

in the serum

all cereal

fiber

cholesterol

in Figure 5, A. After meal, cholesterolemia

and

test

in Western

meal

was

countries.

#{149}#{149}-

----A----

\

CONTROL

(C)

OAT BRAN (OB) RICEBRAN(RB) WHEAT

FIBER

(WF)

(WG)

0

0.4 U> 0.2

‘I

I-

TIME

(h)

-J 0

Cl)

E E

z

to the test 00) >0 I-

cholesterol the curve (Fig

0

sources

I-.

tested.

concentration the

1 . 1 1 g/L

0.6

and

rise of chylomicron

overall chylomicron as the area under

and

the mean

0.8

UC1

rise up

only rose for 1 .5 h, to 0.18, and then progressively de-

the concentration

2.5 h. The calculated

added

from The

ZE

into

a sharp

h after

or oat bran

cholesterol respectively,

reduced

only after to the meal, changes

1 .00

solid-liquid

pattern

W ...

exhibited marked of the control

exhibited

differ g/L).

the rice

1.07, 1. 1 1, 1.01, above.

..-...o-..-. OB/\

4, A. In the case

mmol/L)

wheat

meals, the chylomicron 0.20, and 0. 1 3 mmol/L,

-j

( of S meals:

chylomicrons

cholesterol (0.34

chylomicron serum

for 3.5 h back to the baseline value. This pattern was to that displayed by chylomicron triglycerides (Fig 3,

Rice

not

between

peak, were 1.02, the meals as listed

A

lower values were obtained meal, but, as a whole, only

from

88.2%; range: 75.6-99.6%). The chylomicron cholesterol variations, as shown in Figure meal,

did

1.60-1.90

1.2

of chylo-

meals. At some corresponding with wheat fiber or oat bran

reduced the overall in the 0-7-h postprandial

post-

A- 1 con-

Discussion

is

maximal chylomicron triglyceride 2-2.5 h after the ingestion of the

wheat fiber significantly glyceride concentration

apo

This

fiber,

values

0

very

marked

peak

bran,

or wheat

post-

as shown

by serum triglycerides. The concentration was observed

the serum

exhibit

C

occurrence in Figure triglycerides

the

5, B).

B did

in Figure 2, B.

The shown micron

compared

1.72, and 1 .60 g/L with wheat germ, oat bran,

used and

reduced

centrations were 1 .69, 1 .73, 1 .57, meal without added fiber or with

fasting

low-fiber test meal (control) 6. A: significant differences (P 0.05) between a fibermarked by an asterisk.

apo

(Fig

cholesterol adding oat

times

significantly

response

and, in the postprandial 1. 1 5 g/L after ingesting FIG 2. Serum triglyceride response to the and the fiber-enriched meals. i ± SE; n = as in Figure 1 . B: a significant difference enriched meal and the control test meal is

the overall serum the curve. Finally, at numerous

5, A) and

cholesterol

changes

baseline

The

except lower

meal

0. 10) decreased as areas under (Fig

serum

prandial

cholesterol response

(P meals

rise observed

and,

significantly to the test

cholesterolemia

control

Serum

LU

creased.

back to the

the postprandial cholesterolemia pattern (Fig 5, A and B). Adding wheat fiber or wheat germ reduced cholesterolemia at some times 0

test

dropped source

fiber

rise 7 h

WG

.

fiber

a rather constant low from 1 .5 to 6 h later,

after the meal to the baseline

7 h. Adding LU C/)

(1 h) and kept -0.22 mmol/L)

relative rise occuring after 3 h. This rise in chylomicron cholesterol. Only

WF

0.3

significantly -0. 1 5 to

except for a transient was likely due to the

WG

0.5

I-

AL rapidly value

CONTROL (C)

.--.-o...-. OAT BRAN (OB)

RB WF

El

subjects dropped

had very

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/55/1/81/4715198 by guest on 06 February 2018

1

FIG 3. Chylomicron triglyceride response to the low-fiber test meal (control) and the fiber-enriched meals. i ± SE; n = 6. Significant differences are the same as in Figures 1 and 2.

DIETARY

A

-J

FIBER

AND

POSTPRANDIAL

OB RB WF WG

0

delayed

p.. 0.3

Lu

peak

CONTROL (C) OAT BRAN (OB) RICE BRAN (RB) WHEAT FIBER (WF) WHEAT GERM (WG)

....

-j

0.-

0-#{149} -----6----

WF

-.-.-...-.-.

0.2

The lowered oat bran, -33.5%,

or wheat respectively).

as impaired lomicron

0

protein

0.1

-I

>-

0. 3 TIME

2

4 (h)

5

6

7

triglyceride

or cholesterol

response the addition

was significantly ofwheat germ,

uptake,

To investigate

rich

lipoproteins

other

recent

Lu

I-

additional secretion RICE BRAN

WHEAT FIBER

abolic

WHEAT GERM

FIG 4. Chylomicron cholesterol response to the low-fiber test meal (control) and the fiber-enriched meals. i ± SE; n = 6. Significant differences are the same as in Figures 1 and 2.

24), thus

amount

dietary

fiber)

rate

of secreted

prevents

that

shown

to reduce

concentration

allows

of postprandial

VLDLs

from

intestinal

on the postprandial increment fiber (processed wheat bran

was

triglyceride

evidence ofchylomicron

this

to ‘-88%

suggesting

a minor influence Only wheat

80%

an approach

ofthe intestinal contribution. Thus, as we isolated chylomicrons in this study.

triglycerides

triglycerides,

ofsuch

in some

Consequently,

h chylomicron

OAT BRAN

state

by the liver.

postprandially

limit

rate

triglyceride-

are composed of chylomiorigin plus VLDL particles

taming

>. I C.)

deeply,

postprandial

The

lipo-

catabolic

lipoproteins intestinal

z

-i

in the

chy-

from

0