Fatty Acids, Calcium Soaps of Fatty Acids, and Cottonseeds Fed to High Yielding Cows D. SKLAN. RUTH ASHKENAZI. 1 A. BRAUN.2 A. DEVORIN.3 and K. TABORI4 Faculty of Agriculture Hebrew University Rehovot, Israel 76100
ABSTRACT
ergy intake during the period of negative energy balance and to increase the biochemical efficiency of milk yield (3, 9). Feeding high yielding cows diets containing high amounts of added fat depresses ruminal cellulolytic fermentation (11). Thus, responses of lactating cows to fat feeding have been somewhat inconsistent, varying with type and level of fat fed; milk fat percentage and yield often were depressed (11, 18. 20). However. milk yield often has been increased by inclusion of fat in the diet, and FCM also may be enhanced (5, 12, 19). In contrast, inclusion of cottonseed does not negatively affect fat yield; the opposite usually occurs: fat percentages and often milk yield are enhanced (2, 6. 7, 17). Ruminally inert fats have been developed that avoid the negative effects of added fatty acids or triglycerides in the rumen. With use of those fats, energy density of rations can be increased without depression of ruminal cellulolytic activity (4, 16). The objective of this study was to clarify the effects and interactions of fatty acids, cottonseed, and ruminally inert fat in diets for high yielding dairy cows fed low forage rations.
We examined the effects of dietary fat as cottonseed, fatty acids. or calcium soaps of fatty acids in the rations of high yielding lactating cows receiving low forage. Experiments were with isoenergetic, isonitrogenous diets containing equal amounts of forage. Inclusion of up to 510 gld of fatty acids in the ration enhanced FCM yield. With cottonseed, increased FCM was mainly due to increased fat yield. Dietary fatty acids tended to increase milk in mid and late lactation and to decrease fat percentage. Calcium soaps of fatty acids enhanced FCM, particularly in early lactation. Feeding cottonseed and fatty acids together did not enhance yield. Effects described may be attributed in part to changes in ruminal fermentation in which cottonseed increased acetate concentrations and fatty acids decreased the ratio of acetate and butyrate to propionate and in part to enhanced efficiency of milk yield when fat was included in the ration. (Key words: fatty acids, calcium soaps. cottonseed, milk yield) Abbreviation key: CSFA fatty acids.
= calcium soaps of
INTRODUCTION
.The inclusion of fat in diets of high yielding darry cows would be expected to increase en-
Received January 28, 1992. Accepted April 10, 1992. IAmbar Feed Mills, Mobile Post Hefer, Israel 38100. 2Matmor Feed Mills, Mobile Post Evtach, Israel 79258. 3Milobar Feed Mills. Mobile Post Eshrat, Israel 25201. 4Zemach feeds, Mobile Post Emek YardeD, Israel 15133. 1992 J Dairy Sci 75:2463-2472
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All equipments were carried out with isoenergetic, isonitrogenous diets containing identical amounts of forage fed for ad libitum intake as a TMR on four different farms. In some diets, fatty acids, calcium soaps of fatty acids (CSFA), or cottonseed were added to the ration. and NEL was equalized by varying components of the concentrate. Details of the number of cows, DIM, and duration of experiments are in Table 1. and diet composition and analysis are in Tables 2, 3. 4, and 5. Cows were multiparous only, except in Experiment 1 in which both primiparous and multiparous cows were used. Cottonseed contained 19.3 to 21.1 % fat, and free fatty acid source used was
2463
2464
SKLAN ET AL.
TABLE 1. Details of cows in Experiments 1 to 4.
Experiment
I 2 3 4
Experiment
Cows per treatment
DIM at start
Duration
(n)
X
SO
(d)
61 59 65 67
93 70 108 145
39 42 51 56
120 140 120 90
mixed soapstock contammg 86% free fatty acids, of which 20% were linoleic acid. Cows were blocked by lactation, DIM, and preexperimental milk yield from two milk samples taken 2 and 4 wk before cows were blocked. Experiment 1
The objective of this experiment was to compare the effects of CSFA added at 2% of the ration. The treatments were no added fat, .43 kg/d of fatty acids, or .5 kg/d of CSFA (based on palm oil fatty acids, Adolac®; Koffolk, Petach Tikva, Israel) per cow in the
TABLE 2. Ingredient composition and chemical analysis of diets in Experiment 1. Composition and analysis Ration composition, OM basis, % Com Barley Soybean meal Cottonseed meal Wheat bran Mineral-vitamin mix Calcium carbonate CSFA Fatty acid Oat hay Wheat silage Com cobs Analysis NEL' Mcallkg CP, % Fatty acids, % Ca, % P, % ADF, %
TABLE 3. Ingredient composition and chemical analysis of diets in Experiment 2.
Control
Fatty acid
9.5 31.5 2,4 10.0 9.0 1.8 .7
9.5 18.9 2.4 9.9 19.7 1.8 .7
1.4 20.0 13.7
2.0 1.4 20.0 13.7
1.4 20.0 13.7
1.70 16.0 2.1 1.0 .6 16.6
1.70 16.0 4.2 1.4 .6 17.3
1.70 16.0 4.2 1.2 .6 17.2
ICalcium soaps of fatty acids. Joumal of Dairy Science Vol. 75, No.9. 1992
CSFAI
9.5 18.7 2.4 9.9 19.6 1.8 .6 2.4
Composition and analysis Ration composition, OM basis, % Barley Com Wheat Soybean meal Cottonseed meal Wheat bran Rice bran Wheat middling Mineral-vitamin mix Fatty acids Cottonseed Cottonseed hulls Alfalfa hay Com silage Analysis NEL. Mcallkg CP, % Fatty acids, % Ca, % P, % AOF, %
Control
Cotton- Fatty seed acid
32.7
24.4
4.2 13.9
2.8 12,5
5.1 3.7 13.4 1.4
14.8 2.3 1.4
24.9 1.9 13.3 8.8 4.4 1.4 9.4 1.4 2.4
16,2 8.4 17.2
8.4 17.2
6.5 8.4 17.2
1.76 18.0 1.8 1.1 .5 15.1
1.76 18.0 4.4 1.1 .5 18.3
1.76 18.0 4.4 1.1 .5 17.8
concentrate. Three dietary treatments were used with 32 primiparous and 29 multiparous cows per treatment. Composition of the diets is shown in Table 2. Experiment 2
Experiment 2 was designed to examine the effect of fat from cottonseed. The diets contained either no supplemental fat (control), 3.5 kg/d of cottonseed, or .51 kg/d of free fatty acids plus cottonseed hulls and cottonseed meal. Composition of the rations is shown in Table 3. Experiment 3
The objective of this experiment was to compare cottonseed with fatty acids and CSFA at 1.8% of the ration. Fat was fed in diets providing 2.8 kg/d of cottonseed, .36 kg/d of fatty acids, or .42 kg/d of CSFA (Koffolk) to cows. Composition of the diets is given in Table 4. ExperIment 4
This experiment was to examine the effect of adding free fatty acids to cottonseed. Both
2465
FAT IN LACfATION RELATIONS
diets contained 3.7 kgJd of cottonseed; one contained no additional fatty acids, whereas the other included .3 kgJd of fatty acids. Ration composition is summarized in Table 5. Experimental Procedures
Protein, ADF, calcium, and phosphorus were determined in feeds by standard methods (I) every 2 wk throughout the experiment. Fat was determined as fatty acids after acid hydrolysis as previously described (14). The NEL was calculated from NRC (10). In all experiments, cows were fed for ad libitum intake in groups, all cows in the pen participated in the experiment. feed was weighed and distributed twice daily, and weighbacks were collected and weighed before the next feed distribution. Ruminal fluid was sampled once from cows 130 to 160 dafter calving by stomach tube, 4 h after morning feeding. Samples were cooled immediately and stored at -20'C until VFA concentration was determined by gas chromatography as previ-
TABLE 4. Ingredient composition and chemical analysis of diets in Experiment 3. Composition and analysis
Cotton- Fatty seed acids
CSFAI
Ration composition, DM basis. % Barley Wheat Soybean meal Com without germ Cottonseed meal Wheat bran Dicalcium phosphate Mineral-vitamin mix Fatty acids CSFA Cottonseed Citrus silage Wheat silage Vetch hay Whey
14.5 7.8 32.7 6.7 5.2
7.8 32.7 6.7 5.2
7.8 32.7 6.7 5.2
Analysis NEL. Mca1lkg CP, % Fatty acids, % Ca, % P, % ADF, %
1.77 17.2 5.0 1.2 .6 19.5
1.77 17.2 4.0 1.2 .6 19.5
1.77 17.2 4.0 1.2 .6 19.5
10.0 5.0 10.2 3.3 3.1 .4 1.1
9.5 3.3 6.9 4.7 7.6 12.7
9.5 4.1 6.8 4.7 7.5 11.8
1.1 1.8
1.1 2.1
lCaicium soaps of fatty acids.
ously described (15). Milk quantity was determined at 2-wk intervals, and composite 24-h samples were taken for fat, protein, and lactose determination by infrared analysis. Fat-corrected milk (3.5%) was calculated as follows: FCM
= (.432
+ .1625 x percentage of milk fat) x kilograms of milk.
Continuous variables were analyzed by ANOVA using the general linear models procedures of SAS (13). The model used in all experiments was Yijklm
J..l. + TR i + Cj + CiTR)i + Lk + (L x TR)ik + O( + (0 x TR)il + X m + Eijklm
=
where Y = all dependent variables presented,
TABLE 5. Ingredient composition and chemical analysis of diets in Experiment 4. Composition and analysis
Cottonseed
Cottonseed and fatty acids
Ration composition, DM basis, % Com gluten meal Soybean meal (44% CP) Barley Com Wheat Wheat bran Tapioca Mineral-vitamin mix Dicalcium phosphate Calcium carbonate Fatty acids Vetch hay Barley silage Cottonseed
9.0 1.2 .4 .3 .3 11.9 23.4 17.6
.6 1.8 11.9 23.3 17.6
Analysis NEL. Mca1lkg CP, % Fatty acids, % Ca, % P, % ADF, %
1.77 17.0 5.7 1.0 .5 18.4
1.77 17.0 7.1 1.0 .5 19.8
3.6 3.7 17.9 10.7
3.0 3.7 2.2 13.2 12.5 9.0 1.2
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 75, No.9, 1992
2466
SKLAN ET AL.
TABLE 6. Overall, early, and late lactation yield data, Experiment 1.
Milk
Treatment
Fat
- - (kg/d)--
X
- - (kg/d)--
SE
X
SE
X
SE
X
SE
.5
2.67 b 2.81 a 2.75 ab P .0005 P .002
.04
3.20 3.13 3.15
.03 .02 .02
25.9< 27.7 b 27.oa P .0001 P .005
.4
2.52b 2.76" 2.7oa
.04
2.88 2.86 2.95
.02 .04 .03
29.8 b 31.8a 31.2a
.4
.03 .03
2.9oa 2.92a 2.79b
.05 .03 .03
3.33a 3.19b 3.23 b
.03 .02 .02
22.4c 24.7a 23.7 b
.4 .2 .2
Overall yield Control CSFAI Fatty acid Treatment x time Treatment x parity
30.2b 31.3 a 30.9ab P .005 P .0001
150 DIM Control CSFA Fatty acid
24.8 b 27.4a 27.oa
.4
= =
3.5% FCM
Protein (%)
.4 .3
.3 .4
.2 .2
.03 .03
= =
P P
= .09 = .0001
= =
.3 .3
.3 .3
a.b.cMeans in columns not followed by the same letter differ (P < .05). )Calcium soaps of fatty acids.
= overall mean of the population, TRi = average effect of treatment, Cj = average effect of cow, C/fR)i = average effect of cow j nested within treatment i, average effect of lactation 4 = number, x TR)ik = interaction of lactation and ~
(L
Dl (D x TR)il
=
intake means were 21.2, 21.1, and 20.9 kg/d for groups fed control, CSFA, and fatty acids, respectively. Overall milk yield, fat percentage (Table 6), and fat yield (not shown) were enhanced in cows fed CSFA. The FCM yield was enhanced in cows fed both fatty acid and
treatment i (Experiment 1), effect of DIM, interaction of treatment and
\
= DIM, Xm = effect of dependent variable
Eijklm
=
determined in two 10-d periods before adaptation, and random residual error assuming nonnal independent distribution.
Least squares means and adjusted standard errors are presented in the tables.
•
6 7"" 1Il'• -, '>clI~~~~=il-----
"
•
...•...• -_
...
_._ _---'--_.M,_.
.........
_ _.__
-.---...- -------l , .,' .'< .•• -------.~---=~"=:::::::::~::::::::--. ,_,_"_~
II
-0-----------.
~ ~.) L___
.,
?
j;l.;:::~~
c/ -----..:::~~
-
::=
I
_~ ~,+ l.L.
---O=====~:-$
1----
3 RESULTS
---,-----o%'~,Ci.
II
-::~~~~
:
~8~~:::::::~_~_jl
==
L' 15 20
' I;}O
180
260
DeY'S in Milk
Experiment 1
A diet with fatty acids or CSFA was compared with a diet with no added fat. Feed Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 75, No.9, 1992
Figure I. Least squares means of milk fat percentage (top) milk yield (center), and 3.5% FCM yield in Experiment 1. Control cows (0), cows fed calcium soaps of fatty acids (6.) and cows fed fatty acids (e).
2467
FAT IN LACTATION RELATIONS TABLE 7. Yield in primiparous and multiparous cows. Experiment 1. Treatment
Milk
-
Fat
3.5% FCM
Protein (%)
(kg/d)-
-
(kg/d)-
X
SE
X
SE
X
SE
X
SE
Primiparous Control CSFAI Fatty acid
29.Qb 30.5" 29.6"b
.4 .3 .3
2.56'> 2.74& 2.73"
.04 .03 .03
3.23" 3.16b 3.17 b
.03 .02 .02
24.3c 26.6" 25.9b
.4 .2 .2
Multiparous Control CSFA Fatty acid
31.9 32.2 32.0
.5 .3 .3
2.77b 2.91" 2.74&b
.05 .03 .03
3.16 3.12 3.13
.03 .04 .03
27.60 29.oa 28.0b
.4 .3 .3
",b,CMeans in columns not followed by the same letter differ (P < .05). lCalcium soaps of fatty acids.
CSFA. Yield with DIM is shown in Figure 1, and the interaction of diet with time was significant. Thus, Table 6 also summarizes yield before and after 150 DIM. Milk yield was enhanced in both groups fed fat after 150 DIM. In contrast, milk fat percentage and yield (not shown) were enhanced in cows fed CSFA before 150 DIM. Yield of FCM was enhanced throughout in CSFA cows compared with late lactation cows fed fatty acids. Milk protein percentage was not influenced by the diets before 150 DIM, but, in late lactation, control cows had the highest milk protein percentages. Interaction between diet and parity was significant for all yield parameters tested (Table
6). Yields of milk, fat, and FCM increased more from CSFA and fatty acids in primiparous cows than in multiparous cows (Table 7). Experiment 2
A control ration with no cottonseed was compared with a ration containing cottonseed or a ration containing fatty acids, cottonseed hulls, and cottonseed meal. Average DMI did not differ and were 21.4 kgld for control cows, 21.8 kgld for cows fed fatty acids, and 22.1 kg! d for cows fed cottonseed diets. Effect of diet on overall milk or protein yield was nonsignificant. Fat percentage, fat yield (not shown),
TABLE 8. Overall. early, and late lactation yield data, Experiment 2. Treatment
Milk -
Overall yield Control Fatty acid Cottonseed Treatment x time
150 DIM Control Fatty acid Cottonseed
Protein
Fat
3.5% FCM
(%)
(kg/d)-
-
(kg/d)-
X
SE
X
SE
X
SE
X
SE
32.7 33.6 33.5 P = .001
.3 .3 .3
2.54b 2.57 b 2.96" P = .07
.02 .02 .02
2.97 2.95 2.96
.02 .03 .02
27.6b 28.7"b 30.4" P = .001
.2 .3 .2
36.0 35.7 37.0
.5 .4 .4
2.42b 2.39b 2.82"
.03 .03 .03
2.77 2.78 2.82
.03 .03 .03
29.6 b 29.3 b 32.8"
.3 .3 .3
27.9 b 31.3" 28.7"b
.3
.4
2.79b 2.78b 3.19"
.03 .03 .03
3.04 3.01 3.02
.02 .03 .02
24.6b 27.6" 27.1"
.3 .3 .3
.3
P = .06
a,b,cMeans in column not followed by the same letter differ (P < .05). Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 75. No.9. 1992
2468
SKLAN ET AL.
Experiment 3
'0 - - - - . - - -..-------.,.--.-.
.
ABSTRACT
ergy intake during the period of negative energy balance and to increase the biochemical efficiency of milk yield (3, 9). Feeding high yielding cows diets containing high amounts of added fat depresses ruminal cellulolytic fermentation (11). Thus, responses of lactating cows to fat feeding have been somewhat inconsistent, varying with type and level of fat fed; milk fat percentage and yield often were depressed (11, 18. 20). However. milk yield often has been increased by inclusion of fat in the diet, and FCM also may be enhanced (5, 12, 19). In contrast, inclusion of cottonseed does not negatively affect fat yield; the opposite usually occurs: fat percentages and often milk yield are enhanced (2, 6. 7, 17). Ruminally inert fats have been developed that avoid the negative effects of added fatty acids or triglycerides in the rumen. With use of those fats, energy density of rations can be increased without depression of ruminal cellulolytic activity (4, 16). The objective of this study was to clarify the effects and interactions of fatty acids, cottonseed, and ruminally inert fat in diets for high yielding dairy cows fed low forage rations.
We examined the effects of dietary fat as cottonseed, fatty acids. or calcium soaps of fatty acids in the rations of high yielding lactating cows receiving low forage. Experiments were with isoenergetic, isonitrogenous diets containing equal amounts of forage. Inclusion of up to 510 gld of fatty acids in the ration enhanced FCM yield. With cottonseed, increased FCM was mainly due to increased fat yield. Dietary fatty acids tended to increase milk in mid and late lactation and to decrease fat percentage. Calcium soaps of fatty acids enhanced FCM, particularly in early lactation. Feeding cottonseed and fatty acids together did not enhance yield. Effects described may be attributed in part to changes in ruminal fermentation in which cottonseed increased acetate concentrations and fatty acids decreased the ratio of acetate and butyrate to propionate and in part to enhanced efficiency of milk yield when fat was included in the ration. (Key words: fatty acids, calcium soaps. cottonseed, milk yield) Abbreviation key: CSFA fatty acids.
= calcium soaps of
INTRODUCTION
.The inclusion of fat in diets of high yielding darry cows would be expected to increase en-
Received January 28, 1992. Accepted April 10, 1992. IAmbar Feed Mills, Mobile Post Hefer, Israel 38100. 2Matmor Feed Mills, Mobile Post Evtach, Israel 79258. 3Milobar Feed Mills. Mobile Post Eshrat, Israel 25201. 4Zemach feeds, Mobile Post Emek YardeD, Israel 15133. 1992 J Dairy Sci 75:2463-2472
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All equipments were carried out with isoenergetic, isonitrogenous diets containing identical amounts of forage fed for ad libitum intake as a TMR on four different farms. In some diets, fatty acids, calcium soaps of fatty acids (CSFA), or cottonseed were added to the ration. and NEL was equalized by varying components of the concentrate. Details of the number of cows, DIM, and duration of experiments are in Table 1. and diet composition and analysis are in Tables 2, 3. 4, and 5. Cows were multiparous only, except in Experiment 1 in which both primiparous and multiparous cows were used. Cottonseed contained 19.3 to 21.1 % fat, and free fatty acid source used was
2463
2464
SKLAN ET AL.
TABLE 1. Details of cows in Experiments 1 to 4.
Experiment
I 2 3 4
Experiment
Cows per treatment
DIM at start
Duration
(n)
X
SO
(d)
61 59 65 67
93 70 108 145
39 42 51 56
120 140 120 90
mixed soapstock contammg 86% free fatty acids, of which 20% were linoleic acid. Cows were blocked by lactation, DIM, and preexperimental milk yield from two milk samples taken 2 and 4 wk before cows were blocked. Experiment 1
The objective of this experiment was to compare the effects of CSFA added at 2% of the ration. The treatments were no added fat, .43 kg/d of fatty acids, or .5 kg/d of CSFA (based on palm oil fatty acids, Adolac®; Koffolk, Petach Tikva, Israel) per cow in the
TABLE 2. Ingredient composition and chemical analysis of diets in Experiment 1. Composition and analysis Ration composition, OM basis, % Com Barley Soybean meal Cottonseed meal Wheat bran Mineral-vitamin mix Calcium carbonate CSFA Fatty acid Oat hay Wheat silage Com cobs Analysis NEL' Mcallkg CP, % Fatty acids, % Ca, % P, % ADF, %
TABLE 3. Ingredient composition and chemical analysis of diets in Experiment 2.
Control
Fatty acid
9.5 31.5 2,4 10.0 9.0 1.8 .7
9.5 18.9 2.4 9.9 19.7 1.8 .7
1.4 20.0 13.7
2.0 1.4 20.0 13.7
1.4 20.0 13.7
1.70 16.0 2.1 1.0 .6 16.6
1.70 16.0 4.2 1.4 .6 17.3
1.70 16.0 4.2 1.2 .6 17.2
ICalcium soaps of fatty acids. Joumal of Dairy Science Vol. 75, No.9. 1992
CSFAI
9.5 18.7 2.4 9.9 19.6 1.8 .6 2.4
Composition and analysis Ration composition, OM basis, % Barley Com Wheat Soybean meal Cottonseed meal Wheat bran Rice bran Wheat middling Mineral-vitamin mix Fatty acids Cottonseed Cottonseed hulls Alfalfa hay Com silage Analysis NEL. Mcallkg CP, % Fatty acids, % Ca, % P, % AOF, %
Control
Cotton- Fatty seed acid
32.7
24.4
4.2 13.9
2.8 12,5
5.1 3.7 13.4 1.4
14.8 2.3 1.4
24.9 1.9 13.3 8.8 4.4 1.4 9.4 1.4 2.4
16,2 8.4 17.2
8.4 17.2
6.5 8.4 17.2
1.76 18.0 1.8 1.1 .5 15.1
1.76 18.0 4.4 1.1 .5 18.3
1.76 18.0 4.4 1.1 .5 17.8
concentrate. Three dietary treatments were used with 32 primiparous and 29 multiparous cows per treatment. Composition of the diets is shown in Table 2. Experiment 2
Experiment 2 was designed to examine the effect of fat from cottonseed. The diets contained either no supplemental fat (control), 3.5 kg/d of cottonseed, or .51 kg/d of free fatty acids plus cottonseed hulls and cottonseed meal. Composition of the rations is shown in Table 3. Experiment 3
The objective of this experiment was to compare cottonseed with fatty acids and CSFA at 1.8% of the ration. Fat was fed in diets providing 2.8 kg/d of cottonseed, .36 kg/d of fatty acids, or .42 kg/d of CSFA (Koffolk) to cows. Composition of the diets is given in Table 4. ExperIment 4
This experiment was to examine the effect of adding free fatty acids to cottonseed. Both
2465
FAT IN LACfATION RELATIONS
diets contained 3.7 kgJd of cottonseed; one contained no additional fatty acids, whereas the other included .3 kgJd of fatty acids. Ration composition is summarized in Table 5. Experimental Procedures
Protein, ADF, calcium, and phosphorus were determined in feeds by standard methods (I) every 2 wk throughout the experiment. Fat was determined as fatty acids after acid hydrolysis as previously described (14). The NEL was calculated from NRC (10). In all experiments, cows were fed for ad libitum intake in groups, all cows in the pen participated in the experiment. feed was weighed and distributed twice daily, and weighbacks were collected and weighed before the next feed distribution. Ruminal fluid was sampled once from cows 130 to 160 dafter calving by stomach tube, 4 h after morning feeding. Samples were cooled immediately and stored at -20'C until VFA concentration was determined by gas chromatography as previ-
TABLE 4. Ingredient composition and chemical analysis of diets in Experiment 3. Composition and analysis
Cotton- Fatty seed acids
CSFAI
Ration composition, DM basis. % Barley Wheat Soybean meal Com without germ Cottonseed meal Wheat bran Dicalcium phosphate Mineral-vitamin mix Fatty acids CSFA Cottonseed Citrus silage Wheat silage Vetch hay Whey
14.5 7.8 32.7 6.7 5.2
7.8 32.7 6.7 5.2
7.8 32.7 6.7 5.2
Analysis NEL. Mca1lkg CP, % Fatty acids, % Ca, % P, % ADF, %
1.77 17.2 5.0 1.2 .6 19.5
1.77 17.2 4.0 1.2 .6 19.5
1.77 17.2 4.0 1.2 .6 19.5
10.0 5.0 10.2 3.3 3.1 .4 1.1
9.5 3.3 6.9 4.7 7.6 12.7
9.5 4.1 6.8 4.7 7.5 11.8
1.1 1.8
1.1 2.1
lCaicium soaps of fatty acids.
ously described (15). Milk quantity was determined at 2-wk intervals, and composite 24-h samples were taken for fat, protein, and lactose determination by infrared analysis. Fat-corrected milk (3.5%) was calculated as follows: FCM
= (.432
+ .1625 x percentage of milk fat) x kilograms of milk.
Continuous variables were analyzed by ANOVA using the general linear models procedures of SAS (13). The model used in all experiments was Yijklm
J..l. + TR i + Cj + CiTR)i + Lk + (L x TR)ik + O( + (0 x TR)il + X m + Eijklm
=
where Y = all dependent variables presented,
TABLE 5. Ingredient composition and chemical analysis of diets in Experiment 4. Composition and analysis
Cottonseed
Cottonseed and fatty acids
Ration composition, DM basis, % Com gluten meal Soybean meal (44% CP) Barley Com Wheat Wheat bran Tapioca Mineral-vitamin mix Dicalcium phosphate Calcium carbonate Fatty acids Vetch hay Barley silage Cottonseed
9.0 1.2 .4 .3 .3 11.9 23.4 17.6
.6 1.8 11.9 23.3 17.6
Analysis NEL. Mca1lkg CP, % Fatty acids, % Ca, % P, % ADF, %
1.77 17.0 5.7 1.0 .5 18.4
1.77 17.0 7.1 1.0 .5 19.8
3.6 3.7 17.9 10.7
3.0 3.7 2.2 13.2 12.5 9.0 1.2
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 75, No.9, 1992
2466
SKLAN ET AL.
TABLE 6. Overall, early, and late lactation yield data, Experiment 1.
Milk
Treatment
Fat
- - (kg/d)--
X
- - (kg/d)--
SE
X
SE
X
SE
X
SE
.5
2.67 b 2.81 a 2.75 ab P .0005 P .002
.04
3.20 3.13 3.15
.03 .02 .02
25.9< 27.7 b 27.oa P .0001 P .005
.4
2.52b 2.76" 2.7oa
.04
2.88 2.86 2.95
.02 .04 .03
29.8 b 31.8a 31.2a
.4
.03 .03
2.9oa 2.92a 2.79b
.05 .03 .03
3.33a 3.19b 3.23 b
.03 .02 .02
22.4c 24.7a 23.7 b
.4 .2 .2
Overall yield Control CSFAI Fatty acid Treatment x time Treatment x parity
30.2b 31.3 a 30.9ab P .005 P .0001
150 DIM Control CSFA Fatty acid
24.8 b 27.4a 27.oa
.4
= =
3.5% FCM
Protein (%)
.4 .3
.3 .4
.2 .2
.03 .03
= =
P P
= .09 = .0001
= =
.3 .3
.3 .3
a.b.cMeans in columns not followed by the same letter differ (P < .05). )Calcium soaps of fatty acids.
= overall mean of the population, TRi = average effect of treatment, Cj = average effect of cow, C/fR)i = average effect of cow j nested within treatment i, average effect of lactation 4 = number, x TR)ik = interaction of lactation and ~
(L
Dl (D x TR)il
=
intake means were 21.2, 21.1, and 20.9 kg/d for groups fed control, CSFA, and fatty acids, respectively. Overall milk yield, fat percentage (Table 6), and fat yield (not shown) were enhanced in cows fed CSFA. The FCM yield was enhanced in cows fed both fatty acid and
treatment i (Experiment 1), effect of DIM, interaction of treatment and
\
= DIM, Xm = effect of dependent variable
Eijklm
=
determined in two 10-d periods before adaptation, and random residual error assuming nonnal independent distribution.
Least squares means and adjusted standard errors are presented in the tables.
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260
DeY'S in Milk
Experiment 1
A diet with fatty acids or CSFA was compared with a diet with no added fat. Feed Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 75, No.9, 1992
Figure I. Least squares means of milk fat percentage (top) milk yield (center), and 3.5% FCM yield in Experiment 1. Control cows (0), cows fed calcium soaps of fatty acids (6.) and cows fed fatty acids (e).
2467
FAT IN LACTATION RELATIONS TABLE 7. Yield in primiparous and multiparous cows. Experiment 1. Treatment
Milk
-
Fat
3.5% FCM
Protein (%)
(kg/d)-
-
(kg/d)-
X
SE
X
SE
X
SE
X
SE
Primiparous Control CSFAI Fatty acid
29.Qb 30.5" 29.6"b
.4 .3 .3
2.56'> 2.74& 2.73"
.04 .03 .03
3.23" 3.16b 3.17 b
.03 .02 .02
24.3c 26.6" 25.9b
.4 .2 .2
Multiparous Control CSFA Fatty acid
31.9 32.2 32.0
.5 .3 .3
2.77b 2.91" 2.74&b
.05 .03 .03
3.16 3.12 3.13
.03 .04 .03
27.60 29.oa 28.0b
.4 .3 .3
",b,CMeans in columns not followed by the same letter differ (P < .05). lCalcium soaps of fatty acids.
CSFA. Yield with DIM is shown in Figure 1, and the interaction of diet with time was significant. Thus, Table 6 also summarizes yield before and after 150 DIM. Milk yield was enhanced in both groups fed fat after 150 DIM. In contrast, milk fat percentage and yield (not shown) were enhanced in cows fed CSFA before 150 DIM. Yield of FCM was enhanced throughout in CSFA cows compared with late lactation cows fed fatty acids. Milk protein percentage was not influenced by the diets before 150 DIM, but, in late lactation, control cows had the highest milk protein percentages. Interaction between diet and parity was significant for all yield parameters tested (Table
6). Yields of milk, fat, and FCM increased more from CSFA and fatty acids in primiparous cows than in multiparous cows (Table 7). Experiment 2
A control ration with no cottonseed was compared with a ration containing cottonseed or a ration containing fatty acids, cottonseed hulls, and cottonseed meal. Average DMI did not differ and were 21.4 kgld for control cows, 21.8 kgld for cows fed fatty acids, and 22.1 kg! d for cows fed cottonseed diets. Effect of diet on overall milk or protein yield was nonsignificant. Fat percentage, fat yield (not shown),
TABLE 8. Overall. early, and late lactation yield data, Experiment 2. Treatment
Milk -
Overall yield Control Fatty acid Cottonseed Treatment x time
150 DIM Control Fatty acid Cottonseed
Protein
Fat
3.5% FCM
(%)
(kg/d)-
-
(kg/d)-
X
SE
X
SE
X
SE
X
SE
32.7 33.6 33.5 P = .001
.3 .3 .3
2.54b 2.57 b 2.96" P = .07
.02 .02 .02
2.97 2.95 2.96
.02 .03 .02
27.6b 28.7"b 30.4" P = .001
.2 .3 .2
36.0 35.7 37.0
.5 .4 .4
2.42b 2.39b 2.82"
.03 .03 .03
2.77 2.78 2.82
.03 .03 .03
29.6 b 29.3 b 32.8"
.3 .3 .3
27.9 b 31.3" 28.7"b
.3
.4
2.79b 2.78b 3.19"
.03 .03 .03
3.04 3.01 3.02
.02 .03 .02
24.6b 27.6" 27.1"
.3 .3 .3
.3
P = .06
a,b,cMeans in column not followed by the same letter differ (P < .05). Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 75. No.9. 1992
2468
SKLAN ET AL.
Experiment 3
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