Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Bozyazı district of Mersin, Turkey.

Author’s Accepted Manuscript Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in bozyazi district of mersin, Turkey Seyid Ahmet Sargin

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To appear in: Journal of Ethnopharmacology Received date: 9 May 2015 Revised date: 8 July 2015 Accepted date: 9 July 2015 Cite this article as: Seyid Ahmet Sargin, Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in bozyazi district of mersin, Turkey, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.009 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Bozyazı District of Mersin, Turkey. Seyid Ahmet Sargin Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Faculty of Education, Primary Education Division, Department of Science Education, 07400 Alanya, Antalya, Turkey [email protected]

ABSTRACT Ethnopharmacological relevance: This research contributes momentous ethnopharmaceutical information on medicinal plants used by local people who live in the Bozyazı district of Mersin in Turkey. Aim of the study: To arrange a list of herbal treatments from the Bozyazı region with their habitual use, plant parts and application methods besides computing some statistical indices. Materials and methods: Plant specimens that have been collected by herbalists or local people from Bozyazı for therapeutic purposes were investigated by visiting the villages during the study period, and then conveyed to the laboratory to diagnose the species. In addition, the relative frequency citation (RFC), use values (UV), informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL) were calculated. Results: In this survey conducted between 2013-2015, 159 taxa associated with 55 families, excluding 9 edible mushrooms, were detected as they have been utilized for centuries in terms of the healing by visiting 14 villages and 4 herbalist shops in Bozyazı. Lamiaceae, Asteraceae Orchidaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae and Geraniaceae have been determined as the most used families for therapeutic purposes. The study revealed that most of the residents concurred on the use of Sideritis erythrantha herba to cure respiratory diseases that demonstrated the highest fidelity level (89). 63 taxa have not matched with any studies conducted in and around the region. Conclusion: Throughout the research carried out Bozyazı district, it has been observed that people living in rural areas have more knowledge and experience about the use and benefits of plants, compared to the people living in the district center. It was detected that the medicinal plants have been used mostly in the therapy of Haemorrhoids. The most information is obtained from the mountain villagers and Yuruk nomads, having average ages of 46.3, during the whole study. In terms of ethnobotanical perspective, the district has stayed valuable due to the winding roads over the mountains and along the coast is very difficult to drive making Bozyazı too far from large cities and mass tourism centers. Keywords: Ethnomedicine, Medicinal plants, Statistical values, Bozyazı district, Mersin, Turkey.

1. Introduction Ethnobotany is defined simply as “the study of the relationships between plants and people” (Balick and Cox, 1996). In general, ethnobotany is the scientific investigations of plants as used in indigenous culture for food, medicine, rituals, building, household implements, musical instruments, firewood, pesticides, clothing, shelter and other purposes (Kelbessa et al. 2004; Kumbi 2007; Ugulu, 2011; as cited in Sargin et al, 2013a). Ethnomedicine is concerned with the cultural interpretations of health, disease and illness and also addresses the health care seeking process and healing practices (Pieroni et al, 2005). In view of the importance of traditional medicine which provides health services to 75-80% of the world population, increased demand of herbal drugs by the pharmaceuticals and depleting natural plant resources, it is high time to document the medicinal utility of less known plants available in remote areas of country (Zaidi and Crow 2005; Thirumalai et al, 2010). As Teklehaymanot and Giday (2007) stated that documentation of the traditional uses of medicinal plants is an urgent matter and important to preserve the knowledge since they are getting lost owing to migration from rural to urban areas, industrialization, rapid loss of natural habitats and changes in life style. Additionally, as Sajem et al (2008) highlighted that documented several threatened plant species which have been declared as rare, endangered, found to be listed in the Red Data Book of Indian Plants, or extinct in the wild in other states of the country. These also provide a great opportunity for locals in a sound and sustainable way for their economic development. (Joshi and Joshi, 2006). A diverse range of ethnobotanical publications was conducted in the Southwest Aegean, Central South Anatolia, Southwestern Anatolia and Akdeniz Region by Sayar et al. (1995), Ertuğ (2000), Bağcı et al. (2006), Altay and Celik (2011), Altay and Karahan (2012), Sağıroğlu et al. (2013), Şenkardeş and Tuzlacı (2014). Folk uses of medicinal plants in the same area (except Mersin) were investigated by Yeşilada et al. (1995), Tuzlacı and Erol (1999), Ertuğ (2004), Çömlekçioğlu and Karaman (2008), Fakir et al. (2009), Sezik et al. (2001), Tulukcu and Sağdıç (2011), Demirci and Özhatay (2012), Gürdal and Kültür (2013), Özçelik and Balabanlı (2015) and Özdemir and Alpınar (2015). The present study is the first generic research on the ethnomedicinal reserves of the Bozyazı (Mersin) region among the ethnobotanical studies about Mersin city, such as Everest & Öztürk (2005) and Sağıroğlu et al (2013).

2. Materials and Methods 2.1. The study area With its widely differing climatic, geographic and geologic zones, Turkey enjoys a rich and diverse flora. Turkey is also one of the richest countries in world with respect to endemism. The number of endemic taxa is more than 3000 and endemism ratio is 34.4% (Erik and Tarıkahya, 2004; Avcı, 2005; Özhatay et al, 2005; Sargin et al, 2013a; Hayta et al, 2014). The study area is located within the boundaries of C4 Square in regard to the grid system used in the Flora of Turkey (Davis, 1965-1985). In accordance with Turkey Plants Data Service records (Babac, 2004; Bakis et al, 2011), the largest families based on the number of species in the C4 squire are Asteraceae (15.1%), Fabaceae (14.7%), Lamiaceae (10.5%), Poaceae (8.5%) and Scrophulariaceae (6.7%) as well as the genera containing the highest number of taxa are Astragalus (16.4%), Verbascum (13.1%) and Silene (7.4%) respectively.

The

landscape of the region covered with machhie, rocky and meadow vegetation types. The machhie vegetation is the most common vegetation type in the area and is includes Quercus coccifera L. and Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach. Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau, Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss. & Hohen., Conringia grandiflora Boiss. & Heldr., Helianthemum kotschyanum Boiss., Trifolium purpureum Lois. var. pamphylicum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Zoh., Paronychia argentea Lam. var. argentea, Dianthus strictus Banks & Sol. var. subenervis (Boiss.) Reeve and Phagnalon graecum Boiss. are commonly found in the rocky parts of the research area. Meadow vegetation includes Fumaria officinalis L., Biscutella didyma L., Thlaspi perfoliatum L., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit., Taraxacum officinale Weber, Crepis sancta (L.) Babc., Convolvulus arvensis L., Aegilops umbellulata Zhuk. subsp. umbellulata, Hordeum murinum L. subsp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev, Bromus japonicus Thunb. subsp. japonicas (Yıldıztugay and Küçükhödük, 2010). Having been a host to many cultures, Anatolia has acumulated a vast ethnobotanical heritage and the efforts to define and preserve these cultural values have led to an increasing number of researches on the subject (Polat et al, 2012). Over centuries, Turkish people have been using herbal medicine for the treatment of some daily diseases. The Taurus Mountains are one of the centers of the Mediterranean Region with rich plant diversity. Accordingly, the traditional herbal medicines are important for the life of people (Everest and Ozturk, 2005). Mersin province takes place in Mediterranean Region and its western neighbor is Antalya, eastern neighbor is Adana, northern neighbors are Nigde-Konya and Karaman and it is

surrounded with Mediterranean Sea on the south. The north-south borders of the province are between 36-37o Northern latitudes and the eastwest borders are between 33-35o Eastern longitudes (Akcaoz et al, 2009). The research was carried out in Bozyazı which is a coastal district of Mersin Province on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, 220 km (137 mi) west of the city of Mersin, covers a surface area of 700 km2 and lies between 36°06’00” N latitude and 32°58’30” E longitude. It is surrounded by Gulnar, Aydıncık on the east, and Anamur on the west, Ermenek on the north and the Mediterranean Sea on the south (Fig. 1). Due to the winding roads over the mountains and along the coast are very difficult to drive making Bozyazı too far from large cities and mass tourism centers, it has stayed valuable in terms of ethnobotanical perspective. The research was conducted in the district center and 14 villages; Karaisalı, Kızılca, Kömürlü, Elmakuz, Ardıçlıtaş, Dereköy, Akcami, Bahçekoyağı, Derebaşı, Gözce, Gözsüzce, Lenger, Narince and Tekedüzü.

Fig. 1 Geographical location of the study area (Bozyazı /Mersin).

2.2. Interviews with local people Records were arranged using a model of a structured ethnobotanical questionnaire, which was developed from Ertuğ's study (2003), via reportages (Appendix). The people who may have an ethnomedicinal knowledge or experience were visited at least for 4 times while

they were in houses, fields and farms at different seasons of the year. As a result, 178 people, 91 women, and 87 men were face-to-face interviewed. All reportages were held in Turkish since all ethnic groups are able to speak Turkish for centuries (Fig. 2). In the course of the interviews, demographic characteristics of the study participants were recorded. (Table 1). In conjunction with families, local names, used parts and preparation methods of the plants, ethnobotanical indices of plant species used for healing of local people were reported and presented in Table 3.

Fig. 2 Some frames from the interviews taken with local people in Bozyazı and its neighboring settlements.

Table 1. Classification of the informants according to their demographic features. Total people

Man/women

Gender

Male Women

Number of people

Percent (%)

87 91

48.8 51.2

Ages

Level of education

Marital status

Employment

Residence

Less than 40 Between 41 and 50 Between 51 and 59 Over 60

21 63 42

11.8 35.3 23.5

52

29.4

Illiterate Elemantary school Secondary school High school University

31 73 42 21

17.6 41.2 23.5 11.8

10

5.9

Unmarried Married Divorced Widowed

0 136 10

0.0 76.5 5.9

31

17.6

Farmer Pensioned Others Retired

73 31 10

41.2 17.6 5.9

63

35.3

County (City center) Villages

52

29.4

126

70.6

10

5.9

168

94.1

10 2 162 3

5.9 1.2 91.2 1.8

Duration of redidence in the Less than 10 years surveyed area More than 10 years Ethnic group

Balkan immigrant Romans (Gypsies) Yuruk (Nomads) Others

2.3. Plant materials The field study was carried out for approximately a period of 2 years (2013–2015). During this period, 159 plants taxa, including 8 gymnosperms, 2 ferns, 1 clubmoss, & 1 algea (Table 3) and excluding 9 edible mushrooms (Table 4) were collected. The plants were pressed according to standard herbarium techniques to be prepared for botanical identification, and then they were diagnosed with the help of the literature (Davis, 1965–1985; Davis et al., 1988; Güner et al., 2000). Identified plants were made in herbarium specimens, and they were stored to be protected in the Botanical Laboratory of Altinoluk Vocational School of Balikesir University. Scientific names of plant species were determined according

to the International Plant Name Index (IPNI: http://www.ipni.org) and the Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org) then listed in alphabetic order (Table 3). The names of the taxa are given together with the author's name in Table 3. To avoid further incrementing of the number of pages, the author names are not given in the other parts of the manuscript such as text and tables, but referred to Table 3.

2.4. Surveys at schools In Anatolian culture, the approach of "Get news from child" is dominant. In the region, at a young age, they are traditionally sent and trained by their parents for gathering the herb and mushroom growing in the far forested areas (Fig. 3). Therefore, it is one of the easiest and most practical ways to detect the use of the plants. To this purpose, 4 primary schools were visited, and the questionnaire (Table 2), which is developed from Ertuğ’s “Ethnobotanical plug Sample and Framing Questions” (Ertuğ, 2003), was requested for filling by the 6th, 7th and 8th grade students with their families (including grandparents) when they go home. Approximately, 200 forms were received from the corresponding teachers. Subsequently, the forms were evaluated, some of the families were visited and detailed information was obtained. Field work was carried out with the help of 3-5 schoolboys (Fig. 3), the average age is around 11, manifest himself by during school survey and reportages from each village. When searching plants in the woods and fields, the importance of ethnobotanical legacy inherited from their grandparents has been described with ongoing short but nice conversations. In addition, it was advised that they have to protect the values of the heritage by learning well from their grandparents, and transfer to future generations necessarily. As Ertuğ et al (2003) emphasized that these presentations and written surveys with students not only provide valuable information and the possibility for the quantification of the most commonly used herbs, but also provide a bridge between elementary school children and their families (Polat and Satıl, 2012; Sargin et al., 2013; Sargin et al, 2015).

Fig. 3 A rural child, who collects Origanum syriacum ssp bevanii for home. He may not successful in school, but he is irreplaceable and brave assistant of the fieldwork. He and his peers are the future representatives of the ethnobotanical heritage.

Table 2. The survey form for elementary school students about the use of traditional medicinal plant growing in Bozyazı district. Name of the school?

Grade?

Name of the student?

Village?

Date of the survey?

For what disease?

With which method (boiling, infusion, mash, cataplasm, etc)?

Contact information of your parents?

Name of the school manager / vice manager / teacher dealing with

Phone:

#

Local names of the plants you used?

Age?

Name and contact information of the class teacher?

1 2 3 4 5

2.5. Socio-economic conditions of Bozyazı The distinct, like the town of Anamur, with the banana production, has been referred to the name within the country (Akcaoz et al, 2009). Bozyazı, on the other hand, with a much recent history of settlement and its remoteness, is a more conservative town. The local community has a pastoralist background. They are the descendants of “Yuruk” nomads. Most of them belong to "Karakeçili" (Black goat) nomad branch. They have settled and started agriculture around the 1920–30s in the area. Today, most of the economy depends largely on the yield from greenhouses, in which they cultivate bananas where water is ample, or else, vegetables. This is the main source of income for nearly all the local population (26,300) living in the periphery of the protected site (Gucu and Gucu, 2003). Bozyazı is far from the crowded cities and holiday resorts. The mass tourism has not yet reached here and, therefore, the calmness of the distinct is pristine.

2.6. Interrogating the reliability of the collected data. Among the informants that can provide more than 50 use reports, 10 people were chosen as the main resource persons after receiving the fidelity level (FL) results. In the region, the use information obtained from the informants who were at different age, marital status, education level, employment status and ethnic group, were distinguished and recorded by consulting those main resource persons. Additionally, the plants, being pointed to medical use by resource persons, were collected from the field in different seasons (of flowering, fruit and seed periods) of the year and shown and consulted once again to these main informants, thus they were confirmed or discarded.

2.7. The comparison with the neighboring area research studies. The similarities and differences belonging to the research data were compared with 20 publications conducted nearby area. The percentage of the similar medicinal plants and related work resemblances were presented in Table 5.

2.8. The used statistical values and calculations. 2.8.1. Relative Frequency Citation (RFC) The collected ethnomedicinal information was quantitatively analyzed using an index of relative frequency citation (RFC) as RFC = FC / N (0 < RFC < 1). This index shows the local importance of each species and it is given by the frequency of citation (FC, the number of informants mentioning the use of the species) divided by the total number of informants

participating in the survey (N), without considering the use-categories (Vitalini et al., 2013; Bano et al., 2014; Vijayakumar, et al., 2015). The RFC values of the plants with medicinal uses determined in this study are presented in Table 3.

2.8.2. Use Value (UV) The use value (UV) demonstrates the relative importance of plants known locally. It was calculated using the formula: UV = ΣUi/N. Where Ui is the number of uses mentioned by each informant for a given species and N is the total number of informants (Tardio and Pardode-Santayana, 2008; Bano et al., 2014; Vijayakumar, et al., 2015). The UV of the plant taxa, which therapeutic use detected, in this research is given in Table 3.

2.8.3. Informant consensus factor (ICF) This index was calculated according to the following formula: ICF = Nur − Nt/Nur −1, where Nur refers to the number of use citations in each category and Nt to the number of the species used (Trotter and Logan, 1986; Sargin et al, 2013a). This method is to check homogeneity of the information. In other words, the medicinal plants that are presumed to be effective in treating a certain disease have higher ICF values (Giday et al., 2007; Sargin et al, 2013a). The ICF values of the diseases for which the medical plants usage recorded in this survey are conferred by Table 8.

2.8.4. Fidelity level (FL) According to Gidal et al (2010), the relative healing potential of each local medicinal plant should be estimated using an index referred to as fidelity level (FL) based on the proportion of informants who agreed on its use against a given ailment category. The formula for FL is given as FL = Ip/Iu × 100, where Ip is the number of informants who independently indicated the use of a species for the same major ailment and Iu the total number of informants who mentioned the plant for any major ailment (Friedman et al., 1986; Kadir et al., 2012). The FL values are presented in Table 9.

3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Demographic features of the resource people Based on the survey data about the marketplace and primary schools, some visits were made to the district's center and villages for meeting the resource persons. As a result of these visits in different seasons of the year, the demographic specifications of the resource people

were identified and recorded by direct dialogues (Table 1). In the study area, 4 different ethnic groups were detected. These ethnic groups were Balkan immigrant (5.9%), Romans (Gypsies) (1.2%) and Yuruk (Nomads) (91.2%). The Yuruks belong to the “Karakeçili (Blackgoats)” tribe mostly. A small group belongs to Sarıkeçili section. Throughout the ethnobotanical research performed in Bozyazı and its surroundings, a total of 178 respondents including 91 women and 87 men also were noted. Among them, the youngest is being 32 and the oldest is 85. While searching the education level of the participants, it was determined that the majority (41.2%) was graduated from a primary school and only a few of them (5.9%) had a university degree. According to the investigation, it has been observed that the new generations (especially under 30) consuming wild and cultural plants as medicine, is on the point of extinction due to the modernization of the area. Like in other parts of the world, there is a risk of loosing valuable ethnomedicinal information, or contamination with the new knowledge learned through the media. In order to distinguish traditional knowledge from new or contaminated information, the main resource informants had a central and important role in this study. With this method, firstly, the main resource informants have been identified among the informants who provide at least 100 data about the use of medicinal plants. Secondly; the light of information obtained from different professional groups / age / education, the plants, claimed to be used, collected from the region (at the term of flowering, fruit and seed), then asked them to the main source persons with repeated visits, and recorded by taking their approvals, or eliminated. At the end of the research, a plaque of appreciation was presented to each of them owing to their valuable information and extra effort.

3.2. Medicinal plants and associated knowledge The plant taxa used for medicinal purposes in the region are presented in Table 3 and demonstrated in an alphabetical order of scientific names, with the relevant information (Polat and Satıl, 2012; Sargin et al, 2013a). As a consequence of research, besides 9 edible mushrooms belonging 5 fungi families (Table 4), 159 medicinal plant species concerning to 55 families were found in the research area. Among the plant taxa, 133 species are wild and 26 species are cultivated plants, 14 ones are locally cultivated from wild populations even in a small-scale. Due to the only 3 Gymnosperms orders (Ephedrales, Pinales and Cupressales) are grown in Turkey, of 8 species belonging to 2 families, Pinacea (Abies cilicica subsp. cilicica, A.cilicica subsp. isaurica, Cedrus libani and Pinus brutia) and Cupressaceae (Juniperus drupacea, J.excelsa, J.foetidissima and J.oxycedrus) ethnomedicinal use were detected in the

study. Additionally, 2 ferns (Adiantum capillus-veneris and Pteridium aquilinum), one clubmoss (Lycopodium sp.), and one algae species (Chondrus crispus) take place in the list. Herbs (60.9%) were found to be most used plants followed by shrubs (27.0%), geophytes (20.1%), trees (10.7%), spiny plants (5.0%), climbers (3.1%), succulents (2.5%), bryophytes (1.3%) and parasites (0.6%) (Fig. 4). The most common medicinal plant family is found Lamiaceae (>14.5%), Asteraceae (>6.9%), Orchidaceae (>6.9%), Rosaceae (>5.0%), Fabaceae (>4.4%) and Geraniaceae (>4.4%) respectively (Fig.5). Moreover, due to the addition to other mixtures of formulas besides usage of it alone, the most frequently used parts were defined as aerial parts (23.1%) and fruits (14.3%). The following parts and their percentages are given in the Figure 6. These reports were in agreement with previous studies conducted in different parts of the world, where the leaves are cited as commonly used parts of the medicinal plants (Giday et al., 2009; Ullah et al., 2013; Morvin Yabesh et al., 2014; Prabhu et al., 2014). The reason why leaves were used mostly is that they are collected very easily compared to underground parts, flower and fruits, etc. (Giday et al., 2009) and from a scientific point of view, leaves are active organs in terms of photosynthesis and production of metabolites (Ghorbani, 2005). Therefore, the locals have been collecting and using them easily much more than other plant parts almost all year long.

Fig.4 Life forms of reported common medicinal plants.

Fig.5 Percentile distribution according to taxa of families.

Fig.6 Percentile distribution of plant organs used traditional medicine.

To the different kinds of ailments, different forms of preparation and application like medicinal bath, boiling, sucking, cataplasm, cinder, coffee, chewing, decoction, drop, oil extracting, eating, frankincense, juice, lotion, lixivium, lavement, lavage, maceration, mask, cold water maceration, meal, medicinal oil, mash, mixture (Pickles, jam, molasses, salad, tzatziki, mixed paste, mixed ointments, mixed mash by adding other plants), ointment, paste, rubbing, soap, spice and swallowing were detected in the area. Infusion (24.8%) is the first coming method for the preparation of the remedies (Fig.7) since it is prepared mostly from the fresh or dried leaves which harvesting process easier than other parts as I mentioned above.

Fig.7 Percentile distribution of herbal preparations.

Pinaceae

Fabaceae

Acanthaceae

Asteraceae

Pteridaceae

Amaryllidaceae

Amaryllidaceae

Amaryllidaceae

Malvaceae

Orchidaceae

Abies cilicica subsp. isaurica Coode & Cullen*

Acacia karroo Hayne

Acanthus hirsutus Boiss.

Achillea nobilis L. subsp. sipylea (O.Schwarz) Basler

Adiantum capillusveneris L. Alcea remotiflora (Boiss. & Heldr.) Alef.

Allium frigidum Boiss. & Heldr. Allium guttatum Steven

Allium guttatum subsp. sardoum (Moris) Stearn

Allium paniculatum L.

Allium tauricola Boiss.*

Althaea officinalis L.

Anacamptis pyramidalis

2

3

4

5

6

8

10

11

12

13

14

9

Amaryllidaceae

Amaryllidaceae

Malvaceae

Pinaceae

Abies cilicica Antoine & Kotschy) Carrière subsp. cilicia

1

7

Family

Plant species

No

Co, Res

İledin, iladin, ladin

Aer

Karabadır, karabaldır otu Hatmi, beyaz hatmi

Bl, Jub, Rcw

Bl, Jub, Rcw

İt soğanı İt soğanı, yabani soğan

Salep

Tb

Bd, Flo

Bl, Jub, Rcw

İt soğanı

Hatmi, elgurtaran, ergurtaran, elgurtaran otu

Bl, Jub, Rcw

Aer

Böğündürme, böğündürme otu İt soğanı

Bd, Flo

Aer

Civan meeçemi, civan perçemi

Roo, Rcw

Bd, Bra

Co, Res

İledin, iladin, ladin

Akasya, akasya ağacı Ayıotu

Plant part b used

Vernacular a name(s)

Rpw, In, Spc

In, Mcw, Grg

Drp, Lo, Hea, Ra, Mea




Ca

In, Mcw

In

In

Ra, Rc

Bds, Ci, Ca

Dec, Sw, Chw

Dec, Sw, Chw

c

Preparation

cold, flu, body warmers,

Bronchitis, expectorant, baby lung growling, mouth sores, pleasure & medicinal tea

Acne, wart treatment, respiratory tract diesases



Bronchitis, expectorant, baby lung growling, pleasure & medicinal tea Wound care, purpleness, chap, cut, acne, haemorrhoidss Acne, wart treatment, respiratory tract diesases

Menstrual pains & disorders, ovarian cysts, antiinflammatory, microbicide, stomachache Kidney problems

Gastro-intestinal diseases, pyrosis, reflux, ulcer, shortness of breath, asthma, bronchitis, pleasure & medicinal tea Gastro-intestinal diseases, pyrosis, reflux, ulcer, shortness of breath, asthma, bronchitis, pleasure & medicinal tea Appetizer, rheumatism, female sterility, haemorrhoids Male-famale sterility

Use

Table 3. List of the medicinal plants used by local people in Bozyazı /Mersin (Turkey).

Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 1-2 weeks Drink one teacup (with chamomile) 3 times a day for 23 weeks Apply with honey twice a day for 1-2 weeks Apply 2-3 drops 3 times a day for 2-3 weeks / Eat 1-2 bulb a day for 1-2 weeks Apply 2-3 drops 3 times a day for 2-3 weeks / Eat 1-2 bulb a day for 1-2 weeks Apply 2-3 drops 3 times a day for 2-3 weeks / Eat 1-2 bulb a day for 1-2 weeks Apply 2-3 drops 3 times a day for 2-3 weeks / Eat 1-2 bulb a day for 1-2 weeks Drink one teacup (with chamomile) 3 times a day for 23 weeks / Gargle 1 glass then spit a day for 3-5 days Drink 1-2 cup a day for 1-2

Drink one teacup/apply 3 times a day for 2-4 weeks

Soak up 3-5 terminal buds early mornings Eat 1-2 times a day for 1 month

Swallow / Chew 1-2 resins a day for 1-2 weeks / Drink one glass a day for 2 weeks.

Swallow / Chew 1-2 resins a day for 1-2 weeks / Drink one glass a day for 2 weeks.

Administration, dosage, duration of the treatment

44

52

35

26

24

39

18

42

33

112

17

9

96

110

FC

0.25

0.29

0.20

0.15

0.13

0.22

0.10

0.24

0.19

0.63

0.10

0.05

0.54

0.62

RFC

128

68

111

111

111

111

50

64

38

28

1

28

122

122

ΣUi

0.72

0.38

0.62

0.62

0.62

0.62

0.28

0.36

0.21

0.16

0.01

0.16

0.69

0.69

UV

Roo Roo Roo Roo Res Res

Çiriş, çiriş otu Çiriş, çiriş otu Çiriş, çiriş otu Çiriş, çiriş otu Geven, sakızlı geven Geven, sakızlı geven

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Fabaceae

Fabaceae

Astragalus tmoleus subsp. tmoleus Boiss.* Astragalus tmoleus subsp. bounacanthus

29

30

28

27

26

25

Roo

Xanthorrhoeaceae

23

Asphodeline baytopiae Tuzlaci Asphodeline brevicaulis (Bertol.) J.Gay ex Baker Asphodeline taurica (Pall.) Endl. Asphodelus ayardii Jahand. & Maire. Asphodelus fistulosus L.

Araceae

Arum dioscoridis var. syriacum Engl.

22

Fru

Fru

Fru

24

Araceae

Arum dioscoridis Sm.

21

Araceae

Araceae

Arum balansanum R.R.Mill

20

Arum rupicola Boiss.

Asteraceae

Artemisia absinthium L.

19

Ca, Pt

Karga keleği

Fru

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia isaurica E.Nardi*

18

Ca, Pt, Fru

Karga keleği

Kabarcık, gabarcık, kabarcık otu, gabarcık otu, yılan burçalaa Kabarcık, gabarcık, kabarcık otu, gabarcık otu, yılan burçalaa Kabarcık, gabarcık, kabarcık otu, gabarcık otu, yılan burçalaa Kabarcık, gabarcık, kabarcık otu, gabarcık otu, yılan burçalaa Çiriş, çiriş otu

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia auricularia Boiss.*

17

Fru

Kocayemiş

Aer, Flb

Ericaceae

Arbutus unedo L.

16

Aer

Meletura, dereotu

Pelin otu

Apiaceae

Anethum graveolens L.**

15

(L.) Rich.

Chw

Chw

Ms, Rpw

Ms, Rpw

Ms, Rpw

Ms, Rpw

Ms, Rpw

Sw, Ms

Sw, Ms

Sw, Ms

Sw, Ms

In, Bh

Hea, Boi, Mea

Hea, Boi, Mea, Spc, Juf

Ra, Fcw, Chw

Spc, Ra, In

Toothache, abdominal pain of cattle and small ruminants Toothache, abdominal pain of cattle and small ruminants

Wound care, eczema

Wound care, eczema

Wound care, eczema

Wound care, eczema

Wound care, eczema

haemorrhoids, wart treatment




Hypercholesterolemia, alopecia

Vitamin & mineral support, feeling of fullness

Vitamin & mineral support, feeling of fullness, sinusitis

Cold sore

psychedelics, pleasure & medicinal tea Stomachache, lactagogues

Chew 1/2 handful for 1 hour

Apply 2-3 times a day for 1 week Apply 2-3 times a day for 1 week Apply 2-3 times a day for 1 week Apply 2-3 times a day for 1 week Apply 2-3 times a day for 1 week Chew 1/2 handful for 1 hour

Swallow 2-3 grain a day for 3-4 days at early mornings / Apply 2-3 times a day for 2 weeks



Eat one bunch / add salad / meals / drink one glass a day for 2-7 days Eat by chewing a handful fruits a day for 1 week Take 1-2 bunches, slice with 13 onion & tomatoes, then cook & eat ones a day / Inhale 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks Take 1-2 bunches, slice with 13 onion & tomatoes, then cook & eat ones a day. Drink one teacup/apply 3 times a day for 3-4 weeks / Take bath a day for 1-2 weeks Swallow 2-3 grain a day for 3-4 days at early mornings / Apply 2-3 times a day for 2 weeks

weeks

61

53

60

53

66

51

59

82

97

94

96

24

37

38

51

79

0.34

0.30

0.34

0.30

0.37

0.29

0.33

0.46

0.54

0.53

0.54

0.13

0.21

0.21

0.29

0.44

5

5

32

32

32

32

32

26

26

26

26

14

7

12

1

11

0.03

0.03

0.18

0.18

0.18

0.18

0.18

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.08

0.04

0.07

0.01

0.06

Asteraceae

Fabaceae

Asteraceae

Gigartinaceae

Lamiaceae

Asteraceae

Centaurea urvillei DC. subsp. armata Wagenitz

Ceratonia siliqua L.

Chondrilla juncea L.

Chondrus crispus Stackh.

Clinopodium dolichodontum (P.H.Davis) Bräuchler & Heubl*

Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay Crataegus azarolus var. aronia L.

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

Rosaceae

Pinaceae

Cedrus libani A.Rich.

36

Who

Aer, Flb

Deniz güveleği, deniz otu, güvelek Kırkkilit, kilitotu, boğumlu ot, boğumlu çay, boğmaklı çay, kırkboğum çayı Sarıpapatya, gelin yemişi Alıç Fru, Lea, Flo

Flo, Pt, Lea

Roo, Aer

Fru

Aer

Topalak otu, topalak, toplak, toplak otu

Keçiboynuzu, harnup

Göğündürme, göğündürme otu

Pi, Res, Cm

Fru, See

Biber, kırmızı biber, gırmızı biber, acıbiber Katran ağacı, sedir, sedir ağacı

Solanaceae

Capsicum annuum L.**

35

Aer

Çoban çantası

Brassicaceae

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

34

Bd, Fru, Fr, Fpw, Roo

Kapari, kedi tırnağı, gebere

Capparaceae

Capparis spinosa L.

Bd, Fru, Fr, Fpw

Kapari, kedi tırnağı, gebere

Capparaceae

33

32

Aer, Lea

Funda

Ericaceae

Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull Capparis orientalis Veill.

31

(Boiss.) Ponert*

In, Dec, Ra, Fcw

Boi, Bh, Lo

In, Lpw, Spc

Mx

Ra, Rc, Apw

Mx, Fcw, Ra, Dec, Fpw, Spc

Ms, Oin

Dec, Ra, Chw, In, Ci, Lxv

Spc, Ca

In, Jua, Ms

Mx, Dec

Mx

In

hair care, hair coloring, intestinal spasms Cardiovascular disease, kidney gravels

Gallstones, analgesic, gastrointestinal pains, relaxing, cold, flu, pleasure & medicinal tea

Anemia, appetizer, pharyngitis, bronchitis, costiveness, female sterility, male aphrodisiac, pleasure & medicinal tea Hyperphagia, feeling of fullness, Wound care, initiator of wound scab Goitre

Wound care, swelling, tumour, skin cancer

Gastro-intestinal diseases, pyrosis, reflux, ulcer, boil

Analgesic, rheumatism

Gynaecological diseases, hormonal disorders, haemostat

haemorrhoids

haemorrhoids

Obesity, diuretic, oedema

Take a handful a day for 3-8 weeks / Drink one glass 2-3 times a day for 3-5 weeks with

Apply ones a day for 1 week

Drink one glass with garlic, peppermint, sweet basil & raisin a day for 1-2 weeks Drink one teacup 1-2 times a day for 1-2 days / Drink on glass with 2-3 elaeagnus fruit a day for 30 days before bed

Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3-4 days

Drink one glass twice a day for 2-3 weeks / Chew 1/2 handful a day for 1-3 weeks / Apply 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks Make 1-2 bunch of aerial parts powder with flowers of Verbascum, then add 2-3 tablespoon olive oil. Apply this oinment 2-3 times a day for 1-8 weeks Eat 2-3 pieces / Drink 2-3 tablespoons before breakfast for 2-3 weeks

Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3-4 weeks Take a handful a day / drink one teacup / apply twice for 2-3 weeks Take a handful a day / drink one teacup / apply twice for 2-3 weeks Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks / Apply a mash made by a pinch of it to stop bleeding Add to meal 3 times a day / apply twice a day

95

48

92

15

16

107

19

62

10

9

71

58

16

0.53

0.27

0.52

0.08

0.09

0.60

0.11

0.35

0.06

0.05

0.40

0.33

0.09

31

11

126

1

34

94

30

52

16

6

16

16

15

0.17

0.06

0.71

0.01

0.19

0.53

0.17

0.29

0.09

0.03

0.09

0.09

0.08

Topalak otu, topalak, toplak, toplak otu

Toru salebi

Yüksük otu, yüsük otu Gabarcık, hakiki gabarcık, gabarcık otu, ada soğanı, ada sovanı Cırt, cırtatan, cırtkelek, cırtkeleği, cırt kavunu Yeni dünya, muşmula İğnelik

Cyperaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Plantaginaceae

Cucurbitaceae

Rosaceae

Dactylorhiza iberica (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Soó

Dactylorhiza osmanica (Klinge) P.F.Hunt & Summerh.* Digitalis davisiana Heywood Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn

Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Erodium cedrorum subsp. salmoneum (P.H.Davis & J.Roberts)

53

54

57

58

59

56

55

52

Geraniaceae

Asparagaceae

Ayva

Rosaceae

51

Salep

Nane ruhu

Lamiaceae

Cyclotrichium origanifolium (Labill.) Manden. & Scheng.** Cydonia oblonga Mill.** Cyperus rotundus L.

Aer

Lea

Fju

Bl, Jub

Aer, Flo, St

Tb

Tb

Roo, Aer

Fru, Lea, Ba

Aer

Tb

Deve tabanı, domuz soğanı

50

Fru

Kabak, bal kabağa

Cucurbitaceae

Primulaceae

Bd, Aer

Çiğdem

Iridaceae

Cyclamen persicum Mill.**

48

47

49

Bd, Aer

Çiğdem

Iridaceae

Crocus danfordiae Maw* Crocus kotschyanus K.Koch Cucurbita pepo L.**

46

Fru, Lea, Flo

Alıç

Rosaceae

Crataegus orientalis Pall. ex M.Bieb.

45

Fru, Lea, Flo

Alıç, kızılalıç

Rosaceae

Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

44

In, Boi, Mea, Lpw, Spc

In, Dec

Snf, Moi, Lo, Fpw

Ms, Lo

Ms

Rpw, In, Spc

Rpw, In, Spc

Mx, In, Ra, Fcw, Dec Ra, Rc, Apw

In, Jua, Grg,

Dec, Jut, Lo, Ms

Boi, Mx, Mea

Bds, Apw

Bds, Apw

In, Dec, Ra, Fcw

In, Dec, Ra, Fcw

Diabetes, carminative

Diabetes, immun system

Sinusitis, rheumatism, analgesic

Arthritis, arthrolith, rheumatism

Diearrhea, blood glucose regulators Hyperphagia, feeling of fullness, Wound care, initiator of wound scab cold, flu, body warmers, psychedelics, pleasure & medicinal tea cold, flu, body warmers, psychedelics, pleasure & medicinal tea Boil, wound care

cold, flu, pharyngitis, pleasure & medicinal tea

Menstrual pains & disorders, eggplant allergy

Appetizer, Wound care, initiator of wound scab Appetizer, Wound care, initiator of wound scab Digestive troubles

Cardiovascular disease, kidney gravels

Cardiovascular disease, kidney gravels

Snuff 1-2 times a day for 2-3 days / Apply twice a day for 3-4 weeks Drink one glass before bed for 3-4 weeks Drink one glass / eat one plate a day for 2-3 weeks / 2-3 days

Apply 2-3 times (for 1 hour) a day for 3-5 days Apply 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks

Drink 1-2 cup a day for 1-2 weeks

Drink one glass / Eat 1-2 tablespoon a day for 1-3 weeks Drink one teacup / Add 2-3 pinch of aerial parts powder 3 times a day for 3-4 days Drink 1-2 cup a day for 1-2 weeks

Take a handful a day for 3-8 weeks / Drink one glass 2-3 times a day for 3-5 weeks with one teaspoon honey. Take a handful a day for 3-8 weeks / Drink one glass 2-3 times a day for 3-5 weeks with one teaspoon honey. Soak up 3-5 terminal buds early mornings Soak up 3-5 terminal buds early mornings Eat one plate 1-2 times a day for 3 days Drink one glass 2 times a day for 2-3 weeks / Apply 2-3 times a day for 3-5 days Gargle & drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks

one teaspoon honey.

34

62

149

17

8

37

44

28

69

16

26

58

15

11

110

103

0.19

0.35

0.84

0.10

0.04

0.21

0.25

0.16

0.39

0.09

0.15

0.33

0.08

0.06

0.62

0.58

22

18

21

8

28

128

128

34

3

106

8

1

32

32

31

31

0.12

0.10

0.12

0.04

0.16

0.72

0.72

0.19

0.02

0.60

0.04

0.01

0.18

0.18

0.17

0.17

Hypericaceae

Hypericaceae

Hypericum perforatum L.

Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra

74

75

71

70

Katran, katran otu.

Katran, katran otu.

Flb, Aer

Altın otu

Asteraceae

Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench

73

Flb, Aer

Altın otu

Asteraceae

Flb, Aer

Altın otu

Asteraceae

Helichrysum plicatum DC.

Flb, Aer

Altın otu

Asteraceae

72

Aer

Ala böğündürme

Papaveraceae

Glaucium leiocarpum Boiss. Helichrysum chionophilum Boiss. & Balansa* Helichrysum pallasii (Spreng.) Ledeb.

69

Aer

Şahtere

Papaveraceae

Fumaria officinalis L.

68

Fru, Lx

İncir, yemiş, heleş

Moraceae

Ficus carica L.**

67

See

Ranunculacea

Ficaria verna subsp. calthifolia (Rchb.) Nyman

Ltx

Sütleğen, siğil otu, siil otu. Çarşır, çaaşır, çarşır otu, çakşır, çarşır göbeği Basur otu

Euphorbiaceae

66

Lea, Ba

Ökaliptus

Myrtaceae

Flb, Aer

Flb, Aer

Roo, Flo, See, Fru

Aer

İğnelik

Geraniaceae

Apiaceae

Aer

İğnelik

Geraniaceae

Ferula elaeochytris Korovin

64

63

62

61

65

Aer

İğnelik

Geraniaceae

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. Erodium gruinum (L.) L'Hér. Erodium pelargoniflorum Boiss. & Heldr. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Euphorbia rigida Bieb.

60

P.H.Davis*

In, Moi, Lo

In, Moi, Lo

In

In, Lpw, Spc

In

In, Lpw, Spc

Ca

In, Lpw, Spc

Mx, In

Dec, Chw

Dec, Spw, In, Spc, Jur, Fcw

Drp, Lo

In, Fr

In, Boi, Mea, Lpw, Spc

In, Boi, Mea

In, Boi, Mea

haemorrhoidss, fungal itching, liver problems, kidney problems Wound care, purpleness, chap, cut, acne, haemorrhoids Nephralgia, kidney gravels, diuretic, pleasure & medicinal tea Nephralgia, kidney gravels, diuretic, pleasure & medicinal tea Nephralgia, kidney gravels, diuretic, pleasure & medicinal tea Nephralgia, kidney gravels, diuretic, pleasure & medicinal tea burn, wound care, analgesic, gastro-intestinal pains, depression, pleasure & medicinal tea burn, wound care, analgesic, gastro-intestinal pains,

Anemia, wart treatment

Wart treatment, itch & rash treatment Male aphrodisiac, female sterility, bovine and ovine animals sterility haemorrhoidss

cold, flu, asthma, diearrhea




Apply twice a day for 2-3 weeks / Drink 3 teacup a day for

Apply twice a day for 2-3 weeks / Drink 3 teacup a day for 3-5 days

Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3-4 weeks



Apply with honey twice a day for 1-2 weeks Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3-4 weeks

Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 2-3 weeks / Chew 5-10 grains early mornings for 1 week Eat 3-5 fruits / 1-2 tablespoon a day for 3-4 weeks / Apply 2-3 drop 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3-4 weeks

Drink 1-2 teacup a day for 3-5 days Apply 2-3 drops 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks Drink one teacup twice a day for 2-3 weeks

Drink one glass / eat one plate a day for 2-3 weeks / 2-3 days Drink one glass / eat one plate a day for 2-3 weeks / 2-3 days Drink one glass / eat one plate a day for 2-3 weeks / 2-3 days

58

63

24

27

25

23

7

13

85

21

66

47

41

34

35

32

0.33

0.35

0.13

0.15

0.14

0.13

0.04

0.07

0.48

0.12

0.37

0.26

0.23

0.19

0.20

0.18

94

94

74

74

74

74

54

57

19

16

8

13

72

22

22

22

0.53

0.53

0.42

0.42

0.42

0.42

0.30

0.32

0.11

0.09

0.04

0.07

0.40

0.12

0.12

0.12

Cucurbitaceae

Lamiaceae

Lycopodiaceae

Malvaceae

Asteraceae

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Laurus nobilis L.

Lavandula stoechas L.**

Lycopodium sp.

Malva sylvestris L.

Matricaria chamomilla L.

81

83

84

85

86

82

Lauraceae

Cupressaceae

Juniperus oxycedrus L.

Lea

Su kabağı, sugabaa, şapşak Defne, teynel, tehnel

Papatya

Flo, Pt, Aer

Aer, Lea

Who

Çam yosunu, kızılcık otu, taş boyası Ebegömeci, ebegümeci

Flo, Pt, Aer

Karabaş, karabaş kekiği, kafa süpürgesi

Lea, Fru, See, Fxo, Ba

Fru, See, Lea

Ardıç

Ardıç, sakız ardıçı, sakızlı ardıç

Cupressaceae

80

79

Sh (young), Cm Res

Andız

Cupressaceae

Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb. Juniperus foetidissima Willd.

78

Fru, See, Co

Andız, pıt andız, selbandız, selbi andızı

Cupressaceae

Juniperus drupacea Labill.

77

Fru, See, Lea, Fr, Frb

Ceviz

Juglandaceae

Juglans regia L.**

76

In, Lo, Bh

In, Boi, Mea, Lpw, Spc, Fr

Mx, Oin

In, Mx

Dec, Lo, Exo, Soa, Spw, Lpw, Spc, Fr

Boi, Hea, Ca

Dec, In

Chw

Dec, In, Ra

Dec, Mx

Mcw, Boi, Bs, Bh, Spc

Bronchitis, pharyngitis, throat ache, throat cancer, sinusitis, bronchitis, hair color lightener, stomachache, eye pain, ophthalmia, menstrual pains & disorders, insomnia, pleasure & medicinal tea

Intestinal gases & spasm, shortness of breath, stenosis

Vasodilator, backache, hair care, skin care, rheumatism, analgesic, baby crying, asthma, pleasure & medicinal tea Cardiovascular disease, vasodilator, asthma, bronchitis, headache, smoking addiction, brain diseases, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, insomnia, pleasure & medicinal tea Wound care

Bronchitis, cold, flu, diuretic, gastro-intestinal disease, pleasure & medicinal tea Analgesic

Wound care, diabetes

Gastro-intestinal diseases

depression, pleasure & medicinal tea Hypercholesterolemia, eczema, itch & rash treatment, hair coloring Asthma, bronchitis, cold, flu, gastro-intestinal disease, Fesupport, enuresis

Applly with pine resin, honey, butter & turpentine oil 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks Drink one teacup 2-3 times / Cook & eat one plate a day a day for 2-3 weeks / Add 1-2 teaspoon vicks the boiled water then inhale the vapor Drink one glass 2-3 times a day for 1-8 weeks

Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3-4 weeks / Eat one tablespoon 2-3 times a day with honey, thyme & black cumin seeds for 1-2 weeks

Apply 2-3 times a day for 3-5 days Drink one glass twice a day for 3-4 weeks / Apply 1-2 times a day for 1-2 weeks

Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 3-4 weeks / Add to henna & apply ones for 1 month Drink one teacup twice a day for 3-5 days / Drink 1-2 tablespoon before breakfast for 1-2 weeks Drink one glass a day for 1 week Apply chewed gum 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks / Chew ½ handful a day for 2-3 weeks Drink one teacup twice a day for 3-4 weeks

3-5 days

159

99

6

157

81

8

97

38

65

92

111

0.89

0.56

0.03

0.88

0.46

0.04

0.54

0.21

0.37

0.52

0.62

116

7

24

59

87

12

134

41

32

92

24

0.65

0.04

0.13

0.33

0.49

0.07

0.75

0.23

0.18

0.52

0.13

Murt, mersin, yaban mersini, yabani mersin

Cucurbitaceae

Musaceae

Myrtaceae

Brassicaceae

Solanaceae

Momordica charantia L.**

Musa acuminata Colla** Myrtus communis L.

Nasturtium officinale R. Br.**

Nerium oleander L.

Nicotiana glauca Graham** Olea europaea L.**

Ophrys reinholdii subsp. straussii (H.Fleischm.) E.Nelson Ophrys scolopax subsp. cornuta (Steven) E.G.Camus* Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.** Orchis anatolica Boiss.

90

91

93

94

95

97

100

99

98

96

92

Muz

Lamiaceae

Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss. & Hohen.

89

Lx

Ağı, ağu, develik, zakkum Tütün Zeytin

Apocynaceae

Oleaceae

St, Fru

Hapaz yemişi Salep

Cactaceae

Orchidaceae

Tb

Tb

Salep

Orchidaceae

Tb

Salep

Orchidaceae

Lea, Fru, Fc, Fxo, Bra

Lea

Aer

Lea, Fru

Fru

Fru

Aer

Aer

Aer, Lea

Kerdeme, yarpuz, yarpuz otu

Topuklu çay, boğumlu ot, boğumlu çay, boğmaklı çay, kırkboğum çayı Kudret narı

Nane, nene

Lamiaceae

Mentha xpiperita L.**

88

Melisa, melisa otu, oğul otu

Lamiaceae

Melissa officinalis L.**

87

Rpw, In, Spc

Hea, Boi, Ca

Rpw, In, Spc

Rpw, In, Spc

In, Ra, Mx, Lo, Ms, Chw

Ms, Jua, Drp

Drp

Lcw, Ra, Ca, Oin, Ps, Lpw, Spc

Fcw, Ra, Juf, In, Dec

Fcw

Moil, Lo

In, Lpw, Spc

In, Lpw, Spc

In, Lo

cold, flu, body warmers,

Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension, hair care, skin care, toothache, dental care, mouth sore cold, flu, body warmers, psychedelics, pleasure & medicinal tea cold, flu, body warmers, psychedelics, pleasure & medicinal tea Luxatio, tonsil

Eye maggots

Bee sting, swelling

Hypertension, dyspepsia, mineral support Prostate problems, stomachache, urinary incontinence, bladder infection, burn, boil, wound care, anemia, diabetes, Hypercholesterolemia, cancer Urinary tract infections, Gastro-intestinal diseases, bowel distension

Pyrosis, reflux, burn, wound care, haemorrhoids

Sedative, stress, vasodilator, soporific, female sterility, pleasure & medicinal tea Vasodilator, stomachache, nausea, analgesic, sedative, feel confident, pleasure & medicinal tea Relaxing, gallstones, gastrointestinal disorders, pleasure & medicinal tea

Apply with salt a day for 1-2 weeks Drink 1-2 cup a day for 1-2


Add meals as spice / Eat one bunch a day for 1-2 weeks / apply 1-2 times a day for 3-5 days with sliced one onion, barley meal and one tablespoon pekmez Apply 1-3 drop 2-3 times for 13 hours Apply 3-5 drop / wash 2-3 times a day for 2 weeks Eat 3-5 fruits / Drink 1-2 tablespoon a day for 3-4 weeks / Chew clean 2-3 leaves 1-2 times a day / Clean the teeth 3 times a day Drink 1-2 cup a day for 1-2 weeks

Drink 1-2 tablespoon before bed for 2-3 weeks / Apply lotion 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks Eat 3-4 pieces a day for 2-3 weeks. Eat 5-10 fruits a day for 2-3 weeks / Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks

Drink one teacup 1-2 times a day for 1-2 days / Drink on glass with 2-3 elaeagnus fruit a day for 30 days before bed

Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks

Drink one glass before bed

42

154

26

28

121

25

26

51

124

137

44

42

127

95

0.24

0.87

0.15

0.16

0.68

0.14

0.15

0.29

0.70

0.77

0.25

0.24

0.71

0.53

133

3

128

128

49

1

4

36

79

10

59

54

81

64

0.75

0.02

0.72

0.72

0.28

0.01

0.02

0.20

0.44

0.06

0.33

0.30

0.46

0.36

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

Rhamnaceae

Papaveraceae

Pinaceae

Anacardiaceae

Anacardiaceae

Plantaginaceae

Orchis mascula (L.) L.

Orchis punctulata Steven ex Lindl.

Orchis simia Lam.

Origanum majorana L.**

Origanum saccatum P.H.Davis*

Origanum syriacum subsp. bevanii (Holmes) Greuter & Burdet

Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Papaver sp.

Pinus brutia Ten.

Pistacia lentiscus L.

Pistacia terebinthus L.

Plantago major subsp.

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

110

111

112

113

109

Orchidaceae

Orchis italica Poir.

101

Flb

Aer, Flb

Aer, Flb

See

Çorba kekiği, yağ kekiği Cıngıllı kekik

Eşek kekiği, eşşek kekiği, güve kekiği, boz kekik, sihilin kekiği, sahilin kekiği Çaltı, muska otu, muska ağacı Gelincik, lale, lele

Fru, See, Res, Fxo

Melengeç, çıtlık, sakızlık

Aer, Lea

Lea, Bra

Sakızlık, sakızlık ağacı

Damarotu, sinirli ot,

Co (green), Res, Ba, Cm

Çam, çam ağacı, kızılçam, kızıl kabuklu çam, sorkunç

Flo, Pt, Aer

Tb

Tb

Tb

Tb

Salep

Salep

Salep

Salep

Ms, Ca, In

Ra, Cf, Chw, Exo, Soa

In, Dec, Lo

In, Lpw, Spc, Boi, Mea Dec, Mx, Ps, Ca, Bpw, Ra, Chw, Ma, In

Dec, Fr

In, Jua, Exo, Lpw, Spc

In, Jua, Exo, Lpw, Spc

In, Jua, Lpw, Spc

Rpw, In, Spc

Rpw, In, Spc

Rpw, In, Spc

Rpw, In, Spc

Wound care, bronchitis,

hair care, shortness of breath, asthma, analgesic, pleasure & medicinal coffee

cold, flu, pharyngitis, stomachache, pyrosis, indigestion pains seen in the riding animals like horses & donkeys, pleasure & medicinal tea Nephralgia, kidney gravels, prostate problems, sinusitis Shortness of breath, asthma, anemia Liver spots, pneumonia, pyrosis, reflux, ulcer, gastrointestinal disorders, boils dryer, lumbago, abscess, intertrigo, pleasure & medicinal tea Pneumonitis, canker, mouth sore

psychedelics, pleasure & medicinal tea cold, flu, body warmers, psychedelics, pleasure & medicinal tea cold, flu, body warmers, psychedelics, pleasure & medicinal tea cold, flu, body warmers, psychedelics, pleasure & medicinal tea cold, flu, body warmers, psychedelics, pleasure & medicinal tea cold, flu, stomachache, Pharyngitis, pleasure & medicinal tea cold, flu, stomachache, herniated disc, pharyngitis, pleasure & medicinal tea

Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 1 week / Apply 3 times a day for 3-4 days Chew 1/2 handful a day for 3-4 weeks / apply oil / use soap ones a day for 3-4 weeks / Drink coffee twice a day for 1-2 weeks Apply twice a day for 1-2

Drink one glass / Inhale twice a day for 2-3 weeks Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 2-4 weeks Drink one glass with one teaspoon honey before bed for 3-4 weeks / Apply a cataplasm of the dust the resin with honey & dried grape

Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 1 week / Apply 1-2 times a day with olive oil, vicks-vaporub ointment, aspirin & spirit for 2-3 weeks Drink one teacup / Apply 2-3 times a day for 1 week

Apply / Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 1 week





weeks

82

72

19

115

66

79

123

112

94

41

40

40

43

0.46

0.40

0.11

0.65

0.37

0.44

0.69

0.63

0.53

0.23

0.22

0.22

0.24

62

34

7

69

22

31

139

135

133

133

133

133

133

0.35

0.19

0.04

0.39

0.12

0.17

0.78

0.76

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

Fru, Aer

Fru, Roo, See

Lea, Eso

Turp

Sumak, sumak otu

Kuşburnu, itburnu

Kuşdili, biberiye

Brassicaceae

Anacardiaceae

Rosaceae

Lamiaceae

Rosa canina L.

Rosmarinus officinalis L.**

124

125

123

122

Fagaceae

Quercus infectoria subsp. veneris (A.Kern.) Meikle Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin** Rhus coriaria L.**

121

Piynar, pinar, piynar meşesi Mazı meşesi

Fagaceae

120

Rhi, Lea

Gll

Roo

Aer, Lea

Eğrelti, eğrelti otu

119

Dennstaedtiaceae

118

Pt

See, Fru

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Quercus coccifera L.

117

Kiraz

Acıbadem

Rosaceae

Prunus divaricata Ledeb. subsp. divaricata

116

Tohumeken, töhmeken

Rosaceae

Rosaceae

Prunus avium (L.) L.**

115

Lea, Flo, Bd, Fru, See, Po Aerx

Fru, Fr

Portulacaceae

Portulaca oleracea L.

114

kırk sinir otu, kırkbaş böğündürme Çınar, çınar ağacı

Delierik, yabani erik, dağ eriği

Platanaceae

intermedia (Gilib.) Lange Platanus orientalis L.

In, Exo, Lo

Dec, Fcw, Ra, Mx

Fpw, Dec, Grg, In, Lo, Bf, Drp, Spc

Ra, Boi, Mea, Jur

Spw

Mx, Ms

In

Ra, Fcw, Chw

Fcw, Ra, Mx

Dec

Boi, Mea, Mx

In, Dec, Fpw, Spw

haemorrhoids, antiinflammatory, anemia, cardiotonic & vasodilator, vitamin-C support, respiratory tract diesases, hemostat, menstrual pains & disorders, menstrual pains, male aphrodisiac, analgesic, kidney problems, urinary tract diseases, pleasure & medicinal tea Sinusitis, analgesic, sedative, obesity, diabetes, migraine, urethritis, kidney gravels, pleasure & medicinal tea

Gingivitis, Hypercholesterolemia, disinfectant, foot odor, mouth sore, canker

Bronchitis

incision, wound care

burn, wound care

Hypercholesterolemia, diabetes Kidney problems, diabetes

Obesity, diuretic, kidney gravels Hypertension, reflux, vasodilator

stomachache, allergies, itch & rash treatment, acne Arthritis, arthrolith, bronchitis, runny nose in camels, livestock pains haemorrhoids, intestinal spasms, liver problems, cancer

Drink one teacup / apply 3 times a day for 3-6 weeks

Drink one cup cucumberyoghurt with its leaves / Cook & eat one plate a day for 1-8 weeks Drink one glass 3 times a day for 4-8 weeks Eat 2-3 handfuls / drink one glass with garlic, peppermint, sweet basil & raisin a day for 12 weeks Eat 5-7 almonds a day for 2-3 weeks Drink one glass a day for 2-5 weeks Apply 1-2 times a day for 2-3 weeks Sprinkle the gall powder on the wound 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks Eat one rhizome blended with 1 teaspoon honey a day for 3-5 days Gargle & drink 1 teacup 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks / Apply foot bath a day / Apply 3-4 drop or wash 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks Drink one glass (with hibiscus) 1-2 times s a day for 2-3 weeks

weeks / Drink 1-2 glass a day for 1 week Drink 1-2 glasses a day for 2-5 weeks

145

119

107

58

13

42

11

23

80

42

106

20

0.81

0.67

0.60

0.33

0.07

0.24

0.06

0.13

0.45

0.24

0.60

0.11

103

249

21

15

25

31

55

28

21

27

29

19

0.58

1.40

0.12

0.08

0.14

0.17

0.31

0.16

0.12

0.15

0.16

0.11

Pedaliaceae

Sesamum indicum L.**

Sideritis erythrantha Boiss. et Heldr. Apus Bentham var. cedretorum P. H. Davis* Sideritis erythrantha Boiss. et Heldr. Apus Bentham var. erythrantha* Sideritis lanata L.

Sideritis rubriflora Hub.-Mor.* Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl

136

139

Salep

141

140

138

137

Aer

Aer

Adaçayı

Ballıbaba, sarı ballı baba Kazıklı çayı, kazıklı adaçayı Diken böree, diken böreğe Tüylü dağ çayı, tüylü adaçayı

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

Asteraceae Aer

St

Aer

Aer

Adaçayı

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

Fxo

Susam

Tb

Aer

Lea, Ls

Orchidaceae

Apiaceae

135

134

133

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga kotschyi Boiss. Scandix pecten-veneris L. Serapias bergonii E.G.Camus

132

Lea, Ls

Taşkıran, taşkıran otu Taşkıran, taşkıran otu İğnelik

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga hederacea L.

131

Aer, Flb, Eso, Fxo

Kılıç kekiği

Lamiaceae

Satureja thymbra L.

130

Fru

İt üzümü, göğündürme, göğündürme otu

Adoxaceae

Sambucus nigra L.

129

Roo, Fru

Böğürtlen

Rosaceae

Rubus saxatilis L.

128

Roo, Fru

Böğürtlen, ak böğürtlen

Rosaceae

Rubus sanctus Schreb.

127

Roo, Fru

Böğürtlen

Rosaceae

Rubus canescens DC.

126

In, Grg,

Ra, Stp

In, Grg,

In

In, Grg, Lpw, Spc, Mx

In, Grg, Lpw, Spc, Mx

Exo, Lo

Rpw, In, Spc

In, Boi, Mea

In

In

In, Exo, Lo, Lpw, Spc

Mx, Ms, Sw

Dec, Mx

Dec, Mx

Dec, Mx

Kidney renewing, pleasure & medicinal tea cold, flu, pharyngitis, pleasure & medicinal tea Kidney problems, kidney renewing cold, flu, pharyngitis, pleasure & medicinal tea

cold, flu, pharyngitis, blurred vision, pleasure & medicinal tea

cold, flu, body warmers, psychedelics, pleasure & medicinal tea burn, wound care, skin care, hair care, bachache cold, flu, pharyngitis, blurred vision, pleasure & medicinal tea


Nephralgia, kidney gravels

Diabetes, analgesic, Pharyngitis, cold, flu, pleasure & medicinal tea Nephralgia, kidney gravels

Prostate problems, kidney problems, anemia, menstrual pains & disorders, enhance the low vision Prostate problems, kidney problems, anemia, menstrual pains & disorders, enhance the low vision Prostate problems, kidney problems, anemia, menstrual pains & disorders, enhance the low vision Eczema, intertrigo, fungal itching, burn, wound care, intestinal obstruction

Apply twice a day for 2-3 weeks Gargle & drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks / Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day Gargle & drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks / Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 1 week Gargle & drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks Eat one bunch 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks Gargle & drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 2-3 weeks

Eat one tablespoon before bed for 2-3 weeks / Apply twice a day for 1-2 weeks /swallow 5-6 fruit before breakfast for 1 week Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 3-4 weeks / Apply 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3-4 weeks Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3-4 weeks Drink one glass / eat one plate a day for 2-3 weeks / 2-3 days Drink 1-2 cup a day for 1-2 weeks

Drink one glass twice a day for 1-3 weeks



55

40

28

56

167

168

138

35

41

13

12

80

67

73

76

69

0.31

0.22

0.16

0.31

0.94

0.94

0.78

0.20

0.23

0.07

0.07

0.45

0.38

0.41

0.43

0.39

123

40

123

47

125

125

42

133

22

21

21

152

44

61

61

61

0.69

0.22

0.69

0.26

0.70

0.70

0.24

0.75

0.12

0.12

0.12

0.85

0.25

0.34

0.34

0.34

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

Urticaceae

Urticaceae

Teucrium chamaedrys L. subsp. tauricolum Rech. Fil.* Teucrium polium L.

Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav.

Thymbra spicata L.**

Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link Torilis triradiata Boiss. & Heldr.* Tribulus terrestris L.

Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl. Urtica pilulifera L.

Urtica urens

144

146

147

148

151

153

152

150

149

Aer Aer, Sp, See

Aer, See Aerx, see

Aerx, see

Pıtrak, küçük pıtrak Çoban çökerten, demir pıtrağı, demir bıtırağı Buğday, yayla buğdayı, bulgur Isırgan

Isırgan

Apiaceae

Zygophyllaceae

Poaceae

Aer

Pıtrak, küçük pıtrak

Apiaceae

Aer, Flb, Eso, Fxo

Aer, Lea

Dec, Grg

Dec, Grg

Aer

Aer, Flo

Elgurtaran ergurtaran, elgurtaran otu Erkurtaran, ergurtaran, ergurtaran otu Acıyavşan, acı yavşan otu, sancı otu

Küncü güzel

Ballı kekik, bal kekiği, zahter, beyaz kekik Zahter, nuzla kekiği

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

Teucrium chamaedrys L.

143

145

Caryophyllaceae

Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

142

In, Dec, Mx, Ms, Ra, Boi, Mea, Lo, Bh, Bs

Spw, Ms, Mx, Hea, Boi In, Dec, Mx, Ms, Ra, Boi, Mea, Lo, Bh

In, Dec, Spw

Dec

Dec

In, Exo, Lo, Lpw, Spc, Chw

In, Exo, Lo, Lpw, Spc

In, Lo, Drp, Bs, Sw

Dec, Grg

Boi, Mx, Mea, Ra, Lcw Dec, Grg

Cancer, anti-inflammatory, bronchitis, urinary tract infections, alopecia, hair follicle stimulator, hair care, hormonal disorders, body allergies

Painful swelling, purpleness, luxatio Cancer, anti-inflammatory, urinary tract infections, alopecia, hair follicle stimulator, hair care, hormonal disorders, body allergies

Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, haemorrhoids, kidney gravels

Vasodilator

Vasodilator

Nasal decongestants, diabetes, Hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, gastro-intestinal pains, vomiting, baby/child with poor appetite, marsh fever Diabetes, analgesic, Pharyngitis, cold, flu, pleasure & medicinal tea cold, flu, stomachache, herniated disc, diabetes, stomachache, gingivitis, eczema, pleasure & medicinal tea

Mouth sores

Mouth sores

Hypercholesterolemia

Eat one tablespoon seeds with beemilk & honey 3 times a day / Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 1-5 weeks / After applying mash (with garlic mash), take shower with a glass of salt a day for 2-3 weeks Eat one tablespoon seeds with beemilk & honey 3 times a day / Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 1-5 weeks / take shower a day for 1 week / Take bath with a glass of salt

Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 3-4 weeks / Apply 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks Drink one teacup 2-3 times a day for 1 week / Apply 1-2 times a day with olive oil, vicks-vaporub ointment, aspirin & spirit for 2-3 weeks / Chew a ½ bunch of flower 1-2 times a day Drink one glass a day for 3-4 weeks Drink one glass a day for 3-4 weeks Drink one glass twice a day for 21 days / Sprinkle the thorn powder 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks Apply twice a day for 2-3 days

Apply 2-3 drops twice a day for 1-2 days / Take bath a day for 1-3 days / Swallow 2-3 grains a day

Gargle 1 glass then spit a day for 3-5 days

Cook / eat one plate a day for 34 weeks Gargle 1 glass then spit a day for 3-5 days

154

111

65

61

10

9

113

69

152

21

29

68

0.87

0.62

0.37

0.34

0.06

0.05

0.63

0.39

0.85

0.12

0.16

0.38

54

39

6

43

9

9

160

152

42

4

4

11

0.30

0.22

0.03

0.24

0.05

0.05

0.90

0.85

0.24

0.02

0.02

0.06

Fabaceae

Santalaceae

Lamiaceae

Poaceae

Zygophyllaceae

Vicia faba L.**

Viscum album subsp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abrom.

Vitex agnus-castus L.

Zea mays L.**

Zygophyllum fabago L.

155

156

157

158

159

Lea Lea, Fru

See

Stl See

Göğelek, gövelek, iladin göğeleği, andız göğeleği, ardıç göveleği, ökse otu Hayıt Dârı, mısır Sıra, Yabani kimyon

Flo

Bakla

Sığır kuyruğu

Spw, Lpw, Spc,

In

In, Sw

Boi, Mx, Mea, Ra, Fcw Dec, Mcw

Boi, Fr

Obesity, diuretic, kidney gravels, oedema Cancer

Alzheimer’s disease, cardiotonic & vasodilator Kidney problems, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, bronchitis, atherosclerosis, tumour, cancer Asthma, bronchitis, cold, flu, hormonal disorders

haemorrhoids

Drink one teacup seed infusion / swallow ½ handful of seed with honey ones a day for 1-2 weeks Drink one teacup 3 times a day for 3-4 weeks at early mornings Add some soup & salad for 8 weeks

Apply 1-2 times a day for 1-2 weeks Eat 3-4 pieces / ½ handful grains a day for 3-5 weeks Drink one glass a day for 3-5 weeks

7

44

85

96

46

53

0.04

0.25

0.48

0.54

0.26

0.30

10

29

94

104

12

16

0.06

0.16

0.53

0.58

0.07

0.09

Vernacular name(s): The given local names are written in the Turkish language and shared by all ethnic groups mentioned above as an understandable common value.

FC: Frequency of Citation (the number of informants mentioning the use of the species). RFC: Relative Frequency Citation (RFC = FC / N) and N is the total number of informants. ΣUi: The total number of uses mentioned by each informant for a given species. UV: Use Value (UV = ΣUi/N).

Preparations: Apw, Aerial part powder; Bpw, Bark powder; Bs, Skin bath; Bf, Foot bath; Bh, Hair bath; Boi, Aerial parts boiled; Bds, Terminal bud sucked; Ca, Cataplasm; Ci, Cinder; Cf, Coffee made; Chw, Resins chewed; Dec, Decoction; Drp, Drop; Exo, Oil extracted; Fcw, Fruits are eaten by chewing; Fr, Frankincense; Fpw, Fruit powder; Grg, Gargle; Hea; heated; In, Infusion; Jua, Aerial part juice; Jub, Bulbus juice; Juf, Fruit juice; Jur, Rhizome juice; Jut, Tuber juice; Lcw, Leaves are eaten by chewing; Lo, Lotion; Lpw, Leaf powder; Lxv, Lixivium; Ma, Maceration; Mcw, Cold water maceration; Mea, Meal; Moi, Medicinal oil; Ms, Mash; Mx, Mixture (Pickles, jam, molasses, salad, tzatziki, mixed paste, mixed ointments, mixed mash by adding other plants); Oin, Oinment; Ps; Paste; Ra, Eaten raw; Rcw, Roots are eaten by chewing; Rpw, Roots powder; Spw, Seed powder; Soa, soap made; Spc, Spice; Stp, Stems are eaten after peeling; Sw, swallow.

c

Plant part(s) used: Aer, Aerial parts (with/without flower); Aerx, Aerial parts without flower; Ba, Bark; Bra, Branches; Bl, Bulb; Bd, Bud; Co, Cone; Ca, Calix; Cm, Cambium; Eso, Essential oil; Fxo, Fixed oil; Flo, flos; Flb, flowering branches; Fr, Raw fruit; Fru, fruits; Frb, Bark of mature fruit; Gll, Gall formation; Lea, Leaves; Lx, Latex; Pi, Juniper pix; Po, Pollens; Pt, Pedicel; Res, Resin; Rhi, Rhizomes; Roo, Roots; See, Seed; Sh, Shoot; Sp, Spicule; St, Stem; Stl, Stylus maydis; Tb, Tuber, ; Who, Whole plant.

b

a

**The cultivar plants (were numbered 15, 35, 48, 49, 50, 51, 67, 76, 83, 87, 88, 91, 93, 95, 96, 99, 105, 116, 122, 123, 125, 135, 147, 155 and 158 respectively). Among them, the locally cultivated taxa are 49, 51, 67, 76, 83, 87, 88, 90, 93, 99, 105, 123, 125 and 147.

*The endemic plants (were numbered 2, 12, 17, 18, 29, 30, 41, 46, 54, 59, 70, 98, 106, 136, 137, 139, 144 and 149 respectivel y).

Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum sp.

154

Agaricaceae

Suillaceae

Gomphaceae

Russulaceae

Russulaceae

Russulaceae

Morchellaceae

Morchellaceae

Morchellaceae

Agaricus brunnescens Peck**

Suillus bovinus (L.) Roussel

Ramaria flava (Schaeff.) Quél.

Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray

Lactarius salmonicolor R. Heim & Leclair

Lactarius deterrimus Gröger

Morchella deliciosa Fr.

Morchella elata Fr.

Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

9

Fungi part used Aerial parts

Aerial parts

Aerial parts

Aerial parts

Aerial parts

Aerial parts

Aerial parts

Aerial parts

Aerial parts

Local name(s)*

Çam mantarı

Çam mantarı

Dedesakalı

Çam mantarı, meşe mantarı

Çam mantarı, kanlıca, kanlı mantar, meşe mantarı

Çam mantarı, kanlıca, kanlı mantar, meşe mantarı

Kuzu göbeği, kuzu göbeği mantarı



Boiling, roasting or barbeque





Boiling & roasting

Boiling & roasting

Boiling & roasting

Boiling & roasting

Preparation Vitamin & mineral support, feeling of satiety giver, antidiabetic Vitamin & mineral support, feeling of satiety giver, antidiabetic Vitamin & mineral support, feeling of satiety giver, antidiabetic Diuretic, vitamin & mineral support, feeling of satiety giver, antispasmodic, anemia, antidiabetic Diuretic, vitamin & mineral support, feeling of satiety giver, antispasmodic, anemia, antidiabetic Diuretic, vitamin & mineral support, feeling of satiety giver, antispasmodic, anemia, antidiabetic Vitamin & mineral support, feeling of satiety giver, antispasmodic, sedative, antidiabetic Vitamin & mineral support, feeling of satiety giver, antispasmodic, sedative, antidiabetic Vitamin & mineral support, feeling of satiety giver, antispasmodic, sedative, antidiabetic

Use

Take one plate caps, slice with 1-3 onion & tomatoes, then cook & eat once a day.



Take 10-15 caps, slice with 1-3 onion & tomatoes, then cook & eat once a day.

Take 10-15 caps, slice with 1-3 onion & tomatoes, then cook & eat once a day.

Take 10-15 caps, slice with 1-3 onion & tomatoes, then cook & eat once a day. Take 10-15 caps, slice with 1-3 onion & tomatoes, then cook & eat once a day. Take 5-8 bunches, slice with 13 onion & tomatoes, then cook & eat once a day. Take 10-15 caps, slice with 1-3 onion & tomatoes, then cook & eat once a day.

Administration, dosage, duration of the treatment

78

75

79

69

74

48

29

55

62

FC

0.44

0.42

0.44

0.39

0.42

0.27

0.16

0.31

0.35

RFC

34

34

34

37

37

37

27

27

27

ΣUi

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.21

0.21

0.21

0.15

0.15

0.15

UV

**The mushrooms above have been diagnosed by Prof. Dr. Mehmet Halil Solak, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, member of education faculty and specialised with Macrofungi & Mushroom Cultivation (http://www.mu.edu.tr/personel/-shalil).

*Vernacular name(s): The given local names are written in the Turkish language and shared by all ethnic groups mentioned above as an understandable common value.

Family

Mushroom species

No

Table 4. List of the medicinal mushrooms used by local people in Bozyazı /Mersin (Turkey).

3.3. Comparative analysis of ethnomedicinal literature In the analysis, the similarities have been distinguished among 20 published studies, obeying with scientific ethnobotanical standards, performed in Bozyazı neighboring area and the rest of the Southern Turkey (Table 5). The similarity index varies from 15.5% to 56.8%. Maximum similarity is observed in the study of medicinal plants in and around Gündoğmuş (Antalya), prepared by Senkardes and Tuzlaci (2014). Although they are not so close each other geographically, their similarity may be resulted from having a similar topography (Önol, 2012), sharing with similar habitats & flora (Duran, 2013), and their residents have been rooted in the same branch (karakeçili: black goats) of the Yuruk nomads (Genç and Koyuncu, 2011; Kavas and Bakır, 2014). The lowest Indice was obtained by the study of Mt. Taurus, Aladağlar-Niğde (Ozdemir and Alpinar, 2015) which probably caused by the different habits of Nigde city (near Cappadocia) residence (Esin, 2005) and its floral diversity, taking place at the southern end of the Anatolian diagonal (Dogan et al, 2010) or lack of traditional uses of medicinal plant in the region. Totally, 63 taxa (39.6%) did not match with any studies presented in Table 5. Etnomedicinal information about these taxa was firstly defined in Bozyazı district. Due to its own specific topography combining with sea and mountains, the ethnomedicinal flora of Bozyazı did not demonstrate a significant similarity even with the studies made in other countries bordering the Mediterranean.

Table 5. Similarity percentages of neighboring studies (sorted by descending order according to the similarity index) (Mt: Mountain). Studies

Research Area (City)

Total medicinal taxa

Number of identical taxa

Similarity percentage (%)

Şenkardeş and Tuzlacı (2014)

Gündoğmuş (Antalya)

37

21

56.8

Özçelik and Balabanlı (2005)

Burdur

90

43

47.8

Altay and Çelik (2011)

Antakya public marketplaces

5

2

40.0

Tuzlacı and Erol (1999)

Eğirdir (Isparta)

56

22

39.3

Altay and Karahan (2012)

Antakya-Hatay

8

3

37.5

Bağcı, Savran and Dural (2006) Pozantı (Adana)

39

14

35.9

Duran (1998)

Akseki (Antalya)

103

34

33.0

Ertuğ (2004)

Bodrum

116

33

28.4

Demirci and Özhatay (2012)

Andırın (Kahramanmaraş)

92

26

28.3

Sağıroğlu et al (2013)

Yahyalı (Kayseri) and Tarsus (Mersin)

78

22

28.2

Sayar et al. (1995)

Muğla

141

38

27.0

Gürdal and Kültür (2013)

Marmaris (Muğla)

64

16

25.0

Everest and Öztürk (2005)

Mersin and Adana

107

26

24.3

Sezik et al (2001)

Central Anatolia

103

22

21.4

Çömlekçioğlu and Karaman (2008)

Kahramanmaraş herbalists in city center

178

37

20.8

Tulukcu and Sağdıç (2011)

Konya herbalists

80

16

20.0

Yeşilada et al (1995)

Mt. Taurus

124

20

16.1

Ertuğ (2000)

Central Anatolia

44

7

15.9

Fakir, Korkmaz and Güller (2009)

Western Mediterrenean Region in Turkey

187

29

15.5

Özdemir and Alpınar (2015)

Mt. Taurus: Aladağlar (Niğde)

110

17

15.5

3.4. Different Ethnobotanical uses of the medical plants As interesting findings in the region, some different uses of the medicinal plants are stated below: The herbs used as a spice after drying are Anethum graveolens, Ceratonia siliqua, Clinopodium dolichodontum,

Dactylorhiza

iberica, Dactylorhiza

osmanica, Ferula

elaeochytris, Fumaria officinalis, Juglans regia, Laurus nobilis, Malva sylvestris, Mentha xpiperita, Micromeria myrtifolia, Nasturtium officinale, Origanum majorana, Origanum saccatum, Origanum syriacum subsp. bevanii, Papaver sp., Rhus coriaria, Satureja thymbra, Thymbra capitata, Thymbra spicata and Zygophyllum fabago (Table 3). 12 tuberous plants used to make sahlep and ice-cream are Anacamptis pyramidalis, Cyclamen persicum, Dactylorhiza iberica, Dactylorhiza osmanica, Ophrys reinholdii subsp straussii, Ophrys scolopax subsp cornuta, Orchis anatolica, Orchis italica, Orchis mascula, Orchis punctulata, Orchis simia and Serapias bergonii. In such a way that the fresh tubers are washed, dried by hanging a rope, washed again with milk, milled & powdered and then made ice-cream. The taxa which resins consumed as snack food or antispasmodic were Abies cilicica subsp. cilicica, Abies cilicica subsp. isaurica (Figure 8e), Astragalus tmoleus subsp. tmoleus, Astragalus tmoleus subsp. bounacanthus, Cedrus libani, Juniperus foetidissima, Pinus brutia and Pistacia lentiscus.

The fixed oils of Laurus nobilis, Olea europaea, Pistacia terebinthus, Rosmarinus officinalis and Sesamum indicum were extracted and sold. The herbal soap was made from Laurus nobilis, Olea europaea and Pistacia terebinthus (Table 3). The local people of Aydıncık have used to cooking some kind of traditional molasses which called as “Pekmez” from Ceratonia siliqua, Juniperus drupacea, Juniperus excelsa, Musa acuminata, Myrtus communis, Rubus canescens, Rubus sanctus and Rubus saxalitis. It’s also recorded that 5 taxa; Astragalus tmoleus subsp. tmoleus, Astragalus tmoleus subsp. bounacanthus, Ferula elaeochytris, Origanum syriacum subsp. bevanii and Platanus orientalis were used to medicate for bovine and ovine animals’ diseases such as abdominal pains, indigestion pains, runny noses (particularly observed in camels), skin depilatory and sterility. The rest of other ethnomedicinal records are represented in Table 6. Table 6. Interesting ethnomedicinal uses of plants in Bozyazı district. Plant taxa

Ethnomedicinal uses

Arundo donax*

To provide a lossless urine transfer from the bed to the gourd both mentioned below (Laurus nobilis and Lagenaria siceraria), a 5-6 cm reed part, which was cut in 2 in the middle and having waxed edges, is placed, providing a coincide with the upper end is below the level of the baby's / child's genital organs and the lower end of the gourd. If the infant / child is female, the reed will not cut in 2. It is placed correctly with a hole at the top of one its end.

Capparis spinosa** and Capparis orientalis

With green walnut shells, their green fruits are crushed and mixed, then dried and pulverized. At the use of time, a piece of it is stirred with some water and, then applied 3 times a day until being got rid of hemorrhoids. It is believed in the region that the Yuruks (nomads) had hemorrhoids just because of the sitting on the cold stone during walking around the mountains in a rural area.

Cedrus libani

Its tar is called "Pulse katıran" in the region. After well burned, the seepage from the embers is used in the treatment of burns.

Ceratonia siliqua

If its syrup (pekmez) is added to bread or Turkish delight with peanut, this is called as "Kavık". It is used to keep the stomach satiated and protect the sexual performance of the nomad (Yuruk) men who herd goat a long time in the mountains.

Cistus creticus* and Cistus laurifolius*

Its flowering young herba is harmful (depilatory) in sheep and goat breeding.

Cyclamen persicum

After removing and grinding the tubers, the obtained mash is plastered on the allergic lesions occurring when an eggplant is eaten.

Juniperus exelcia, Cedrus libani and Pinus brutia

The cambium (which it is called "Yalamık" in the region) is spooned up in May. During the winter months, against gastric illness, it is drunk as an infusion (or pleasure tea), consumed as (raw) food or dried in the sun for use as spice like that.

Lagenaria siceraria

To heal any local pains, its leaves are soaked in hot water or heated on a stove, etc. for a while. Then the painful limb is wrapped in a plastic bag, and kept until one day wrap opens.

Lagenaria siceraria

A gourd, filled with 3-4 coal embers and some soil at the bottom, is placed under the align of the child's genital organ to evaporate moisture of the bed mentioned below (Laurus nobilis) for keeping away from any illness sourced the humidity.

Laurus nobilis

By using its fresh or dried leaves, an infant or child's bed (known as "sazaklik" in the region) is prepared. If the infant / child urinates while he was lying / sleeping in bed, it will not smell pee. In addition, this plant is also known as insect and mosquito repellent.

Lavandula stoechas

This plant is referred to by name of "head cleaner" in the region since it is good for the brain disease. Additionally, the chewing of its dried herba is used against smoking addiction.

Lycopodium sp.

Its whole body is removed by scratching off with the resin of Pine. It is sliced and dried under a shadow. After powdering, its ointment is prepared by mixing it with upland honey and cow butter / terebinth oil. It is used to cure any open wounds.

Nasturtium officinale

On account of the healing intestinal pain (it's called "urbacik"), a cataplasm is prepared with the mixture of its dried herba, onion, barley flour and grape molasses (pekmez), and applied to the painful limbs. The preparate is removed, if the smell of the herb comes from the patient's mouth in the morning (It is understood that he already recuperated).

Origanum syriacum subsp. bevanii

Its flower infusion is given orally or added to water can of bovine animals such as horses or donkeys when they feel pain due to indigestion. In addition, its dried herba is used as a clothes moth repellent.

Papaver argemone subsp. argemone

From its herba, a traditional pastry (borek), which is said that is good for anemia, is cooked.

Pinus brutia

Its resins are stored for years without spoiling in a bottle of water. In case of need, it is taken out and used against stomach pain or indigestion.

Platanus orientalis Solanum melongena*

Its dried fruits / seeds powder is fed to the fattening animals in case of their convulsions. It is believed that it aggravates wounds, so it is not advised for eating by any wounded persons.

Teucrium polium Triticum dicoccon

The bath is prepared from its dried herba for the care of babies with poor appetite. A sum of dried wheat carried to a mortar is soaked and beaten with hammers. After sundry again, it is swung to clear of its bran. This prepared product is called as "Bulgur" in all Anatolia. It is used for covering purpleness of dislocation spots by wrapping a warm cloth.

Vicia faba

It is believed that it damages the liver if its grains are eaten more by chewing as raw.

* This plant is not included in the Table 3 because any ethnomedicinal record of it could not be found in the region except its use drawbacks and side effects. ** The author names of the taxa were presented in Table 3.

3.5. Medicinal Endemic taxa in the region 18 Endemic medicinal plants have been identified in the research area. As presented in the Table 3 (marked with “*”), 9 of them; Abies cilicica subsp. isaurica, Clinopodium dolichodontum, Dactylorhiza osmanica, Helichrysum chionophilum, Ophrys scolopax subsp. cornuta, Origanum saccatum, Sideritis erythrantha var.cedretorum, Sideritis erythrantha var. erythrantha and Sideritis rubriflora species are consumed as a pleasure tea especially. Clinopodium dolichodontum, Sideritis erythrantha var. cedretorum and Sideritis erythrantha var.erythrantha, are sold as herbal or pleasure teas in herbal shops, bazaars and public markets, besides the use of healing (Fig. 8k). These endemic plants unconsciously collected in with sacks in the region may become endangered species in the near future.

Fig. 8 Species are widely used in the region. a: The seeds of Ficaria verna subsp. calthifolia ready for sale as a chewable tablet for hemorrhoids. b: The interview about the use of Origanum syriacum subsp. bevanii herbal infusion as a clothes moth repellent and an analgesic for gastrointestinal pains of bovine animals. c: Green cork of Pinus brutia decoction is used for reflux. The eye itching paste. d: Capparis spinosa pickled for hemorrhoids. e: The resin piece of Abies cilicica ready for sale at a public market, for the treatment of asthma. f: The municipal board ad for the traditional "Bananas & Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Festival" which was organized and celebrated 5 th times (2014) in the district. g: A jarful Momordica charantia medicinal oil prepared by a villager woman. h: A nylon bag ground sumac (Rhus coriaria) ready for sale. i: A plastic bottle full of Ceratonia siliqua molasses ready for sale for anemia. j: A little bunch of Nasturtium officinale being used for the treatment of intestinal pains. k: A bunch of an endemic plant, Clinopodium dolichodontum, indicated by a villager for being used for pleasure and medicinal tea.

3.6. Medicinal Economic plants in the area Bozyazı is used to be known with the banana (Musa acuminata) production within the country. According to TSI reports (2011), it is produced 39,000 tons/year. Other 26 medicinal plant taxa collecting and trading in the region have become the source of income are Abies cilicica subsp. cilicica, Abies cilicica subsp. isaurica, Astragalus tmoleus subsp. tmoleus, Astragalus tmoleus subsp. bounacanthus, Calluna vulgaris, Cedrus libani, Ceratonia siliqua, Ferula elaeochytris, Juniperus drupacea, Juniperus foetidissima, Lagenaria siceraria, Lavandula stoechas, Melissa officinalis, Momordica charantia, , Myrtus communis, Olea europaea, Origanum majorana, Origanum syriacum subsp. bevanii, Pinus brutia, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhus coriaria, Rosmarinus officinalis, Sesamum indicum, Sideritis erythrantha var. cedretorum and Sideritis erythrantha var. erythrantha. Medically used 7 exotic plants are cultivated in the farms, even in the gardens of the houses, and sold in the public markets in the region (Table 7).

Table 7. The Cultivated and medically benefited exotic plants. Plant species

Family

Vernacular name(s)

Use

Citrus × aurantium L.

Rutaceae

Turunç

Its peels, which grilled on the embers, are consumed by eating for the treatment of mumps.

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck

Rutaceae

Limon

Its fruit juice is used as sauce traditionally in the region against high blood pressure, high cholesterol and winter diseases. It is believed that the cardiac patients must not consume it.

Citrus paradisi Macfad.

Rutaceae

Greyfurt, greyfut

Its fruit is used as fresh for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and winter diseases. It is believed that the cardiac patients must not eat it.

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Rutaceae

Portakal, burtakal

Infusion of the leaves is used traditionally for indigestion and bowel laziness while the ripe fruits are used in the treatment of high blood pressure and cholesterol. Consuming by cardiac patients is not recommended.

Citrus japonica Thunb.

Rutaceae

Kamkat

Its fruits are eaten heartily by children, with the intent of a miniature orange, as a source of vitamin c and against the winter diseases such as cold and flu.

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott

Araceae

Gölevez, gelevez

Its traditional festival is organized traditionally (Fig. 8f). The meals are prepared from the tubers like a potato meal or a roast, and regularly eaten against the Alzheimer's disease. Due to the richness of potassium content, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.

Persea americana Mill.

Lauraceae

Avakado, avgado, avkado

Its raw fruit is consumed as salad or mash with lemon sauce. Leaf infusion is drunk regularly to pass kidney gravel and against the urinary tract infections.

3.7. Statistical data analysis 3.7.1. RFC data analysis RFC and UV scores calculated from the use reports expressed by the rural people about the healing of the different diseases. These RFC and UV were found to be higher in case of some important medicinal species, which could be attributed to the trend of utilization of herbal drugs in the region (Bano et al., 2014; Vijayakumar, et al., 2015). The value of RFC covers the ranges from 0.3% to 94% in the medical use of the taxa. On the other hand, its average citation is 34%. Fig. 9 demonstrates that the 17 most cited plants have been admitted by a majority of the locals for the use of healing purposes. The maximal value of RFC is sorted from the Sideritis erythrantha var. cedretorum and S. erythrantha var. erythrantha (0.94) followed by Matricaria chamomilla (0.89) and Lavandula stoechas (0.88) respectively. As the main reason for the high RFC value of these plants in the region is consuming them by locals in abundance as pleasure tea can be shown, besides having a wide range of therapeutic applications from bronchitis to insomnia.

Fig. 9 Plant taxa with the highest RFC value.

3.7.2. UV data analysis The calculated UV in this study ranges from 0.01 to 1.4 which demonstrates from the least relative importance with Chondrus crispus to the highest importance with Rosa canina (Fig. 10). This means that the fruit and seed of Rosa canina in the study area has the most wider healing potential since it is effective in approximately 14 diseases such haemorrhoids, anti-inflammatory, anemia, cardiotonic & vasodilator, vitamin-C support, respiratory tract diesases, hemostat, menstrual pains & disorders, menstrual pains, male aphrodisiac, analgesic, kidney problems and urinary tract diseases by the methods of decoction, the mixture of some formulas and raw consuming. If it is considered that the UV reflects the potential use of a particular plant against the diseases, whereas the RFC value expresses for a specific plant's use frequency preferred practice by the locals, Rosa canina could not get the higher place as it deserves (0.67) in the rankings of RFC value. This case may result from the fruits are fondly consumed only up to 3 months, September to November. The lowest the UV of 0.01 belongs to Chondrus crispus.

Although it is known as good for the treatment of goiter, it is not heartily or trusty consumed since it is a marine algae and is not sufficiently recognized by the public since the seaweed consumption is rarely seen in the Anatolian culture (Turan and Tekogul, 2014). The UV statistical calculation was made only two surveys, Niğde (Ozdemir and Alpinar, 2015) and Marmaris (Gurdal and Kultur, 2013) among the investigations conducted around the research area. Though those study areas are not so close to Bozyazı, the only Marmaris (Mugla) survey shows a compatibility having with the highest UV for Lamiaceae members.

Fig.10 Plant species with the highest use value (UV).

3.7.3. ICF data analysis In this research, a sum of 1088 use reports have been recorded which are categorized in 16 different ailment groups. The treatment category of Haemorrhoids (0.74), Gastrointestinal diseases and Nutrition disorders & obesity (0.53) and Cardiovascular diseases (0.51) have the greatest ICF value, respectively while eye diseases have the lowest ICF score of 0.11

(Table 8). These results illustrate that the eye disease is, the less frequently seen and the hemorrhoid is the most ordinarily observed illness in the area. This high occurrence of hemorrhoid disease in the region may be caused with plenty of hot pepper consumption habits of the locals as a spice (Gupta, 2008) whereas the emergence of eye disease with the lowest level may be due to the fish intake rituals (Giovanni et al, 2009).

Table 8. ICF values of category of ailments. Citation number (Nur) 59

Number of taxa (Nt) 16

ICF value (Nur− Nt/ Nur − 1 ) 0.74

Citation % 33.1


129

61

0.53

72.5

Nutrition disorders & obesity

54

26

0.53

30.3

Cardiovascular diseases

97

48

0.51

54.5

Kidney problems

79

40

0.50

44.4

Reproductive system diseases

51

27

0.48

28.7

Analgesics

63

37

0.42

35.4

Liver diseases

48

27

0.45

27.0

Cancer

20

12

0.42

11.2

Dental problems

5

4

0.25

2.8

Dermatologic disorders

145

114

0.22

81.5

Respiratory diseases

159

127

0.20

89.3

Neurologic Diseases

52

44

0.16

29.2

Microbial infections

108

93

0.14

60.7

Infant care

9

8

0.13

5.1

Eye diseases

10

9

0.11

5.6

Ailment Categories Haemorrhoids

Among the investigations conducted around the research area, ICF (or FIC) value was calculated and presented only in 2 studies, Niğde (Ozdemir and Alpinar, 2015) and Marmaris (Gurdal and Kultur, 2013), which research area are not so close to Bozyazı. The only Niğde study demonstrates a similarity with the survey as the 2nd highest ICF value (0.79) for hemorrhoids.

3.7.4. Fidelity level (FL) data analysis To determine culturally important medicinal species in the society, fidelity level (FL) of plants has been calculated based on use reports which have been cited by four or more (Cheikhyoussef et al., 2011) or ten or more (Uddin et al., 2014) informants for being used against a given ailment. It shows the percentage of informants claiming the use of a certain plant species for the same major purpose (Jacobo-Salcedo, et al., 2011; Khan et al., 2014). To

estimate FL values for all ailments, which were expressed by the local informants, they were grouped into 20 basic categories according to Cheikhyoussef’s criteria (≥4 cites). The highest FL was for Sideritis erythrantha (89) and Olea europaea (81) while the lowest FL was appeared in the results as Rhus coriaria (3) (Table 9).

Table 9. Most frequently used plants for diseases categories based on highest FL ailment category (Iu = Total informants = 178). Use reports (Ip) 159

Fidelity level (Ip/Iu x 100) 89,3

Dermatologic disorders

145

81,5

Abies cilicica


129

72,5

Achillea nobilis

Microbial infections

108

60,7

Crataegus azarolus var. aronia

Cardiovascular diseases

97

54,5

Helichrysum plicatum

Kidney problems

79

44,4

Mentha xpiperita

Analgesics

63

35,4

Capparis spinosa

Haemorrhoids

59

33,1

Musa acuminata

Nutrition disorders & obesity

54

30,3

Melissa officinalis

Neurologic Diseases

52

29,2

Ceratonia siliqua

Reproductive system diseases

51

28,7

Pinus brutia

Liver diseases

48

27,0

Urtica pilulifera

Cancer

20

11,2

Matricaria chamomilla

Eye diseases

10

5,6

Laurus nobilis

Infant care

9

5,1

Rhus coriaria

Dental problems

5

2,8

Plant name

Ailments

Sideritis erythrantha

Respiratory diseases

Olea europaea

4. Conclusion Throughout the research carried out in the district, it has been observed that people living in rural areas have more knowledge and experience about the use and benefits of plants, compared to the people living in the district center, as similar to our previous studies (Sargin et al, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2013d, 2014 and 2015). The most information is obtained from the mountain villagers and Yuruk nomads, having average ages of 46.3, during the whole study. In terms of ethnobotanical perspective, the district has stayed valuable due to the winding roads over the mountains and along the coast is very difficult to drive making Bozyazı too far from large cities and mass tourism centers. However, the youths do not interest the learning of the ethnomedicinal knowledge and practices, possibly by being affected from the modern lifestyle like all over the world. Though the case above, the people

living in the rural territory have successfully maintained the ethnomedicinal habits which inherited from their ancestors to the present day. To promote the youngsters for the protection of these values, they can be employed in a new pharmacological sector to be established on the ethnomedicinal local formula of the plants especially having higher UV and FL after proving their medical uses. Additionally, like the banana & taro festivals celebrated, as 5th last year in the region (Fig 8f), the traditional values should ingratiate to younger generations by organizing entertaining competitions to make it inheritable for the next generations.

Acknowledgments I would like to thank firstly Professor Solak for his mushroom diagnosis & expert advice, and Professor Selvi for his plant identification and brilliance in the lab. I am also grateful to İsmail Gübeş, who is one the chief of the Anamur Forest Management Directorate (Mersin), for his special interest and supports. Additional thanks to the Caliskan family who shared their nice house and valuable knowledge with me. Finally, I thank all inhabitants (especially to the main resource persons) for providing valuable information on ethnomedicinal uses of the plants.

5. Appendix 1. Name and surname of the participant 2. Age and sex of the participant 3. Telephone and address of the participant 4. Educational level of the participant 5. Date of interview 6. Place of residence of the participant 7. Duration of residence of the participant 8. What is the local name of the plant used? 9. For which diseases do you use the plant? 10. Which parts of the plant do you use? (Root, stem, flower, leaves, fruit, etc.) 11. How do you prepare the plant for use? 12. How and when do you use the plant? 13. Approximately what dose do you use? 14. How long does the convalescence period take? 15. Did any complication occur from the plants you used? (Polat and Satıl, 2012; Polat et al., 2013; Sargin et al, 2013a; Sargin et al, 2015)

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