Forensic Science Infernational, 14 (1979) 41 - 47 0 Elsevier Sequoia S.A., Lausanne - Printed in the Netherlands
41
FREQUENCIES OF SALIVARY GENETIC MARKER SYSTEMS IN THE JAPANESE POPULATION AND THEIR APPLICATION TO FORENSIC MEDICINE
SHIGENORI
IKEMOTO and KOICHI TOMITA
Department of Legal Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi (Japan) KIYOSHI MINAGUCHI and KAZUO SUZUKI Department of Forensic Odonfology, (Received November 17,1978;
Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo (Japan)
accepted March 22,1979)
summary Seven salivary polymorphic systems were studied using whole and parotid saliva from random Japanese individuals. The gene frequencies obtained were: Pa+ = 0.212, Pb’ = 1.000, Pb2 = 0,Pr’ = 0.763, Pr2 = 0.237, Db+ = 0.051, Pm+ = 0.409, Ph+ = 0.026 and Amy: = 0.013, respectively. Based on these gene frequencies, the chances for exclusion of falsely alleged fathers were calculated. The chance of exclusion on the basis of five salivary polymorphic systems was 0.305. The combined chance of exclusion utilizing only blood, serum and red-cell enzyme polymorphic systems among the Japanese population was 0.919; however, by applying salivary polymorphic systems to the calculation, the total exclusion rose to 0.944.
Introduction The Se system [ 11, whose markers are A, B, H and Lea, Leb blood-group substances, the V system [2], whose markers are typical blood-group antibodies, and the Am system [3], the allo-types in the heavy chain of secretor IgA, are well-known genetic marker systems in human saliva. These systems have all added useful information to research in human genetics, paternity cases in forensic medicine, and diagnosis in clinical medicine. Since 1970, genetic studies of salivary proteins, especially salivary amylase and parotid proteins, have been developed and several polymorphisms - AmyI (salivary amylase) [4], Pb (parotid basic proteins) [S] , Pr (proline-rich proteins) [6], Db (double-band proteins) [7], Sal [8] and Pa (salivary acidic protein) [9] have been reported. The present authors have also reported new genetic markers in human saliva, the Pm (parotid middle-band protein) [lo] and Ph (parotid heavy protein) [ 111 systems. In our present study the phenotype frequencies and the gene frequencies of these systems in the Japanese population were examined and the application to forensic medicine was also studied.
42
Materials and methods
Saliva Amy, system: whole saliva samples were used. Pa, Pb, Pr, Db, Pm and Ph systems: parotid salivasamples were collected with a double-chamber cup of the Curby type and were concentrated by lyophilization. Detection
of salivary polymorphisms
Pa, Pb and Pm systems: acid-urea starch gel electrophoresis was used following the method of Azen [5] for Pb, of Friedman et al. [9] for Pa, and of Ikemoto et al. [lo] for Pm. Pr, Db and Amy, systems: alkaline-slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used according to the method of Azen and Denniston [7] for Pr and Db, and of Merrit et al. for Amy,. Ph system: SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out according to the method of Ikemoto et al. [ll] . Calculation
of the chance
of exclusion
of falsely alleged fathers.
The chance of exclusion of falsely alleged fathers was calculated with reference to the formula of Ueno [ 121.
Results and discussion Phenotype comparison
frequencies and gene frequencies in the Japanese of gene frequencies with other racial groups
population
and
Phenotype and gene frequencies of Pa, Pb, Pr, Db, Pm, Ph and Amy, systems in samples of randomly chosen individuals from a Japanese population are shown in Table 1. Among 224 Japanese individuals, 37.9% were Pa(+) and 62.1% were Pa(-). Gene frequencies estimated were Pa+ 0.212 and Pa- 0.788. All 175 samples were of Pbl-ltype. Pr and Db systems were examined in 131 individuals. The proportions of Prl-1, Prl-2 and Pr2-2 types were 57.2%, 38.2% and 4.6%, respectively; of the Db system, 9.9% were Db(+) type and 90.1% were of Db(-) type. Gene frequencies calculated were, Pr’ 0.763, Pr2 0.237, Db+ 0.051 and Db- 0.959. The Pm system was examined in 223 individuals. Phenotype frequencies of Pm(+) and Pm(-) were 65.0% and 35.0%, respectively, and gene frequency estimates were Pm+ 0.409 and Pm- 0.591. A variant polymorphic protein was disclosed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from parotid saliva and we tentatively designated it Ph protein. Of 217 individuals examined 5.1% were of Ph(+) type. Gene frequencies obtained were Ph+ 0.026 and Ph- 0.974. The zymogram of salivary amylase was examined in 458 samples and 2.6% showed variant amylase zymograms. Gene frequency of all amylase variant alleles combined was 0.013.
43 TABLE
1
Phenotype and gene frequencies of Pa, Pb, Pr, Db, Pm, Ph and Amy1 systems in the Japanese population. The estimated gene frequencies of Pa, Pb, Pr, Db, Pm and Amy1 systems were not significantly different from those previously reported [ 13 - 18 ] Phenotype
Frequency
Gene frequency
Pa system
Pa(+) Pa(-) total
$5 (37.9%) 139 (62.1%) 224
Pa+ = 0.212 Pa- = 0.188
Pb system
Pbl-1 Pbl-2 Pb2-2 total
175 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 175
Pb’ = 1.000 Pb2 =0
Pr system
Prl-1 Prl-2 Pr2-2 total
75 (57.2%) 50 (38.2%) 6 (4.6%) 131
Pr’ = 0 763 Pr2 = 0:237
Db system
Db(+) Db(-) total
13 (9.9%) 118 (90.1%) 131
Db+ = 0.051 Db- = 0.959
Pm system
Pm(+) Pm(-) total
145 (65.0%) 78 (35.0%) 223
Pm+ = 0.409 Pm- = 0.591
Ph system
Ph(+) Ph(-) total
11 (5.1%) 206 (94.9%) 217
Ph+ = 0.026 Ph- = 0.974
AmyI system
Amy1 V* AmylA total
12 (2.6%) 446 (97.4%) 458
Amy”** = 0.013 Amy h = 0.987
*All Amy1 variant phenotypes combined. **All Amy1 variant alleles combined.
A comparison of gene frequencies with those of other racial groups is made in Table 2. The data for the gene frequencies of Caucasians, Blacks and Chinese were obtained from the reports by Merrit et al. [4], Azen [5], Azen and Oppenheim [6], Azen and Denniston [ 71 and Friedman et al. [9]. The gene frequency of Db+ in Japanese (Db+ = 0.051) was lower than in Caucasians (Db+ = 0.12), Negroes (Db+ = 0.56) and Chinese (Db+ = 0.07), while the frequency of Pb’ in Japanese people (Pb’ = 1.000) was higher than in Caucasians (Pb’ = 0.995) and Blacks (Pb’ = 0.84). Frequencies of Pr’ and Amy: in Japanese people (Pr’ = 0.765, Amy; = 0.013) were somewhat higher than in Caucasians (Pr’ = 0.73, Amy: = 0.005) but lower than in Blacks (Pa’ = 0.14). For the Pm and Ph systems, comparison with other racial groups has not been carried out.
44 TABLE 2 Comparison of the allelic frequencies of various salivary polymorphisms Japanese (present study)
Caucasian American
Black American
Oriental American
Pa+ Pa-
0.212 0.788 (224)
0.21 0.79 (331)
0.14 0.86 (122)
0.42 0.58 (6)
Pb’ Pb2
1 .ooo 0 (175)
0.995
0.005 (101)
0.84 0.16 (90)
Prl Pr2
0.763 0.237 (131)
0.73 0.27 (120)
0.80 0.20 (79)
0.84 0.16 (40)
Db+ Db-
0.051 0.959 (131)
0.12 0.88 (100)
0.56 0.44 (100)
0.07 0.93 (54)
Pm+ Pm-
0.409
0.29
0.591 (223)
0.71 (Chinese) (20)
Ph+ Ph-
0.026 0.974 (217)
Locus and allele
Reference
Pa system : 9
Pb system : 5
Pr system :
Db system :
Pm system: 10
Ph system :
Amy1 system : Amy:*
Am
ye
0.013 0.987 (458)
11
0.005 0.995 (961)
0.039
4
0.961 (208)
*All Amy1 variant alleles combined.
Separate chances and the combined chance of exclusion of falsely alleged fathers The chances of exclusion of falsely alleged fathers in the Japanese population were calculated on the basis of the gene frequencies given above [ 121. When the calculation is made on the assumption that the loci for the different salivary polymorphic systems segregate independently, the combined chance of exclusion by these systems is 0.305 (Table 3). The chance of exclusion using blood-group polymorphic systems in the Japanese population is 0.680, and when the chances of exclusion from various serum and red-cell
45 TABLE 3 The chance of exclusion of falsely alleged fathers by salivary polymorphic
Pa system Pr system Db system Pm system Ph system
systems
Exclusion by each system
Combined exclusion
0.082 0.148 0.043 0.050 0.023
0.082 0.218 0.252 0.289 0.305
TABLE 4 The chance of exclusion of falsely alleged fathers by blood, serum and red-cell enzyme polymorphic systems
ABO system MN system Rh system P system Duffy system Kidd system Diego system Kell-Cellano system Se-se system Hp system Gc system Gm system Inv system Acp system PGM system 6PGD system GPT system EsD system Pa system Pr system Db system Pm system Ph system
Exclusion by each system
Combined exclusion
0.192 0.123 0.237 0.078 0.082 0.179 0.078 0.045 0.033 0.152 0.146 0.176 0.074 0.134 0.134 0.082 0.183 0.177 0.082 0.148 0.043 0.050 0.023
0.192 0.291 0.459 0.501 0.542 0.624 0.653 0.669 0.680 0.729 0.769 0.810 0.824 0.848 0.868 0.879 0.901 0.919 0.926 0.937 0.940 0.943 0.944
The calculations are based on Japanese gene frequencies [ 121.
enzyme
polymorphic
systems
are included,
amounts to 0.919 (Table 4). In addition, polymorphic systems was also included,
the combined
chance
when the calculation the combined chance
of exclusion from salivary of exclusion
46
rose to 0.944. All the Japanese samples we examined are restricted to the Pbl-1 type and this system therefore seems to be unsuitable for application to paternity cases. The frequency of Amy, variant phenotypes in Japanese people is 0.013 and genetic polymorphisms are also observed for other salivary enzymes [19 - 211. If these chances of exclusion calculated from their gene frequencies are considered, the rate of the index becomes higher. It may be concluded that salivary polymorphic systems offer considerable information for paternity cases in forensic medicine.
Acknowledgement This study was supported by a scientific research fund from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan. References 1 R. R. Race and R. &urger, Blood Groups in Man. Davis, Philadelphia, 1975, p. 311. 2 H. Miyakoshi, The serological constitutions of men from the standpoint of iso-agglutinins in saliva. Jap. J. Leg. Med., 12 (Suppl.) (1951) 75 - 100 (in Japanese). 3 H. G. Kunkel, W. K. Smith, F. G. Jo&n, J. B. Natvig and S. D. Litwin, Genetic marker of the rA2 subgroup of rA immunoglobulins. Nature, 223 (1969) 1247 - 1248. 4 A. D. Merrit, M. L. Rivas, D. Bixler and R. Newell, Salivary and pancreatic amylase: Electrophoretic characterizations and genetic studies. Amer. J. Hum. Genet., 25 (1973) 510 - 522. 5 E. A. Azen, Genetic polymorphism of basic proteins from parotid saliva. Science, 176 (1972) 673 - 674. 6 E. A. Azen and F. G. Oppenheim, Genetic polymorphism of proline-rich salivary proteins. Science, 180 (1973) 1067 - 1069. 7 E. A. Azen and C. L. Denniston, Genetic polymorphism of human salivary prolinerich proteins: Further genetic analysis. Biochem. Genet., 12 (1974) 109 - 120. 8 C. R. Balakrishnan and G. C. Ashton, Polymorphism of human salivary proteins. Amer. J. Hum. Genet., 26 (1974) 145 - 153. 9 R. D. Friedman, A. D. Merrit and M. L. Rims, Genetic studies of human acidic salivary protein (Pa). Amer. J. Hum. Genet., 27 (1974) 292 - 303. 10 S. Ikemoto, K. Minaguchi, K. Suzuki and K. Tomita, New genetic marker in human parotid saliva (Pm). Science, 197 (1977) 378 - 379. 11 S. Ikemoto, K. Minaguchi, K. Tomita and K. Suzuki, A variant protein in human parotid saliva detected by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its inheritance. Ann. Hum. Genet., 43 (1979) in press. 12 S. Ueno, New Forensic Medicine. Nanzando, Tokyo, 1974, p. 346 (in Japanese). 13 S. Ikemoto, K. Minaguchi and H. Hinohara, Genetic polymorphism of human parotid salivary proteins (Pa, Pb, Pr, Db and Pm) and salivary amylase isozyme in Japanese population. Hum. Hered., 27 (1977) 328 - 331. 14 K. Minaguchi, S. Ikemoto, I. Nakajima and K. Suzuki, Studies of genetic markers in human saliva (I) Frequencies of Pa and Pb systems from parotid saliva of Japanese in Tokyo. Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll., 17 (1976) 185 - 190. 15 K. Minaguchi, S. Ikemoto, K. Iida and K. Suzuki, Studies of genetic markers in human saliva (II) Frequencies of Pr and Db systems from parotid saliva of Japanese in Tokyo. Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll., 17 (1976) 191 - 198.
47 16 H. Hinohara, K. Minaguchi, S. Ikemoto, M. Shimada and K. Suzuki, Studies of genetic markers in human saliva (III) Variants of human salivary amylase from Japanese in Tokyo and its inheritance. Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll., 17 (1976) 199 - 204. 17 K. Minaguchi, S. Ikemoto, H. Hinohara, H. Oka and K. Suzuki, Studies of genetic markers in human saliva (IV) Frequencies of a new polymorphic protein (Pm) system from parotid saliva of Japanese in Tokyo. Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll., 18 (1977) 13 - 17. 18 K. Minaguchi, S. Ikemoto, T. Tsutsumi and K. Suzuki, Studies of genetic markers in human saliva (V) Genetic study of a parotid middle-band protein (Pm): Further genetic analysis. Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll., 19 (1978) 87 - 92. 19 S. G. Tan and G. C. Ashton, Saliva acid phosphatase: Genetic studies. Hum. Hered., 26 (1976) 81 - 89. 20 S. G. Tan and G. C. Ashton, Autosomal-B-phosphate dehydrogenase (hexose-6phosphate dehydrogenase) polymorphism in human saliva. Hum. Hered., 26 (1976) 113 - 123. 21 S. G. Tan, Human saliva esterase: Genetic studies. Hum. Hered., 26 (1976) 207 - 216.
41
FREQUENCIES OF SALIVARY GENETIC MARKER SYSTEMS IN THE JAPANESE POPULATION AND THEIR APPLICATION TO FORENSIC MEDICINE
SHIGENORI
IKEMOTO and KOICHI TOMITA
Department of Legal Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi (Japan) KIYOSHI MINAGUCHI and KAZUO SUZUKI Department of Forensic Odonfology, (Received November 17,1978;
Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo (Japan)
accepted March 22,1979)
summary Seven salivary polymorphic systems were studied using whole and parotid saliva from random Japanese individuals. The gene frequencies obtained were: Pa+ = 0.212, Pb’ = 1.000, Pb2 = 0,Pr’ = 0.763, Pr2 = 0.237, Db+ = 0.051, Pm+ = 0.409, Ph+ = 0.026 and Amy: = 0.013, respectively. Based on these gene frequencies, the chances for exclusion of falsely alleged fathers were calculated. The chance of exclusion on the basis of five salivary polymorphic systems was 0.305. The combined chance of exclusion utilizing only blood, serum and red-cell enzyme polymorphic systems among the Japanese population was 0.919; however, by applying salivary polymorphic systems to the calculation, the total exclusion rose to 0.944.
Introduction The Se system [ 11, whose markers are A, B, H and Lea, Leb blood-group substances, the V system [2], whose markers are typical blood-group antibodies, and the Am system [3], the allo-types in the heavy chain of secretor IgA, are well-known genetic marker systems in human saliva. These systems have all added useful information to research in human genetics, paternity cases in forensic medicine, and diagnosis in clinical medicine. Since 1970, genetic studies of salivary proteins, especially salivary amylase and parotid proteins, have been developed and several polymorphisms - AmyI (salivary amylase) [4], Pb (parotid basic proteins) [S] , Pr (proline-rich proteins) [6], Db (double-band proteins) [7], Sal [8] and Pa (salivary acidic protein) [9] have been reported. The present authors have also reported new genetic markers in human saliva, the Pm (parotid middle-band protein) [lo] and Ph (parotid heavy protein) [ 111 systems. In our present study the phenotype frequencies and the gene frequencies of these systems in the Japanese population were examined and the application to forensic medicine was also studied.
42
Materials and methods
Saliva Amy, system: whole saliva samples were used. Pa, Pb, Pr, Db, Pm and Ph systems: parotid salivasamples were collected with a double-chamber cup of the Curby type and were concentrated by lyophilization. Detection
of salivary polymorphisms
Pa, Pb and Pm systems: acid-urea starch gel electrophoresis was used following the method of Azen [5] for Pb, of Friedman et al. [9] for Pa, and of Ikemoto et al. [lo] for Pm. Pr, Db and Amy, systems: alkaline-slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used according to the method of Azen and Denniston [7] for Pr and Db, and of Merrit et al. for Amy,. Ph system: SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out according to the method of Ikemoto et al. [ll] . Calculation
of the chance
of exclusion
of falsely alleged fathers.
The chance of exclusion of falsely alleged fathers was calculated with reference to the formula of Ueno [ 121.
Results and discussion Phenotype comparison
frequencies and gene frequencies in the Japanese of gene frequencies with other racial groups
population
and
Phenotype and gene frequencies of Pa, Pb, Pr, Db, Pm, Ph and Amy, systems in samples of randomly chosen individuals from a Japanese population are shown in Table 1. Among 224 Japanese individuals, 37.9% were Pa(+) and 62.1% were Pa(-). Gene frequencies estimated were Pa+ 0.212 and Pa- 0.788. All 175 samples were of Pbl-ltype. Pr and Db systems were examined in 131 individuals. The proportions of Prl-1, Prl-2 and Pr2-2 types were 57.2%, 38.2% and 4.6%, respectively; of the Db system, 9.9% were Db(+) type and 90.1% were of Db(-) type. Gene frequencies calculated were, Pr’ 0.763, Pr2 0.237, Db+ 0.051 and Db- 0.959. The Pm system was examined in 223 individuals. Phenotype frequencies of Pm(+) and Pm(-) were 65.0% and 35.0%, respectively, and gene frequency estimates were Pm+ 0.409 and Pm- 0.591. A variant polymorphic protein was disclosed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from parotid saliva and we tentatively designated it Ph protein. Of 217 individuals examined 5.1% were of Ph(+) type. Gene frequencies obtained were Ph+ 0.026 and Ph- 0.974. The zymogram of salivary amylase was examined in 458 samples and 2.6% showed variant amylase zymograms. Gene frequency of all amylase variant alleles combined was 0.013.
43 TABLE
1
Phenotype and gene frequencies of Pa, Pb, Pr, Db, Pm, Ph and Amy1 systems in the Japanese population. The estimated gene frequencies of Pa, Pb, Pr, Db, Pm and Amy1 systems were not significantly different from those previously reported [ 13 - 18 ] Phenotype
Frequency
Gene frequency
Pa system
Pa(+) Pa(-) total
$5 (37.9%) 139 (62.1%) 224
Pa+ = 0.212 Pa- = 0.188
Pb system
Pbl-1 Pbl-2 Pb2-2 total
175 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 175
Pb’ = 1.000 Pb2 =0
Pr system
Prl-1 Prl-2 Pr2-2 total
75 (57.2%) 50 (38.2%) 6 (4.6%) 131
Pr’ = 0 763 Pr2 = 0:237
Db system
Db(+) Db(-) total
13 (9.9%) 118 (90.1%) 131
Db+ = 0.051 Db- = 0.959
Pm system
Pm(+) Pm(-) total
145 (65.0%) 78 (35.0%) 223
Pm+ = 0.409 Pm- = 0.591
Ph system
Ph(+) Ph(-) total
11 (5.1%) 206 (94.9%) 217
Ph+ = 0.026 Ph- = 0.974
AmyI system
Amy1 V* AmylA total
12 (2.6%) 446 (97.4%) 458
Amy”** = 0.013 Amy h = 0.987
*All Amy1 variant phenotypes combined. **All Amy1 variant alleles combined.
A comparison of gene frequencies with those of other racial groups is made in Table 2. The data for the gene frequencies of Caucasians, Blacks and Chinese were obtained from the reports by Merrit et al. [4], Azen [5], Azen and Oppenheim [6], Azen and Denniston [ 71 and Friedman et al. [9]. The gene frequency of Db+ in Japanese (Db+ = 0.051) was lower than in Caucasians (Db+ = 0.12), Negroes (Db+ = 0.56) and Chinese (Db+ = 0.07), while the frequency of Pb’ in Japanese people (Pb’ = 1.000) was higher than in Caucasians (Pb’ = 0.995) and Blacks (Pb’ = 0.84). Frequencies of Pr’ and Amy: in Japanese people (Pr’ = 0.765, Amy; = 0.013) were somewhat higher than in Caucasians (Pr’ = 0.73, Amy: = 0.005) but lower than in Blacks (Pa’ = 0.14). For the Pm and Ph systems, comparison with other racial groups has not been carried out.
44 TABLE 2 Comparison of the allelic frequencies of various salivary polymorphisms Japanese (present study)
Caucasian American
Black American
Oriental American
Pa+ Pa-
0.212 0.788 (224)
0.21 0.79 (331)
0.14 0.86 (122)
0.42 0.58 (6)
Pb’ Pb2
1 .ooo 0 (175)
0.995
0.005 (101)
0.84 0.16 (90)
Prl Pr2
0.763 0.237 (131)
0.73 0.27 (120)
0.80 0.20 (79)
0.84 0.16 (40)
Db+ Db-
0.051 0.959 (131)
0.12 0.88 (100)
0.56 0.44 (100)
0.07 0.93 (54)
Pm+ Pm-
0.409
0.29
0.591 (223)
0.71 (Chinese) (20)
Ph+ Ph-
0.026 0.974 (217)
Locus and allele
Reference
Pa system : 9
Pb system : 5
Pr system :
Db system :
Pm system: 10
Ph system :
Amy1 system : Amy:*
Am
ye
0.013 0.987 (458)
11
0.005 0.995 (961)
0.039
4
0.961 (208)
*All Amy1 variant alleles combined.
Separate chances and the combined chance of exclusion of falsely alleged fathers The chances of exclusion of falsely alleged fathers in the Japanese population were calculated on the basis of the gene frequencies given above [ 121. When the calculation is made on the assumption that the loci for the different salivary polymorphic systems segregate independently, the combined chance of exclusion by these systems is 0.305 (Table 3). The chance of exclusion using blood-group polymorphic systems in the Japanese population is 0.680, and when the chances of exclusion from various serum and red-cell
45 TABLE 3 The chance of exclusion of falsely alleged fathers by salivary polymorphic
Pa system Pr system Db system Pm system Ph system
systems
Exclusion by each system
Combined exclusion
0.082 0.148 0.043 0.050 0.023
0.082 0.218 0.252 0.289 0.305
TABLE 4 The chance of exclusion of falsely alleged fathers by blood, serum and red-cell enzyme polymorphic systems
ABO system MN system Rh system P system Duffy system Kidd system Diego system Kell-Cellano system Se-se system Hp system Gc system Gm system Inv system Acp system PGM system 6PGD system GPT system EsD system Pa system Pr system Db system Pm system Ph system
Exclusion by each system
Combined exclusion
0.192 0.123 0.237 0.078 0.082 0.179 0.078 0.045 0.033 0.152 0.146 0.176 0.074 0.134 0.134 0.082 0.183 0.177 0.082 0.148 0.043 0.050 0.023
0.192 0.291 0.459 0.501 0.542 0.624 0.653 0.669 0.680 0.729 0.769 0.810 0.824 0.848 0.868 0.879 0.901 0.919 0.926 0.937 0.940 0.943 0.944
The calculations are based on Japanese gene frequencies [ 121.
enzyme
polymorphic
systems
are included,
amounts to 0.919 (Table 4). In addition, polymorphic systems was also included,
the combined
chance
when the calculation the combined chance
of exclusion from salivary of exclusion
46
rose to 0.944. All the Japanese samples we examined are restricted to the Pbl-1 type and this system therefore seems to be unsuitable for application to paternity cases. The frequency of Amy, variant phenotypes in Japanese people is 0.013 and genetic polymorphisms are also observed for other salivary enzymes [19 - 211. If these chances of exclusion calculated from their gene frequencies are considered, the rate of the index becomes higher. It may be concluded that salivary polymorphic systems offer considerable information for paternity cases in forensic medicine.
Acknowledgement This study was supported by a scientific research fund from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan. References 1 R. R. Race and R. &urger, Blood Groups in Man. Davis, Philadelphia, 1975, p. 311. 2 H. Miyakoshi, The serological constitutions of men from the standpoint of iso-agglutinins in saliva. Jap. J. Leg. Med., 12 (Suppl.) (1951) 75 - 100 (in Japanese). 3 H. G. Kunkel, W. K. Smith, F. G. Jo&n, J. B. Natvig and S. D. Litwin, Genetic marker of the rA2 subgroup of rA immunoglobulins. Nature, 223 (1969) 1247 - 1248. 4 A. D. Merrit, M. L. Rivas, D. Bixler and R. Newell, Salivary and pancreatic amylase: Electrophoretic characterizations and genetic studies. Amer. J. Hum. Genet., 25 (1973) 510 - 522. 5 E. A. Azen, Genetic polymorphism of basic proteins from parotid saliva. Science, 176 (1972) 673 - 674. 6 E. A. Azen and F. G. Oppenheim, Genetic polymorphism of proline-rich salivary proteins. Science, 180 (1973) 1067 - 1069. 7 E. A. Azen and C. L. Denniston, Genetic polymorphism of human salivary prolinerich proteins: Further genetic analysis. Biochem. Genet., 12 (1974) 109 - 120. 8 C. R. Balakrishnan and G. C. Ashton, Polymorphism of human salivary proteins. Amer. J. Hum. Genet., 26 (1974) 145 - 153. 9 R. D. Friedman, A. D. Merrit and M. L. Rims, Genetic studies of human acidic salivary protein (Pa). Amer. J. Hum. Genet., 27 (1974) 292 - 303. 10 S. Ikemoto, K. Minaguchi, K. Suzuki and K. Tomita, New genetic marker in human parotid saliva (Pm). Science, 197 (1977) 378 - 379. 11 S. Ikemoto, K. Minaguchi, K. Tomita and K. Suzuki, A variant protein in human parotid saliva detected by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its inheritance. Ann. Hum. Genet., 43 (1979) in press. 12 S. Ueno, New Forensic Medicine. Nanzando, Tokyo, 1974, p. 346 (in Japanese). 13 S. Ikemoto, K. Minaguchi and H. Hinohara, Genetic polymorphism of human parotid salivary proteins (Pa, Pb, Pr, Db and Pm) and salivary amylase isozyme in Japanese population. Hum. Hered., 27 (1977) 328 - 331. 14 K. Minaguchi, S. Ikemoto, I. Nakajima and K. Suzuki, Studies of genetic markers in human saliva (I) Frequencies of Pa and Pb systems from parotid saliva of Japanese in Tokyo. Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll., 17 (1976) 185 - 190. 15 K. Minaguchi, S. Ikemoto, K. Iida and K. Suzuki, Studies of genetic markers in human saliva (II) Frequencies of Pr and Db systems from parotid saliva of Japanese in Tokyo. Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll., 17 (1976) 191 - 198.
47 16 H. Hinohara, K. Minaguchi, S. Ikemoto, M. Shimada and K. Suzuki, Studies of genetic markers in human saliva (III) Variants of human salivary amylase from Japanese in Tokyo and its inheritance. Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll., 17 (1976) 199 - 204. 17 K. Minaguchi, S. Ikemoto, H. Hinohara, H. Oka and K. Suzuki, Studies of genetic markers in human saliva (IV) Frequencies of a new polymorphic protein (Pm) system from parotid saliva of Japanese in Tokyo. Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll., 18 (1977) 13 - 17. 18 K. Minaguchi, S. Ikemoto, T. Tsutsumi and K. Suzuki, Studies of genetic markers in human saliva (V) Genetic study of a parotid middle-band protein (Pm): Further genetic analysis. Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll., 19 (1978) 87 - 92. 19 S. G. Tan and G. C. Ashton, Saliva acid phosphatase: Genetic studies. Hum. Hered., 26 (1976) 81 - 89. 20 S. G. Tan and G. C. Ashton, Autosomal-B-phosphate dehydrogenase (hexose-6phosphate dehydrogenase) polymorphism in human saliva. Hum. Hered., 26 (1976) 113 - 123. 21 S. G. Tan, Human saliva esterase: Genetic studies. Hum. Hered., 26 (1976) 207 - 216.
