Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1992
FIELD TRAPPING OF Migdolusfryanus WESTWOOD (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) USING NATURAL SEX PHEROMONE
JOSt~ M A U R I C I O S. B E N T O , 1 F R A N C I S C O E V A N D R O A L B I N O , 2 T E R E Z I N H A M . C . D E L L A L U C I A , 1'* and E V A L D O F. V I L E L A l
~Departmento de Biologia Animal Universidade Federal de Vi~osa 36570, Vir MG, Brasil 20limpia Agrfcola Ltda 15400, Olfmpia, SP, Brasil (Received July 29, 1991; accepted October 21, 1991)
Abstraet--Migdolus fryanus is a sugarcane pest restricted to South America that is becoming more important due to the inefficacy of control methods against it. The larvae bore into the plant root system and the available insecticides can not give adequate protection. So, the search for alternate control strategies is mandatory. However, the literature on bioethological studies of the species is scarce. This work investigates the attraction of adult males in the field by females that is mediated by a sex pheromone that remains to be identified. Dissected female thoraces were more attractive than other body parts. A trap design for monitoring field populations of this species also is presented, Key Words--Natural attractant, pheromone, Migdolus fryanus, Coleoptera, Cerambycidade, male response, sugarcane pest.
INTRODUCTION E v e r y y e a r Migdolusfryanus is b e c o m i n g m o r e important as a pest o f sugarcane, coffee, and eucalyptus in Brazil. T h e l a c k o f m o r e detailed k n o w l e d g e on the b i o l o g y and b e h a v i o r o f this pest as w e l l as o f adequate m e t h o d o l o g y to evaluate its d a m a g e in infested areas has contributed to the p o o r efficacy o f control methods. *To whom correspondence should be addressed. 245 0098-0331/92/0200~0245506.50/0 9 1992 Plenum Publishing Corporation
246
BENTOET AL.
These insects were first reported in sugarcane in 1927 (Lane, 1937) in Ibat6 County, Silo Paulo State, Brazil. Taxonomic studies on this genus were carried out by Lane (1972) and Dias (1984). These insects have been associated with "cerrado" areas used for crops such as coffee, eucalyptus, and lately sugarcane (Fonseca, 1958; Roccia, 1977). They also have been reported from mullberry, grape, beans, and pasture (Arrigoni et al., 1986). In sugarcane the larvae feed on the root system and, even though the attack may be localized, destruction of the infested sugarcane field may occur (Terin et al., 1983, 1984). Little has been done on the biological aspects of Migdolusfryanus, which is one of the most common pest species in the genus (Nakano and Joko, 1969; Roccia, 1977; Terfin et al., 1983, 1984). Adult males are alate and live, on average, two to three days; adult females are wingless and live for 30 days or more (Roccia, 1977). From November to March in Sio Paulo, the newly emerged individuals mate after a characteristic male nuptial flight. The orientation of the males towards the females is thought to be mediated by a female sex pheromone (Roccia, 1977; Tenin, 1984; Pizano, 1991), since traps containing virgin females have caught up to 192 males (Roccia, 1977); however conclusive proof has been lacking. The objectives of the present paper were to determine if the female produces a sex pheromone as well as the body part responsible for it. It was also our aim to develop a more efficient trap to capture the males and to determine the ideal number of females per trap.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
The experiment was set up in Olfmpia County, Sio Paulo State (latitude 20 ~ 46' S; longitude 49 ~ 40' W) during February and March 1991 in sugarcane plantations. The total area planted was 21,000 ha. Field bioassays were divided in two steps. The first had eight treatments and 12 replicates: (A) virgin female (trap design--OAL); (B) virgin female (trap design--UFV); (C) virgin females and virgin male (trap design--UFV); (D) virgin male (trap design--UFV); (E) virgin female head (trap design--UFV); (F) virgin female thorax (trap design--UFV); (G) virgin female abdomen (trap design--UFV); and (H) control (unbaited). The experiments were run for three consecutive days (four replicates per day). The traps used were plastic water containers, 20-liter volume, with sections of the large sides cut out, leaving two rectangular windows (Figure 1). The OAL design had an acrylic box (60 mm diameter • 20 mm thick) with small holes centered in the top and the bottom and was hung by wire in the
TRAPr'INGOF Migdolusfryanus
247
I Cm
56
FIG. 1. Trap design used to capture males of MigdolusfrYanus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in sugarcane fields.
center of the container. One virgin female was placed inside the box together with a fine layer of soil. The UFV trap design was modified from the OAL by replacing the acrylic box with a PVC tube (85 mm diameter • 40 mm thick), which had the ends covered with a nylon screen. All traps were placed beside the sugarcane rows and 0.50 m inside these rows at the soil level with a distance of 22 m between. The male buzzes the ground until he senses the females' presence. Then he lands and locates her with antennal movements. Finally he mounts her (Roccia, 1977; Arrigoni, 1986). All traps without the attractants were placed the day before the data were to be collected. The attractant was then placed in the traps slightly before 7 AM, the time at which the nuptial flights normally started. The males were captured in water containing 5 % detergent, which was placed in the base of the trap. The females had been collected and placed in individual containers the day before while the males were collected on the day of the experiment. Pinned specimens of both male and female M. fryanus are deposited in the Cerambycidae Collection of the Zoology Museum of the University of S~o Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized and the average temperature and relative humidity on the three days were: 26.8~ 25.7~ 24.4~ and 20.4%, 18.9%, 18.7%, respectively. The second step of the field bioassay consisted of aerating 30 virgin females through 1 g Porapak Q for 24 hr at a flow rate of 9 liters/min, followed by
248
BENTO ET AL.
washing of the material in 1 ml dichloromethane. This solution was used to prepare six rubber septa by placing 40/A of the washed material, which corresponded to 1.2 female equivalents, on each septum. These were immediately stored in a freezer for three days until taken to the field. Six treatments and six replicates were carded out in the same sugarcane plantation following the methodology already described. The treatments were: (A) one virgin female; (B) two virgin females; (C) four virgin females; (D) rubber septum impregnated with material extracted from virgin female + dichloromethane; (E) rubber septum + dichloromethane; and (F) control (unbaited). The trap design was UFV in all treatments. The captured males were counted after 24, 48, and 72 hr, and there was no substitution of virgin females or septa during this period. Average temperature and relative humidity on the three days were: 24.8~ 25.2~ 26.3~ and 20.6%, 20.3%, 21.3%, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Live virgin females of Migdolus fryanus strongly attracted males (Table 1). Far fewer males were attracted to the other treatments. The UFV trap design caught more male M. fryanus than the OAL. The soil layer in the acrylic box with the female, as in the OAL trap, seemed to interfere with female calling, as shown by the reduced number of males captured by that trap. The presence of a male with the virgin female, even though they mated, TABLE 1. MALES OF Migdolusfryanus (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) CAPTURED BY TRAPS BAITED WITH EICHT ATTRACTANTS DURING A 24-Ha PERIOD (12 REPLICATES)
Males Captured Attractants A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.
Virgin femalea Virgin female Virgin female + male Virgin male Virgin female head Virgin female thorax Virgin female abdomen Control
Total
Average
851 2047 1418 84 263 636 343 110
70.9 170.5 118.2 7.0 21.9 53.0 28.5 9.1
cb a b f e d e f
~This trap design was OAL. The other treatments used the UFV trap type. bMeans followed by the same letter are not different P _< 0.05, by Wilcoxon's rank-sum test.
1 Virgin female 2 Virgin females 4 Virgin females Septum + extr + dichlor Septum + dichlor Control
1193 1495 1876 727 76 55
Total 198.8 249.2 312.7 121.2 12.7 9.2
c" b a d e e
Average 590 520 588 660 94 79
Total 98.3 86.7 98.0 110.0 15.7 13.2
b b b a c c
Average
After 48 hr
~Means followed by the same letter are not different P < 0.05, by Wilcoxon's rank-sum test.
A. B. C. D. E. F.
Treatments
After 24 hr
TABLE 2. MALES OF Migdolusfryanus (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) CAPTURED AT 24, SETTING DIFFERENT TRAPS (6 REPLICATES)
258 314 283 479 81 66
43.0 52.3 47.2 79.8 13.5 11.0
c b bc a d d
Average
After 72 hr
AND 72 HR AFTER
Total
48,
~D
9
Z
250
BENTO ET AL.
slightly reduced the capture of males, although this bait still proved to be superior to others. One female mates with more than one male before she returns to the soil to oviposit (Roccia, 1977; TeEn et al., 1984), thus she remains attractive to the males after her first mating. Treatments using dissected parts of a female were significantly different among themselves. The female thorax was more efficient than the other body parts in attracting males (Table 1). It has been shown that in the field, the receptive female remains at soil level with only the head and thorax exposed (Roccia, 1977); therefore it appears that the mating signal, although general over the body, is more pronounced on the thorax. The results obtained with the rubber septa impregnated with female odor in dichloromethane (Table 2) strongly indicate the presence of a sex pheromone. Although this had been suggested previously (Roccia, 1977; Ter~in et al., 1984; Pizano, 1991), this is the first proof of the chemical origin of the attractiveness of female M. fryanus. The impregnated rubber septum continued to attract males after 24 hr, at levels greater than one, two, or four virgin females. Males also were observed trying to copulate with the rubber septa in the field. Twenty-four hours after the virgin females were exposed in the field they died, probably due to the hot and sunny weather. However, they were still attractive for at least 72 hr after the beginning of the tests, although the number of males falling in the traps was much reduced. This attraction observed in the dead females suggests various possibilities. The pheromone could simply be retained on the insect bodies or substrate, or the sex pheromone could be released from a gland in one region and bathe the body with material. Finally, it could also suggest an association with cuticular hydrocarbons. Based on the results, the use of two females per trap is recommended when the distance between traps is 22 m because it is more practical than four and safer than one female. Daily female replacement in the traps is also suggested. The attraction potential of the female sex pheromone is so great that we believe monitoring could be a valuable tool, especially to determine population levels in the infested areas. However, pheromone identification and synthesis still have to be carded out. Acknowledgments--We are grateful to Olfmpia Agffcola Ltda for the experimental area and the workers who helped us in the field. We are also indebted to Dr. Ubirajara Martins for confirming the species identification and to Ricardo Della Lucia, J.J. Muchovej, Eduardo C. Nascimento, and Manoel A. Uchoa Fernandes for the valuable suggestions in the project and in manuscript. REFERENCES ARRIGONI, E.B., TERAN, F.O., KASTER, P., JR., and NOVARETTI, W.R.T. 1986. Migdolus spp., broca dos rizomas da cana-de-a~ficar, pp. 129-142, in III Semin~irio de Tecnologia Agron6mica. Copersucar. Piracicaba.
TRAPPING OF Migdolus fryanus
251
DIAS, M.M. 1984. Revisho da subfamflia Anoplodermatinae. Parte I. Tribo Anoplodermatini gen6ro Migdolus Westwood, 1963 (Coleoptera, Cemmbycidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. 28(4):507-535. FONSECA,J.P. DA. 1958. Migdolus morretesi Lane (Coleoptera, Anoplodermidae) urea broca eventual da canade-a~ticar e do eucalipto. Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo 25:29-40. LANE, F. 1937. Esbo~o monog~fico dos Anoplodermfdeos. Rev. Mus. Paulista Sao Paulo 23:155223. LANE, F. 1972. Notas sobre o g~nero Migdolus spp. Westwood, 1963, Arch. Inst. Biol. Sfzo Paulo 39(2):81-84. NAKANO, O., and JOKO, T. 1969. Considera~6es sobre a biologia e h~ibito do Migdolus morretesi Lane, 1973 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Reuniao Anu da SBE. Resumos, p. 6. PIZANO, M.A. 1991. Potencial de controle de Migdolus fryanus (Westwood, 1963) (Col.: Cerambycidae) Atrav6s de armadilha de ferom6nio sexual. Congresso Bros. Entomol. XIII, Recife. Resumos, p. 331. ROCCIA, A.O. 1977. Estudos sobre a bio-ecologia e controle de Migdolus spp. (Coleoptem, Cerambycidae). Relat6rio Anual do Setor de Entom. Copersucar, pp. 340-347. TER,~N, F.O., NOVARETTI,W.R.T., and KASTEN,P., JR. 1983. Migdolus spp. e insetos associados, pp. 25-31, in Reuni~o T6cnica Agron6mica ~ da cultura da cana-de-aqticar." Copersucar. TER.~N, F.O., NOVARETTI,W.R.T., KASTEN, P., JR., ARRIGONI, E.B., and MATOS, C.A.O. 1984. Migdolus spp. e insetos associados, pp. 313-326, in II Semin~rio de Tecnologia Agron6mica. Centro de Tecnologia Copersucar. Piracicaba.
FIELD TRAPPING OF Migdolusfryanus WESTWOOD (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) USING NATURAL SEX PHEROMONE
JOSt~ M A U R I C I O S. B E N T O , 1 F R A N C I S C O E V A N D R O A L B I N O , 2 T E R E Z I N H A M . C . D E L L A L U C I A , 1'* and E V A L D O F. V I L E L A l
~Departmento de Biologia Animal Universidade Federal de Vi~osa 36570, Vir MG, Brasil 20limpia Agrfcola Ltda 15400, Olfmpia, SP, Brasil (Received July 29, 1991; accepted October 21, 1991)
Abstraet--Migdolus fryanus is a sugarcane pest restricted to South America that is becoming more important due to the inefficacy of control methods against it. The larvae bore into the plant root system and the available insecticides can not give adequate protection. So, the search for alternate control strategies is mandatory. However, the literature on bioethological studies of the species is scarce. This work investigates the attraction of adult males in the field by females that is mediated by a sex pheromone that remains to be identified. Dissected female thoraces were more attractive than other body parts. A trap design for monitoring field populations of this species also is presented, Key Words--Natural attractant, pheromone, Migdolus fryanus, Coleoptera, Cerambycidade, male response, sugarcane pest.
INTRODUCTION E v e r y y e a r Migdolusfryanus is b e c o m i n g m o r e important as a pest o f sugarcane, coffee, and eucalyptus in Brazil. T h e l a c k o f m o r e detailed k n o w l e d g e on the b i o l o g y and b e h a v i o r o f this pest as w e l l as o f adequate m e t h o d o l o g y to evaluate its d a m a g e in infested areas has contributed to the p o o r efficacy o f control methods. *To whom correspondence should be addressed. 245 0098-0331/92/0200~0245506.50/0 9 1992 Plenum Publishing Corporation
246
BENTOET AL.
These insects were first reported in sugarcane in 1927 (Lane, 1937) in Ibat6 County, Silo Paulo State, Brazil. Taxonomic studies on this genus were carried out by Lane (1972) and Dias (1984). These insects have been associated with "cerrado" areas used for crops such as coffee, eucalyptus, and lately sugarcane (Fonseca, 1958; Roccia, 1977). They also have been reported from mullberry, grape, beans, and pasture (Arrigoni et al., 1986). In sugarcane the larvae feed on the root system and, even though the attack may be localized, destruction of the infested sugarcane field may occur (Terin et al., 1983, 1984). Little has been done on the biological aspects of Migdolusfryanus, which is one of the most common pest species in the genus (Nakano and Joko, 1969; Roccia, 1977; Terfin et al., 1983, 1984). Adult males are alate and live, on average, two to three days; adult females are wingless and live for 30 days or more (Roccia, 1977). From November to March in Sio Paulo, the newly emerged individuals mate after a characteristic male nuptial flight. The orientation of the males towards the females is thought to be mediated by a female sex pheromone (Roccia, 1977; Tenin, 1984; Pizano, 1991), since traps containing virgin females have caught up to 192 males (Roccia, 1977); however conclusive proof has been lacking. The objectives of the present paper were to determine if the female produces a sex pheromone as well as the body part responsible for it. It was also our aim to develop a more efficient trap to capture the males and to determine the ideal number of females per trap.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
The experiment was set up in Olfmpia County, Sio Paulo State (latitude 20 ~ 46' S; longitude 49 ~ 40' W) during February and March 1991 in sugarcane plantations. The total area planted was 21,000 ha. Field bioassays were divided in two steps. The first had eight treatments and 12 replicates: (A) virgin female (trap design--OAL); (B) virgin female (trap design--UFV); (C) virgin females and virgin male (trap design--UFV); (D) virgin male (trap design--UFV); (E) virgin female head (trap design--UFV); (F) virgin female thorax (trap design--UFV); (G) virgin female abdomen (trap design--UFV); and (H) control (unbaited). The experiments were run for three consecutive days (four replicates per day). The traps used were plastic water containers, 20-liter volume, with sections of the large sides cut out, leaving two rectangular windows (Figure 1). The OAL design had an acrylic box (60 mm diameter • 20 mm thick) with small holes centered in the top and the bottom and was hung by wire in the
TRAPr'INGOF Migdolusfryanus
247
I Cm
56
FIG. 1. Trap design used to capture males of MigdolusfrYanus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in sugarcane fields.
center of the container. One virgin female was placed inside the box together with a fine layer of soil. The UFV trap design was modified from the OAL by replacing the acrylic box with a PVC tube (85 mm diameter • 40 mm thick), which had the ends covered with a nylon screen. All traps were placed beside the sugarcane rows and 0.50 m inside these rows at the soil level with a distance of 22 m between. The male buzzes the ground until he senses the females' presence. Then he lands and locates her with antennal movements. Finally he mounts her (Roccia, 1977; Arrigoni, 1986). All traps without the attractants were placed the day before the data were to be collected. The attractant was then placed in the traps slightly before 7 AM, the time at which the nuptial flights normally started. The males were captured in water containing 5 % detergent, which was placed in the base of the trap. The females had been collected and placed in individual containers the day before while the males were collected on the day of the experiment. Pinned specimens of both male and female M. fryanus are deposited in the Cerambycidae Collection of the Zoology Museum of the University of S~o Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized and the average temperature and relative humidity on the three days were: 26.8~ 25.7~ 24.4~ and 20.4%, 18.9%, 18.7%, respectively. The second step of the field bioassay consisted of aerating 30 virgin females through 1 g Porapak Q for 24 hr at a flow rate of 9 liters/min, followed by
248
BENTO ET AL.
washing of the material in 1 ml dichloromethane. This solution was used to prepare six rubber septa by placing 40/A of the washed material, which corresponded to 1.2 female equivalents, on each septum. These were immediately stored in a freezer for three days until taken to the field. Six treatments and six replicates were carded out in the same sugarcane plantation following the methodology already described. The treatments were: (A) one virgin female; (B) two virgin females; (C) four virgin females; (D) rubber septum impregnated with material extracted from virgin female + dichloromethane; (E) rubber septum + dichloromethane; and (F) control (unbaited). The trap design was UFV in all treatments. The captured males were counted after 24, 48, and 72 hr, and there was no substitution of virgin females or septa during this period. Average temperature and relative humidity on the three days were: 24.8~ 25.2~ 26.3~ and 20.6%, 20.3%, 21.3%, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Live virgin females of Migdolus fryanus strongly attracted males (Table 1). Far fewer males were attracted to the other treatments. The UFV trap design caught more male M. fryanus than the OAL. The soil layer in the acrylic box with the female, as in the OAL trap, seemed to interfere with female calling, as shown by the reduced number of males captured by that trap. The presence of a male with the virgin female, even though they mated, TABLE 1. MALES OF Migdolusfryanus (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) CAPTURED BY TRAPS BAITED WITH EICHT ATTRACTANTS DURING A 24-Ha PERIOD (12 REPLICATES)
Males Captured Attractants A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.
Virgin femalea Virgin female Virgin female + male Virgin male Virgin female head Virgin female thorax Virgin female abdomen Control
Total
Average
851 2047 1418 84 263 636 343 110
70.9 170.5 118.2 7.0 21.9 53.0 28.5 9.1
cb a b f e d e f
~This trap design was OAL. The other treatments used the UFV trap type. bMeans followed by the same letter are not different P _< 0.05, by Wilcoxon's rank-sum test.
1 Virgin female 2 Virgin females 4 Virgin females Septum + extr + dichlor Septum + dichlor Control
1193 1495 1876 727 76 55
Total 198.8 249.2 312.7 121.2 12.7 9.2
c" b a d e e
Average 590 520 588 660 94 79
Total 98.3 86.7 98.0 110.0 15.7 13.2
b b b a c c
Average
After 48 hr
~Means followed by the same letter are not different P < 0.05, by Wilcoxon's rank-sum test.
A. B. C. D. E. F.
Treatments
After 24 hr
TABLE 2. MALES OF Migdolusfryanus (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) CAPTURED AT 24, SETTING DIFFERENT TRAPS (6 REPLICATES)
258 314 283 479 81 66
43.0 52.3 47.2 79.8 13.5 11.0
c b bc a d d
Average
After 72 hr
AND 72 HR AFTER
Total
48,
~D
9
Z
250
BENTO ET AL.
slightly reduced the capture of males, although this bait still proved to be superior to others. One female mates with more than one male before she returns to the soil to oviposit (Roccia, 1977; TeEn et al., 1984), thus she remains attractive to the males after her first mating. Treatments using dissected parts of a female were significantly different among themselves. The female thorax was more efficient than the other body parts in attracting males (Table 1). It has been shown that in the field, the receptive female remains at soil level with only the head and thorax exposed (Roccia, 1977); therefore it appears that the mating signal, although general over the body, is more pronounced on the thorax. The results obtained with the rubber septa impregnated with female odor in dichloromethane (Table 2) strongly indicate the presence of a sex pheromone. Although this had been suggested previously (Roccia, 1977; Ter~in et al., 1984; Pizano, 1991), this is the first proof of the chemical origin of the attractiveness of female M. fryanus. The impregnated rubber septum continued to attract males after 24 hr, at levels greater than one, two, or four virgin females. Males also were observed trying to copulate with the rubber septa in the field. Twenty-four hours after the virgin females were exposed in the field they died, probably due to the hot and sunny weather. However, they were still attractive for at least 72 hr after the beginning of the tests, although the number of males falling in the traps was much reduced. This attraction observed in the dead females suggests various possibilities. The pheromone could simply be retained on the insect bodies or substrate, or the sex pheromone could be released from a gland in one region and bathe the body with material. Finally, it could also suggest an association with cuticular hydrocarbons. Based on the results, the use of two females per trap is recommended when the distance between traps is 22 m because it is more practical than four and safer than one female. Daily female replacement in the traps is also suggested. The attraction potential of the female sex pheromone is so great that we believe monitoring could be a valuable tool, especially to determine population levels in the infested areas. However, pheromone identification and synthesis still have to be carded out. Acknowledgments--We are grateful to Olfmpia Agffcola Ltda for the experimental area and the workers who helped us in the field. We are also indebted to Dr. Ubirajara Martins for confirming the species identification and to Ricardo Della Lucia, J.J. Muchovej, Eduardo C. Nascimento, and Manoel A. Uchoa Fernandes for the valuable suggestions in the project and in manuscript. REFERENCES ARRIGONI, E.B., TERAN, F.O., KASTER, P., JR., and NOVARETTI, W.R.T. 1986. Migdolus spp., broca dos rizomas da cana-de-a~ficar, pp. 129-142, in III Semin~irio de Tecnologia Agron6mica. Copersucar. Piracicaba.
TRAPPING OF Migdolus fryanus
251
DIAS, M.M. 1984. Revisho da subfamflia Anoplodermatinae. Parte I. Tribo Anoplodermatini gen6ro Migdolus Westwood, 1963 (Coleoptera, Cemmbycidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. 28(4):507-535. FONSECA,J.P. DA. 1958. Migdolus morretesi Lane (Coleoptera, Anoplodermidae) urea broca eventual da canade-a~ticar e do eucalipto. Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo 25:29-40. LANE, F. 1937. Esbo~o monog~fico dos Anoplodermfdeos. Rev. Mus. Paulista Sao Paulo 23:155223. LANE, F. 1972. Notas sobre o g~nero Migdolus spp. Westwood, 1963, Arch. Inst. Biol. Sfzo Paulo 39(2):81-84. NAKANO, O., and JOKO, T. 1969. Considera~6es sobre a biologia e h~ibito do Migdolus morretesi Lane, 1973 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Reuniao Anu da SBE. Resumos, p. 6. PIZANO, M.A. 1991. Potencial de controle de Migdolus fryanus (Westwood, 1963) (Col.: Cerambycidae) Atrav6s de armadilha de ferom6nio sexual. Congresso Bros. Entomol. XIII, Recife. Resumos, p. 331. ROCCIA, A.O. 1977. Estudos sobre a bio-ecologia e controle de Migdolus spp. (Coleoptem, Cerambycidae). Relat6rio Anual do Setor de Entom. Copersucar, pp. 340-347. TER,~N, F.O., NOVARETTI,W.R.T., and KASTEN,P., JR. 1983. Migdolus spp. e insetos associados, pp. 25-31, in Reuni~o T6cnica Agron6mica ~ da cultura da cana-de-aqticar." Copersucar. TER.~N, F.O., NOVARETTI,W.R.T., KASTEN, P., JR., ARRIGONI, E.B., and MATOS, C.A.O. 1984. Migdolus spp. e insetos associados, pp. 313-326, in II Semin~rio de Tecnologia Agron6mica. Centro de Tecnologia Copersucar. Piracicaba.
