Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 153714, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/153714
Clinical Study Embolic Signals during Routine Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Fernando Mendes Paschoal Jr., Karla de Almeida Lins Ronconi, Marcelo de Lima Oliveira, Ricardo de Carvalho Nogueira, Eric Homero Albuquerque Paschoal, Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira, Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo, and Edson Bor-Seng-Shu Laboratory for Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics, Division of Neurological Surgery, Hospital das Clinicas, Sao Paulo University Medical School, 04040-001 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Edson Bor-Seng-Shu; [email protected] Received 8 December 2014; Revised 5 March 2015; Accepted 13 March 2015 Academic Editor: Vida Demarin Copyright © 2015 Fernando Mendes Paschoal Jr. et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction. Cerebral emboli may occur in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracranial aneurysm surgery. Although embolic signs (ES) have been reported in SAH, their origin remains unclear. The aim of this study was to report the detection of ES during routine TCD monitoring in patients with aneurysmal SAH. Methods. A total of 105 patients with aneurysmal SAH were submitted to TCD evaluation. Patients were monitored almost daily (5 times per week). In each monitoring session, one experienced operator performed TCD to detect or assess vasospasm and ES in arteries of the Willis polygon. Results. Four patients out of a total of 105 patients with aneurysmal SAH were found to present spontaneous cerebral embolization during routine TCD monitoring. The average age of the 4 patients (mean ± standard deviation) was 59.5 ± 8.34 years (range 49–68 ys); female patients predominated representing 75% (3/4) of subjects. Conclusion. Although detection of ES was relatively rare in this study, rates of emboli occurrence may be higher under systematic monitoring. The detection of ES after SAH surgery reinforces the need to study the role of embolus in this condition and may be an indicator for prophylactic antithrombotic treatment.
1. Introduction Cerebral vasospasm is considered a common and serious complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), contributing to elevated rates of morbidity and mortality. Cerebral ischemia due to vasospasm has traditionally been thought to result from reductions in cerebral blood flow through constricted vessels [1, 2]. Recently, cerebral ischemia associated with vasospasm is considered as a result of complex interactions among cerebral blood flow, metabolism and inflammation [3]. Some authors have observed thrombi in aneurysmal sac and vessels in which vasospasm had resulted in cerebral ischemia [4, 5]. Thrombus in the aneurysmal sac may result from turbulence and slow blood flow and can act as a source of distal embolization. However their origin remains unclear as does their contribution to brain ischemia [1–5].
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography is used routinely in some centers to monitor SAH patients. This technique can detect both cerebral vasospasm and embolization. Recently, cerebral embolization has been described during TCD monitoring in SAH setting. The aim of this study was to report the detection of ES during routine TCD monitoring in patients with aneurysmal SAH.
2. Methods A total of 105 patients with aneurysmal SAH admitted to the Hospital das Cl´ınicas of University of S˜ao Paulo Medical School, Brazil, between 2009 and 2010, were investigated in a prospective design. This study was approved by the local research ethics committee. The average age of the patients (mean ± standard deviation) was 51.52 ± 13.03 years (range 23–87 ys); female patients predominated representing 57%
2 (60/105) of subjects. Among the patients, 35.2% (37/105) were grade I on the Hunt-Hess clinical scale while 51.4% (54/105) were grade IV on the Fisher CT scale. Based on angiographic findings, the most common sites of aneurysms were the anterior communicating artery (AnCoA) (36/105), posterior communicating artery (PCoA) (33/105), middle cerebral artery (31/105), and others (24/105). Exclusion criteria were atrial fibrillation, recent myocardial and cerebral infarction, valvular heart disease, ulcerated carotid and vertebral atherosclerotic plaque, and nonaneurysmal SAH. Demographic, clinical, and radiological variables including age and sex, date of SAH, primary neurological deficit, angiographic findings, surgical management, and CT scan findings were recorded for each patient. The Fisher scale was used for grading CT scan findings while the Hunt-Hess score was employed for clinical severity [1]. Focal neurological deficits due to vasospasm were assessed by thorough neurological examination. Symptomatic vasospasm was defined as a focal neurological deficit not due to rebleeding, hydrocephalus, metabolic abnormalities, or surgical and angiographic complications. Cerebral angiography was performed for diagnosing aneurysms in all patients. However, angiographic criteria were not used for determining vasospasm. TCD evaluation was performed using an ultrasonographic device (EME Companion/Nicolet) equipped with a 2 MHz probe. Patients were monitored almost daily during the first 2 weeks of their inpatient stay. One experienced operator performed TCD without using specific software for emboli monitoring. Cerebral embolization was suspected during the examination and, afterwards, reviewed off-line. TCD-vasospasm was defined and graded according to previous studies [6, 7]. ES were defined as hyperintensity signals that were random, unidirectional, and of short duration and were producing a characteristic chirping sound [8]. All patients underwent TCD examination before and after surgical or endovascular aneurysm treatment, and the arteries of the carotid system and vertebrobasilar system were evaluated separately, each artery by TCD. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the relationship among the presence of ES, vasospasms, and other demographic factors.
3. Results Four out of 105 patients with aneurysmal SAH were found to present spontaneous cerebral embolization during routine TCD monitoring (Table 1). The average age of the patients (mean ± standard deviation) was 59.5 ± 8.34 years (range 49–68 years); female patients represented 75% (3/4) of subjects. Among the selected patients, 50% (2/4) were grade II on the Hunt-Hess clinical scale while 75% (3/4) were grade III on the Fisher CT scale. Based on angiographic findings, the most common sites of aneurysms were the anterior communicating artery (AnCoA) (2/4) and posterior communicating artery (PCoA) (2/4), whereas one patient had more than one aneurysm (middle cerebral artery, PCoA, and choroidal artery). Vasospasm was detected in all patients with embolic events (4 patients) beginning, on average, 5 days
BioMed Research International
ES
Figure 1: TCD with ES detected in middle cerebral artery.
after SAH (range 4–6 days). In one patient (25%), the spasm was detected bilaterally in anterior circulation and the basilar artery. Symptomatic vasospasm was present in all patients (100%). ES were first detected an average of 7 days after SAH (range 5–9). The ES detection rate was 3.8% (4/105) of patients monitored in the acute phase after SAH (Figure 1). ES were detected in both MCAs and basilar artery for 25% (1/4) of patients, in only MCA for 25% (1/4), in only carotid siphon for 25% (1/4), and in only basilar artery for 25% (1/4). All patients with cerebral embolic activity underwent early aneurysmal surgical clipping (Table 1).
4. Discussion Cerebral ischemia secondary to vasospasm is an important cause of death and disability following aneurysmal SAH [9]. The pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm after SAH is not fully understood, but attention has focused on the role of inflammatory responses and immunological reactions to a chemical factor, probably oxyhaemoglobin, among others [4, 10, 11]. In addition, increase in brain metabolic rates due to high glutamate concentration, seizures, and cortical spread depolarization at the time of vasospasm can lead to uncoupling of cerebral flow and metabolism [3]. Cerebral emboli may occur in SAH and intracranial aneurysm surgery. Although ES have been reported in SAH, their origin remains unclear as does their contribution to brain ischemia [12, 13]. The detection of ES provides important pathophysiological information in a variety of disorders, but the clinical importance and possible therapeutic implications of these signals are still under debate [11–15]. Damage to the endothelial wall that occurs associated with aneurysmal SAH may induce microthrombosis and emboli; possible emboli sources include spastic arterial segments, thrombus in an aneurysmal sac, surgical complications, and hypercoagulable states. Giller et al. [11] observed MES in 11 out of 278 (3.95%) patients after aneurysm surgery. In the present study, ES were detected in 4 out of 105 (3.80%) aneurysmal SAH patients during routine monitoring by TCD after aneurysm surgery. Qureshi et al. [10] observed embolization from the aneurysmal sac in 3.3% of the 269 SAH patients, whereas 3% of the 130 patients in the series reported by Wiebers et al., [11] and 6.3% of the 111 patients in the series
M
F
F
F
1
2
3
4
49
68
57
64
Age
II
III
II
IV
Hunt-Hess score
III
IV
III
III
Fisher grade
Left PCoA
AnCoA
Right MCA/PCoA/ right choroidal
AnCoA
Aneurysm location Early clipped aneurysm Early clipped aneurysm Early clipped aneurysm Early clipped aneurysm
Surgery
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Symptomatic vasospasm
Day 7 only right carotid siphon Days 8-9/right MCA
Days 9-10/basilar artery
Day 4/right MCA moderate left MCA severe Day 6/basilar moderate
Days 5, 6, and 7/bilateral MCA and basilar artery
ES detection/site
Day 6/right MCA and ACA severe
Day 4/diffuse severe
Time/vasospasm and severity
AnCoA = anterior communicating artery; MCA = middle cerebral artery; ACA = anterior cerebral artery; PCoA = posterior communicating artery.
Sex
Number
Table 1: Clinical data for 4 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
BioMed Research International 3
4 reported by Raps et al. [14] exhibited ischemic symptoms distal to unruptured aneurysms. It has also been hypothesized that recently coiled or clipped aneurysms may be sources of emboli. In one series of clipped aneurysms, ES were detected in 4% of cases [11], although, akin to the present study, ES were detected during routine vasospasm monitoring without dedicated ES monitoring sessions after clipped aneurysms. Romano et al. monitored 23 patients with aneurysmal SAH; ES were detected in 70% of patients and one-third of all vessels monitored [15]. In an investigation by Azarpazhooh et al. (2009), ES were detected in 7 out of 27 (26%) patients with aneurysmal SAH [16]. The studies that showed a higher rate of ES used a specific technique for detecting emboli while monitoring lasted more than 30 minutes in each arterial segment studied, contrary to our study which employed routine TCD examination to detect ES. Patients of our study had concomitantly both cerebral vasospasm and ES. It is possible that spastic arterial segments may have played a role in ES formation [17–19]. Multiple ES were detected in one patient (25%) of our study who had severe vasospasm in bilateral MCA and basilar artery. In the absence of a clear cardiac or carotid artery source for these findings, it is likely that microemboli were generated within the large intracranial vessels [20–22]. Subarachnoid blood products may induce a generalized hyperaggregable condition that is not limited to the spastic artery and results in emboli formation [23, 24]. There were several limitations related to this study, in particular the small sample size. Although detection of emboli was relatively rare in this study, rates of emboli occurrence may be higher under systematic monitoring. The detection of ES after SAH surgery may be an indicator for prophylactic treatment. Future studies may include the description of clot presence in the aneurysm before and during aneurismal surgical treatment.
Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
References [1] J. B. Bederson, E. S. Connolly Jr., H. H. Batjer et al., “Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke council, American heart association,” Stroke, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 994–1025, 2009. [2] S. Suzuki, K. Sano, H. Handa et al., “Clinical study of OKY046, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, in prevention of cerebral vasospasms and delayed cerebral ischaemic symptoms after subarachnoid haemorrhage due to aneurysmal rupture: a randomized double-blind study,” Neurological Research, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 79–88, 1989. [3] M. de Lima Oliveira, A. C. Kairalla, E. T. Fonoff, R. C. R. Martinez, M. J. Teixeira, and E. Bor-Seng-Shu, “Cerebral microdialysis in traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage: state of the art,” Neurocritical Care, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 152– 162, 2014.
BioMed Research International [4] S. Suzuki, M. Kimura, M. Souma, H. Ohkima, T. Iwabuchi, and T. Shimiz u, “Cerebral microthrombosis in symptomatic cerebral vasospasm—a quantitative histological study in autopsy cases,” Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 309–316, 1990. [5] M. R. Azarpazhooh and B. R. Chambers, “Clinical application of transcranial Doppler monitoring for embolic signals,” Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 799–810, 2006. [6] K.-F. Lindegaard, H. Nornes, S. J. Bakke, W. Sorteberg, and P. Nakstad, “Cerebral vasospasm diagnosis by means of angiography and blood velocity measurements,” Acta Neurochirurgica, vol. 100, no. 1-2, pp. 12–24, 1989. [7] J. F. Soustiel, B. Bruk, B. Shik, M. Hadani, and M. Feinsod, “Transcranial Doppler in vertebrobasilar vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Neurosurgery, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 282– 293, 1998. [8] E. B. Ringelstein, D. W. Droste, V. L. Babikian et al., “Consensus on microembolus detection by TCD: international consensus group on microembolus detection,” Stroke, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 725–729, 1998. [9] E. Bor-Seng-Shu, M. De-Lima-Oliveira, M. J. Teixeira, and R. B. Panerai, “Predicting symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Neurosurgery, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. E501–E502, 2011. [10] A. I. Qureshi, Y. Mohammad, A. M. Yahia et al., “Ischemic events associated with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: multicenter clinical study and review of the literature,” Neurosurgery, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 282–289, 2000. [11] C. A. Giller, A. M. Giller, and F. Landreneau, “Detection of emboli after surgery for intracerebral aneurysms,” Neurosurgery, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 490–494, 1998. [12] S. Fukuoka, K. Suematsu, J.-I. Nakamura, T. Matsuzaki, S. Satoh, and I. Hashimoto, “Transient ischemic attacks caused by unruptured intracranial aneurysm,” Surgical Neurology, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 464–467, 1982. [13] D. O. Wiebers, J. P. Whisnant, T. M. Sundt Jr., and W. M. O’Fallon, “The significance of unruptured intracranial saccular aneurysms,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 23–29, 1987. [14] E. C. Raps, J. D. Rogers, S. L. Galetta et al., “The clinical spectrum of unruptured intracranial aneurysms,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 265–268, 1993. [15] J. G. Romano, A. M. Forteza, M. Concha et al., “Detection of microemboli by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Neurosurgery, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1026–1031, 2002. [16] M. R. Azarpazhooh, A. Velayati, B. R. Chambers, H. M. Nejad, and P. Sasannejad, “Microembolic signals in subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 390–393, 2009. [17] S. Juvela, M. Kaste, and M. Hillbom, “Platelet thromboxane release after subarachnoid hemorrhage and surgery,” Stroke, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 566–571, 1990. [18] W. F. Hoffman, C. B. Wilson, and J. J. Townsend, “Recurrent transient ischemic attacks secondary to an embolizing saccular middle cerebral artery aneurysm: case report,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 103–106, 1979. [19] H. S. Markus, R. Ackerstaff, V. Babikian et al., “Intercenter agreement in reading Doppler embolic signals: a multicenter international study,” Stroke, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1307–1310, 1997.
BioMed Research International [20] N. Khaffaf, R. Karnik, W.-B. Winkler, A. Valentin, and J. Slany, “Embolic stroke by compression maneuver during transcranial Doppler sonography,” Stroke, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1056–1057, 1994. [21] C. Kl¨otzsch, H. C. Nahser, H. Henkes, D. K¨uhne, and P. Berlit, “Detection of microemboli distal to cerebral aneurysms before and after therapeutic embolization,” American Journal of Neuroradiology, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1315–1318, 1998. [22] S. Juvela, M. Hillbom, and M. Kaste, “Platelet thromboxane release and delayed cerebral ischemia in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 386–392, 1991. [23] H. Ohkuma, K. Ogane, S. Fujita, H. Manabe, S. Suzuki, and W. I. Rosenblum, “Impairment of anti-platelet-aggregating activity of endothelial cells after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Stroke, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1541–1546, 1993. [24] E. Vinge, L. Brandt, B. Ljunggren, and K.-E. Andersson, “Thromboxane B2 levels in serum during continuous administration of nimodipine to patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Stroke, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 644–647, 1988.
5
Clinical Study Embolic Signals during Routine Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Fernando Mendes Paschoal Jr., Karla de Almeida Lins Ronconi, Marcelo de Lima Oliveira, Ricardo de Carvalho Nogueira, Eric Homero Albuquerque Paschoal, Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira, Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo, and Edson Bor-Seng-Shu Laboratory for Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics, Division of Neurological Surgery, Hospital das Clinicas, Sao Paulo University Medical School, 04040-001 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Edson Bor-Seng-Shu; [email protected] Received 8 December 2014; Revised 5 March 2015; Accepted 13 March 2015 Academic Editor: Vida Demarin Copyright © 2015 Fernando Mendes Paschoal Jr. et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction. Cerebral emboli may occur in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracranial aneurysm surgery. Although embolic signs (ES) have been reported in SAH, their origin remains unclear. The aim of this study was to report the detection of ES during routine TCD monitoring in patients with aneurysmal SAH. Methods. A total of 105 patients with aneurysmal SAH were submitted to TCD evaluation. Patients were monitored almost daily (5 times per week). In each monitoring session, one experienced operator performed TCD to detect or assess vasospasm and ES in arteries of the Willis polygon. Results. Four patients out of a total of 105 patients with aneurysmal SAH were found to present spontaneous cerebral embolization during routine TCD monitoring. The average age of the 4 patients (mean ± standard deviation) was 59.5 ± 8.34 years (range 49–68 ys); female patients predominated representing 75% (3/4) of subjects. Conclusion. Although detection of ES was relatively rare in this study, rates of emboli occurrence may be higher under systematic monitoring. The detection of ES after SAH surgery reinforces the need to study the role of embolus in this condition and may be an indicator for prophylactic antithrombotic treatment.
1. Introduction Cerebral vasospasm is considered a common and serious complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), contributing to elevated rates of morbidity and mortality. Cerebral ischemia due to vasospasm has traditionally been thought to result from reductions in cerebral blood flow through constricted vessels [1, 2]. Recently, cerebral ischemia associated with vasospasm is considered as a result of complex interactions among cerebral blood flow, metabolism and inflammation [3]. Some authors have observed thrombi in aneurysmal sac and vessels in which vasospasm had resulted in cerebral ischemia [4, 5]. Thrombus in the aneurysmal sac may result from turbulence and slow blood flow and can act as a source of distal embolization. However their origin remains unclear as does their contribution to brain ischemia [1–5].
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography is used routinely in some centers to monitor SAH patients. This technique can detect both cerebral vasospasm and embolization. Recently, cerebral embolization has been described during TCD monitoring in SAH setting. The aim of this study was to report the detection of ES during routine TCD monitoring in patients with aneurysmal SAH.
2. Methods A total of 105 patients with aneurysmal SAH admitted to the Hospital das Cl´ınicas of University of S˜ao Paulo Medical School, Brazil, between 2009 and 2010, were investigated in a prospective design. This study was approved by the local research ethics committee. The average age of the patients (mean ± standard deviation) was 51.52 ± 13.03 years (range 23–87 ys); female patients predominated representing 57%
2 (60/105) of subjects. Among the patients, 35.2% (37/105) were grade I on the Hunt-Hess clinical scale while 51.4% (54/105) were grade IV on the Fisher CT scale. Based on angiographic findings, the most common sites of aneurysms were the anterior communicating artery (AnCoA) (36/105), posterior communicating artery (PCoA) (33/105), middle cerebral artery (31/105), and others (24/105). Exclusion criteria were atrial fibrillation, recent myocardial and cerebral infarction, valvular heart disease, ulcerated carotid and vertebral atherosclerotic plaque, and nonaneurysmal SAH. Demographic, clinical, and radiological variables including age and sex, date of SAH, primary neurological deficit, angiographic findings, surgical management, and CT scan findings were recorded for each patient. The Fisher scale was used for grading CT scan findings while the Hunt-Hess score was employed for clinical severity [1]. Focal neurological deficits due to vasospasm were assessed by thorough neurological examination. Symptomatic vasospasm was defined as a focal neurological deficit not due to rebleeding, hydrocephalus, metabolic abnormalities, or surgical and angiographic complications. Cerebral angiography was performed for diagnosing aneurysms in all patients. However, angiographic criteria were not used for determining vasospasm. TCD evaluation was performed using an ultrasonographic device (EME Companion/Nicolet) equipped with a 2 MHz probe. Patients were monitored almost daily during the first 2 weeks of their inpatient stay. One experienced operator performed TCD without using specific software for emboli monitoring. Cerebral embolization was suspected during the examination and, afterwards, reviewed off-line. TCD-vasospasm was defined and graded according to previous studies [6, 7]. ES were defined as hyperintensity signals that were random, unidirectional, and of short duration and were producing a characteristic chirping sound [8]. All patients underwent TCD examination before and after surgical or endovascular aneurysm treatment, and the arteries of the carotid system and vertebrobasilar system were evaluated separately, each artery by TCD. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the relationship among the presence of ES, vasospasms, and other demographic factors.
3. Results Four out of 105 patients with aneurysmal SAH were found to present spontaneous cerebral embolization during routine TCD monitoring (Table 1). The average age of the patients (mean ± standard deviation) was 59.5 ± 8.34 years (range 49–68 years); female patients represented 75% (3/4) of subjects. Among the selected patients, 50% (2/4) were grade II on the Hunt-Hess clinical scale while 75% (3/4) were grade III on the Fisher CT scale. Based on angiographic findings, the most common sites of aneurysms were the anterior communicating artery (AnCoA) (2/4) and posterior communicating artery (PCoA) (2/4), whereas one patient had more than one aneurysm (middle cerebral artery, PCoA, and choroidal artery). Vasospasm was detected in all patients with embolic events (4 patients) beginning, on average, 5 days
BioMed Research International
ES
Figure 1: TCD with ES detected in middle cerebral artery.
after SAH (range 4–6 days). In one patient (25%), the spasm was detected bilaterally in anterior circulation and the basilar artery. Symptomatic vasospasm was present in all patients (100%). ES were first detected an average of 7 days after SAH (range 5–9). The ES detection rate was 3.8% (4/105) of patients monitored in the acute phase after SAH (Figure 1). ES were detected in both MCAs and basilar artery for 25% (1/4) of patients, in only MCA for 25% (1/4), in only carotid siphon for 25% (1/4), and in only basilar artery for 25% (1/4). All patients with cerebral embolic activity underwent early aneurysmal surgical clipping (Table 1).
4. Discussion Cerebral ischemia secondary to vasospasm is an important cause of death and disability following aneurysmal SAH [9]. The pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm after SAH is not fully understood, but attention has focused on the role of inflammatory responses and immunological reactions to a chemical factor, probably oxyhaemoglobin, among others [4, 10, 11]. In addition, increase in brain metabolic rates due to high glutamate concentration, seizures, and cortical spread depolarization at the time of vasospasm can lead to uncoupling of cerebral flow and metabolism [3]. Cerebral emboli may occur in SAH and intracranial aneurysm surgery. Although ES have been reported in SAH, their origin remains unclear as does their contribution to brain ischemia [12, 13]. The detection of ES provides important pathophysiological information in a variety of disorders, but the clinical importance and possible therapeutic implications of these signals are still under debate [11–15]. Damage to the endothelial wall that occurs associated with aneurysmal SAH may induce microthrombosis and emboli; possible emboli sources include spastic arterial segments, thrombus in an aneurysmal sac, surgical complications, and hypercoagulable states. Giller et al. [11] observed MES in 11 out of 278 (3.95%) patients after aneurysm surgery. In the present study, ES were detected in 4 out of 105 (3.80%) aneurysmal SAH patients during routine monitoring by TCD after aneurysm surgery. Qureshi et al. [10] observed embolization from the aneurysmal sac in 3.3% of the 269 SAH patients, whereas 3% of the 130 patients in the series reported by Wiebers et al., [11] and 6.3% of the 111 patients in the series
M
F
F
F
1
2
3
4
49
68
57
64
Age
II
III
II
IV
Hunt-Hess score
III
IV
III
III
Fisher grade
Left PCoA
AnCoA
Right MCA/PCoA/ right choroidal
AnCoA
Aneurysm location Early clipped aneurysm Early clipped aneurysm Early clipped aneurysm Early clipped aneurysm
Surgery
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Symptomatic vasospasm
Day 7 only right carotid siphon Days 8-9/right MCA
Days 9-10/basilar artery
Day 4/right MCA moderate left MCA severe Day 6/basilar moderate
Days 5, 6, and 7/bilateral MCA and basilar artery
ES detection/site
Day 6/right MCA and ACA severe
Day 4/diffuse severe
Time/vasospasm and severity
AnCoA = anterior communicating artery; MCA = middle cerebral artery; ACA = anterior cerebral artery; PCoA = posterior communicating artery.
Sex
Number
Table 1: Clinical data for 4 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
BioMed Research International 3
4 reported by Raps et al. [14] exhibited ischemic symptoms distal to unruptured aneurysms. It has also been hypothesized that recently coiled or clipped aneurysms may be sources of emboli. In one series of clipped aneurysms, ES were detected in 4% of cases [11], although, akin to the present study, ES were detected during routine vasospasm monitoring without dedicated ES monitoring sessions after clipped aneurysms. Romano et al. monitored 23 patients with aneurysmal SAH; ES were detected in 70% of patients and one-third of all vessels monitored [15]. In an investigation by Azarpazhooh et al. (2009), ES were detected in 7 out of 27 (26%) patients with aneurysmal SAH [16]. The studies that showed a higher rate of ES used a specific technique for detecting emboli while monitoring lasted more than 30 minutes in each arterial segment studied, contrary to our study which employed routine TCD examination to detect ES. Patients of our study had concomitantly both cerebral vasospasm and ES. It is possible that spastic arterial segments may have played a role in ES formation [17–19]. Multiple ES were detected in one patient (25%) of our study who had severe vasospasm in bilateral MCA and basilar artery. In the absence of a clear cardiac or carotid artery source for these findings, it is likely that microemboli were generated within the large intracranial vessels [20–22]. Subarachnoid blood products may induce a generalized hyperaggregable condition that is not limited to the spastic artery and results in emboli formation [23, 24]. There were several limitations related to this study, in particular the small sample size. Although detection of emboli was relatively rare in this study, rates of emboli occurrence may be higher under systematic monitoring. The detection of ES after SAH surgery may be an indicator for prophylactic treatment. Future studies may include the description of clot presence in the aneurysm before and during aneurismal surgical treatment.
Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
References [1] J. B. Bederson, E. S. Connolly Jr., H. H. Batjer et al., “Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke council, American heart association,” Stroke, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 994–1025, 2009. [2] S. Suzuki, K. Sano, H. Handa et al., “Clinical study of OKY046, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, in prevention of cerebral vasospasms and delayed cerebral ischaemic symptoms after subarachnoid haemorrhage due to aneurysmal rupture: a randomized double-blind study,” Neurological Research, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 79–88, 1989. [3] M. de Lima Oliveira, A. C. Kairalla, E. T. Fonoff, R. C. R. Martinez, M. J. Teixeira, and E. Bor-Seng-Shu, “Cerebral microdialysis in traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage: state of the art,” Neurocritical Care, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 152– 162, 2014.
BioMed Research International [4] S. Suzuki, M. Kimura, M. Souma, H. Ohkima, T. Iwabuchi, and T. Shimiz u, “Cerebral microthrombosis in symptomatic cerebral vasospasm—a quantitative histological study in autopsy cases,” Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 309–316, 1990. [5] M. R. Azarpazhooh and B. R. Chambers, “Clinical application of transcranial Doppler monitoring for embolic signals,” Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 799–810, 2006. [6] K.-F. Lindegaard, H. Nornes, S. J. Bakke, W. Sorteberg, and P. Nakstad, “Cerebral vasospasm diagnosis by means of angiography and blood velocity measurements,” Acta Neurochirurgica, vol. 100, no. 1-2, pp. 12–24, 1989. [7] J. F. Soustiel, B. Bruk, B. Shik, M. Hadani, and M. Feinsod, “Transcranial Doppler in vertebrobasilar vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Neurosurgery, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 282– 293, 1998. [8] E. B. Ringelstein, D. W. Droste, V. L. Babikian et al., “Consensus on microembolus detection by TCD: international consensus group on microembolus detection,” Stroke, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 725–729, 1998. [9] E. Bor-Seng-Shu, M. De-Lima-Oliveira, M. J. Teixeira, and R. B. Panerai, “Predicting symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Neurosurgery, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. E501–E502, 2011. [10] A. I. Qureshi, Y. Mohammad, A. M. Yahia et al., “Ischemic events associated with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: multicenter clinical study and review of the literature,” Neurosurgery, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 282–289, 2000. [11] C. A. Giller, A. M. Giller, and F. Landreneau, “Detection of emboli after surgery for intracerebral aneurysms,” Neurosurgery, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 490–494, 1998. [12] S. Fukuoka, K. Suematsu, J.-I. Nakamura, T. Matsuzaki, S. Satoh, and I. Hashimoto, “Transient ischemic attacks caused by unruptured intracranial aneurysm,” Surgical Neurology, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 464–467, 1982. [13] D. O. Wiebers, J. P. Whisnant, T. M. Sundt Jr., and W. M. O’Fallon, “The significance of unruptured intracranial saccular aneurysms,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 23–29, 1987. [14] E. C. Raps, J. D. Rogers, S. L. Galetta et al., “The clinical spectrum of unruptured intracranial aneurysms,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 265–268, 1993. [15] J. G. Romano, A. M. Forteza, M. Concha et al., “Detection of microemboli by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Neurosurgery, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1026–1031, 2002. [16] M. R. Azarpazhooh, A. Velayati, B. R. Chambers, H. M. Nejad, and P. Sasannejad, “Microembolic signals in subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 390–393, 2009. [17] S. Juvela, M. Kaste, and M. Hillbom, “Platelet thromboxane release after subarachnoid hemorrhage and surgery,” Stroke, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 566–571, 1990. [18] W. F. Hoffman, C. B. Wilson, and J. J. Townsend, “Recurrent transient ischemic attacks secondary to an embolizing saccular middle cerebral artery aneurysm: case report,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 103–106, 1979. [19] H. S. Markus, R. Ackerstaff, V. Babikian et al., “Intercenter agreement in reading Doppler embolic signals: a multicenter international study,” Stroke, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1307–1310, 1997.
BioMed Research International [20] N. Khaffaf, R. Karnik, W.-B. Winkler, A. Valentin, and J. Slany, “Embolic stroke by compression maneuver during transcranial Doppler sonography,” Stroke, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1056–1057, 1994. [21] C. Kl¨otzsch, H. C. Nahser, H. Henkes, D. K¨uhne, and P. Berlit, “Detection of microemboli distal to cerebral aneurysms before and after therapeutic embolization,” American Journal of Neuroradiology, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1315–1318, 1998. [22] S. Juvela, M. Hillbom, and M. Kaste, “Platelet thromboxane release and delayed cerebral ischemia in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 386–392, 1991. [23] H. Ohkuma, K. Ogane, S. Fujita, H. Manabe, S. Suzuki, and W. I. Rosenblum, “Impairment of anti-platelet-aggregating activity of endothelial cells after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Stroke, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1541–1546, 1993. [24] E. Vinge, L. Brandt, B. Ljunggren, and K.-E. Andersson, “Thromboxane B2 levels in serum during continuous administration of nimodipine to patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Stroke, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 644–647, 1988.
5
