nutrient Requirements
and Interactions
Estimation of the Niacin Requirements for Tilapia Fed Diets Containing Glucose or Dextrin1 SHI-YEN
SHIAÜ2A/YD GOW-SHYANG
SÕ/E/V
Department of Marine Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung, Taiwan 202, Republic of China greater ability for glucose utilization than for starch utilization (Hung et al. 1989). Niacin is a vital part of the coenzymes needed to release energy from carbohydrate. The quantitative requirement for growth has been studied in only a few fish species. For example, 10-50, 28 and 14 mg/kg have been reported as requirements for rainbow trout (MacLaren et al. 1947), common carp (Aoe et al. 1967) and channel catfish (Andrews and Murai 1978), respectively. Tilapia are mainly lacustrine fish that are well adapted to enclosed waters. They exhibit many qual ities that make them suitable for culture, including resistance to problems associated with handling and to disease, efficient conversion of low protein diets, ease of breeding and high palatability; thus, they are an important protein source for humans in many tropical and subtropical countries. In Taiwan, tilapia production has surpassed the production of milkfish, and thus the tilapia has become the preeminent cul tured fish species. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the adequate amount of niacin needed in diets con taining either glucose or dextrin for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus.
ABSTRACT Two 12-wk experiments were conducted to determine the adequate dietary niacin levels for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus, when diets containing either 38% D(+)-glucose or 38% dextrin (type III, from corn) as the carbohydrate source were fed. In Experiment 1, we used 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 mg/kg of supplemental niacin in both the glucose- and dextrin-containing diets. In Experiment 2, 0, 10, 25, 40 and 55 mg/kg or 0, 10, 25, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg/kg of supplemental niacin was incorporated in diets containing glucose or dextrin, respectively. In both experiments, fish fed niacin-deficient diets grew poorly. They developed skin, fin and mouth lesions and hemorrhages; the snout was deformed and there was gill edema. These pathologies began 6 wk after the experi ments started. Plasma glucose concentrations were higher in fish fed glucose diets than those fed dextrin diets. Weight gain analyzed by broken-line regression indicated that the adequate dietary niacin level for maximal growth in rapidly growing tilapia fingerlings is 26 mg/kg in fish fed the glucose diet and 121 mg/kg in fish fed the dextrin diet. J. Nutr. 122: 2030-2036, 1992. INDEXING KEY WORDS:
•carbohydrate •tilapia
•niacin
•fish
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Carbohydrates are the least expensive form of dietary energy for humans and domestic animals, but utilization by fish varies and is lower than that of domestic animals (Bergot 1979, Fumichi and Yone 1981). The maximum dietary dextrin levels that did not reduce growth were 10% for yellowtail, 20% for red sea bream and 30% for common carp (Millikin 1982). Moreover, different types of carbohydrates may not be equally available to fish. Channel catfish were reported not to utilize simple sugars efficiently (Wilson and Poe 1987). Tilapia were found to utilize complex carbohydrates such as dextrin or starch for growth more readily than simple sugars such as glucose (Anderson et al. 1984, Tung and Shiau 1991). In contrast, white sturgeon were found to have a 0022-3166/92
$3.00 ©1992 American
Institute
of Nutrition.
Diet preparation. Formulations of the ex perimental diets are given in Table 1. These formula tions are similar to that of Shiau et al. (1989), which has been shown to be adequate for tilapia. Vitaminfree casein (37 g/100 g, Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) was used as the protein source. The carbohy drate sources were D(+)-glucose (No. G-5000, Sigma
'Supported by a grant from the National Science Council of the Republic of China, grant number NSC 81-0409-B019-02. 2To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be ad dressed.
Received 20 April 1992. Accepted 22 lune 1992. 2030
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jn/article-abstract/122/10/2030/4754546 by guest on 17 April 2018
NIACIN
REQUIREMENTS
OF TILAPIA
2031 a.G
—" ë
TABLE 1
g\o 0
Ingredient
Dextrin diet
^^H
Z0 II|xu£ï s/5Z C/3
Composition of experimental diets
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i
xi i oo 1
io
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and Interactions
Estimation of the Niacin Requirements for Tilapia Fed Diets Containing Glucose or Dextrin1 SHI-YEN
SHIAÜ2A/YD GOW-SHYANG
SÕ/E/V
Department of Marine Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung, Taiwan 202, Republic of China greater ability for glucose utilization than for starch utilization (Hung et al. 1989). Niacin is a vital part of the coenzymes needed to release energy from carbohydrate. The quantitative requirement for growth has been studied in only a few fish species. For example, 10-50, 28 and 14 mg/kg have been reported as requirements for rainbow trout (MacLaren et al. 1947), common carp (Aoe et al. 1967) and channel catfish (Andrews and Murai 1978), respectively. Tilapia are mainly lacustrine fish that are well adapted to enclosed waters. They exhibit many qual ities that make them suitable for culture, including resistance to problems associated with handling and to disease, efficient conversion of low protein diets, ease of breeding and high palatability; thus, they are an important protein source for humans in many tropical and subtropical countries. In Taiwan, tilapia production has surpassed the production of milkfish, and thus the tilapia has become the preeminent cul tured fish species. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the adequate amount of niacin needed in diets con taining either glucose or dextrin for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus.
ABSTRACT Two 12-wk experiments were conducted to determine the adequate dietary niacin levels for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus, when diets containing either 38% D(+)-glucose or 38% dextrin (type III, from corn) as the carbohydrate source were fed. In Experiment 1, we used 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 mg/kg of supplemental niacin in both the glucose- and dextrin-containing diets. In Experiment 2, 0, 10, 25, 40 and 55 mg/kg or 0, 10, 25, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg/kg of supplemental niacin was incorporated in diets containing glucose or dextrin, respectively. In both experiments, fish fed niacin-deficient diets grew poorly. They developed skin, fin and mouth lesions and hemorrhages; the snout was deformed and there was gill edema. These pathologies began 6 wk after the experi ments started. Plasma glucose concentrations were higher in fish fed glucose diets than those fed dextrin diets. Weight gain analyzed by broken-line regression indicated that the adequate dietary niacin level for maximal growth in rapidly growing tilapia fingerlings is 26 mg/kg in fish fed the glucose diet and 121 mg/kg in fish fed the dextrin diet. J. Nutr. 122: 2030-2036, 1992. INDEXING KEY WORDS:
•carbohydrate •tilapia
•niacin
•fish
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Carbohydrates are the least expensive form of dietary energy for humans and domestic animals, but utilization by fish varies and is lower than that of domestic animals (Bergot 1979, Fumichi and Yone 1981). The maximum dietary dextrin levels that did not reduce growth were 10% for yellowtail, 20% for red sea bream and 30% for common carp (Millikin 1982). Moreover, different types of carbohydrates may not be equally available to fish. Channel catfish were reported not to utilize simple sugars efficiently (Wilson and Poe 1987). Tilapia were found to utilize complex carbohydrates such as dextrin or starch for growth more readily than simple sugars such as glucose (Anderson et al. 1984, Tung and Shiau 1991). In contrast, white sturgeon were found to have a 0022-3166/92
$3.00 ©1992 American
Institute
of Nutrition.
Diet preparation. Formulations of the ex perimental diets are given in Table 1. These formula tions are similar to that of Shiau et al. (1989), which has been shown to be adequate for tilapia. Vitaminfree casein (37 g/100 g, Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) was used as the protein source. The carbohy drate sources were D(+)-glucose (No. G-5000, Sigma
'Supported by a grant from the National Science Council of the Republic of China, grant number NSC 81-0409-B019-02. 2To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be ad dressed.
Received 20 April 1992. Accepted 22 lune 1992. 2030
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jn/article-abstract/122/10/2030/4754546 by guest on 17 April 2018
NIACIN
REQUIREMENTS
OF TILAPIA
2031 a.G
—" ë
TABLE 1
g\o 0
Ingredient
Dextrin diet
^^H
Z0 II|xu£ï s/5Z C/3
Composition of experimental diets
-¡•— 1 CS
i
xi i oo 1
io
CO \O 001'on¿8Q2oOOin§«o0v4-12T3>*1iu00 00 O2 OO PO
ö
uivu_2SOtt.^3Sau1u"o."3g100
*Ã-
^^ i —
4-gïlIIIBli«
00
IO
P3
1xi ö 1 S
n O r^3 c^ N-.c
Os LO
=a
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