Accepted Manuscript Race/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in stress and immune function in The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Jennifer B. Dowd, Ph.D. Tia Palermo, Ph.D Laura Chyu, Ph.D Emma Adam, Ph.D. Thomas W. McDade, Ph.D PII:
S0277-9536(14)00370-0
DOI:
10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.011
Reference:
SSM 9520
To appear in:
Social Science & Medicine
Received Date: 8 January 2014 Revised Date:
16 May 2014
Accepted Date: 10 June 2014
Please cite this article as: Dowd, J.B., Palermo, T., Chyu, L., Adam, E., McDade, T.W, Race/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in stress and immune function in The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Social Science & Medicine (2014), doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.011. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
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Race/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in stress and immune function in The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Jennifer B. Dowd, Ph.D.1,2, Tia Palermo, Ph.D3, Laura Chyu, Ph.D6, Emma Adam4,6, Ph.D., Thomas W McDade, Ph.D5,6 1*
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CUNY School of Public Health, Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10035, USA, [email protected], 203-451-8266
2
CUNY Institute for Demographic Research (CIDR), One Bernard Baruch Way, New York, New York, 10010, USA.
3
M AN U
Program in Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University (SUNY), Health Sciences Center 3-071, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA, [email protected] 4
School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University 2120 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, [email protected]
5
6
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Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, [email protected] Cells to Society: The Center on Social Disparities and Health, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, [email protected]
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*Corresponding Author
Keywords: U.S; socioeconomic status; stress, immunity; Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV); herpesviruses; race/ethnicity; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health)
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Acknowledgements: This project was supported by Grant Number R01HD053731 from the Eunice Kennedy
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Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National
Institutes of Health. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
SC
This research uses data from Add Health, a program project directed by Kathleen Mullan Harris and designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris at
M AN U
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and funded by grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 23 other federal agencies and foundations. Special acknowledgment is due Ronald R. Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the
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original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website (http://www.cpc.unc.edu/addhealth). No direct support was received
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EP
from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Abstract Stress and immune function may be important mediators of the strong association between social factors and health over the life course, but previous studies have lacked
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the data to fully explore these links in a population-based sample. This study utilizes data from Waves I-IV of the U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to test the associations of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) with
SC
levels of perceived stress and exposure to stressful life events (SLE) among 11,050 adult respondents aged 24-32 in 2008-2009. We further tested whether race/ethnicity and SES
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were associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) specific IgG antibodies, an indirect marker of cell-mediated immune function. Finally, we tested whether measures of stress were associated with EBV IgG and whether there was evidence that they explain any associations between race/ethnicity, SES and EBV IgG. We found strong associations between lower SES and higher levels of perceived stress (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.73-2.48 for
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< high school vs. college or above) and a high level of stressful life events (OR 7.47, 95% CI 5.59-9.98 for < high school vs. college or above). Blacks had higher odds of a high
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level of stressful life events compared to whites (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.63-2.47), but not higher perceived stress (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.96-1.28). Blacks also had significantly higher
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EBV levels compared to whites (β=0.136, p$87,500)
S0277-9536(14)00370-0
DOI:
10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.011
Reference:
SSM 9520
To appear in:
Social Science & Medicine
Received Date: 8 January 2014 Revised Date:
16 May 2014
Accepted Date: 10 June 2014
Please cite this article as: Dowd, J.B., Palermo, T., Chyu, L., Adam, E., McDade, T.W, Race/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in stress and immune function in The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Social Science & Medicine (2014), doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.011. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
RI PT
Race/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in stress and immune function in The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Jennifer B. Dowd, Ph.D.1,2, Tia Palermo, Ph.D3, Laura Chyu, Ph.D6, Emma Adam4,6, Ph.D., Thomas W McDade, Ph.D5,6 1*
SC
CUNY School of Public Health, Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10035, USA, [email protected], 203-451-8266
2
CUNY Institute for Demographic Research (CIDR), One Bernard Baruch Way, New York, New York, 10010, USA.
3
M AN U
Program in Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University (SUNY), Health Sciences Center 3-071, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA, [email protected] 4
School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University 2120 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, [email protected]
5
6
TE D
Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, [email protected] Cells to Society: The Center on Social Disparities and Health, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, [email protected]
AC C
EP
*Corresponding Author
Keywords: U.S; socioeconomic status; stress, immunity; Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV); herpesviruses; race/ethnicity; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health)
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Acknowledgements: This project was supported by Grant Number R01HD053731 from the Eunice Kennedy
RI PT
Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National
Institutes of Health. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
SC
This research uses data from Add Health, a program project directed by Kathleen Mullan Harris and designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris at
M AN U
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and funded by grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 23 other federal agencies and foundations. Special acknowledgment is due Ronald R. Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the
TE D
original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website (http://www.cpc.unc.edu/addhealth). No direct support was received
AC C
EP
from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Abstract Stress and immune function may be important mediators of the strong association between social factors and health over the life course, but previous studies have lacked
RI PT
the data to fully explore these links in a population-based sample. This study utilizes data from Waves I-IV of the U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to test the associations of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) with
SC
levels of perceived stress and exposure to stressful life events (SLE) among 11,050 adult respondents aged 24-32 in 2008-2009. We further tested whether race/ethnicity and SES
M AN U
were associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) specific IgG antibodies, an indirect marker of cell-mediated immune function. Finally, we tested whether measures of stress were associated with EBV IgG and whether there was evidence that they explain any associations between race/ethnicity, SES and EBV IgG. We found strong associations between lower SES and higher levels of perceived stress (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.73-2.48 for
TE D
< high school vs. college or above) and a high level of stressful life events (OR 7.47, 95% CI 5.59-9.98 for < high school vs. college or above). Blacks had higher odds of a high
EP
level of stressful life events compared to whites (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.63-2.47), but not higher perceived stress (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.96-1.28). Blacks also had significantly higher
AC C
EBV levels compared to whites (β=0.136, p$87,500)
