LETTER
doi:10.1038/nature13963
˜o over Evolution and forcing mechanisms of El Nin the past 21,000 years Zhengyu Liu1,2, Zhengyao Lu2, Xinyu Wen2, B. L. Otto-Bliesner3, A. Timmermann4 & K. M. Cobb5
,17 kyr ago), a rapid weakening related to the AMOC resumption at the onset of the Bølling–Allerod (BA, ,14.5 kyr ago) and an increase during the Younger Dryas (YD, ,12.9–11.7 kyr ago). During the Holocene,
MWF in NH (m kyr–1)
20 20 10
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 260
a
230
0
200
b
0.05
10
0.07 0.09
0.8
–0.9
0.2
–0.6
25
d
320 250
24
180
23 0.40
e
250
0.24 1.8
50
f
0.2 0.1
1.2 HS1 20
18
16
BA YD 14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
δ18O variability (‰ VPDB)
0.3
1.5
20 10
Sand (%)
150 0.32
Red intensity
ENSO variability Niño3.4 ann. SST (1.5–7 years) (ºC) (ºC)
–1.2
GSIP CO2 (p.p.m.v.)
Total variability (
doi:10.1038/nature13963
˜o over Evolution and forcing mechanisms of El Nin the past 21,000 years Zhengyu Liu1,2, Zhengyao Lu2, Xinyu Wen2, B. L. Otto-Bliesner3, A. Timmermann4 & K. M. Cobb5
,17 kyr ago), a rapid weakening related to the AMOC resumption at the onset of the Bølling–Allerod (BA, ,14.5 kyr ago) and an increase during the Younger Dryas (YD, ,12.9–11.7 kyr ago). During the Holocene,
MWF in NH (m kyr–1)
20 20 10
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 260
a
230
0
200
b
0.05
10
0.07 0.09
0.8
–0.9
0.2
–0.6
25
d
320 250
24
180
23 0.40
e
250
0.24 1.8
50
f
0.2 0.1
1.2 HS1 20
18
16
BA YD 14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
δ18O variability (‰ VPDB)
0.3
1.5
20 10
Sand (%)
150 0.32
Red intensity
ENSO variability Niño3.4 ann. SST (1.5–7 years) (ºC) (ºC)
–1.2
GSIP CO2 (p.p.m.v.)
Total variability (
