Thyroid adenocarcinoma metastasis 48 years after diagnosis Acknowledgments The authors thank Karen K. Anderson, B.S. (Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center) for her assistance with manuscript editing and preparation. Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper. References [1] Hoie J, Stenwig AE, Kullmann G, Lindegaard M. Distant metastases in papillary thyroid cancer. A review of 91 patients. Cancer 1988;61:1–6. [2] Shaha AR, Shah JP, Loree TR. Differentiated thyroid cancer presenting initially with distant metastasis. Am J Surg 1997;174:474–6. [3] Clark JR, Lai P, Hall F, Borglund A, Eski S, Freeman JL. Variables predicting distant metastases in thyroid cancer. Laryngoscope 2005;115:661–7. [4] Dinneen SF, Valimaki MJ, Bergstralh EJ, Goellner JR, Gorman CA, Hay ID. Distant metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma: 100 cases observed at one institution during 5 decades. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2041–5. [5] Pacini F, Castagna MG. Approach to and treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Med Clin North Am 2012; 96:369–83. [6] Schlumberger MJ. Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1998;338:297–306. [7] Chonan M, Mino M, Yoshida M, Sakamoto K. Brain metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma with acute intracerebral hemorrhage: A surgical case report. No Shinkei Geka 2012;40:453–7. [8] Wanta SM, Basina M, Chang SD, Chang DT, Ford JM, Greco R, et al. A rare case of an aldosterone secreting metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma and papillary thyroid carcinoma in a 31-year-old male. Rare Tumors 2011;3:e45.
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[9] Xu YH, Song HJ, Qiu ZL, Luo QY. Brain metastases with exceptional features from papillary thyroid carcinoma: Report of three cases. Hell J Nucl Med 2011;14: 56–9. [10] Bernad DM, Sperduto PW, Souhami L, Jensen AW, Roberge D. Stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of brain metastases from primary thyroid cancers. J Neurooncol 2010;98:249–52. [11] Parker LN, Wu SY, Kim DD, Kollin J, Prasasvinichai S. Recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting as a focal neurologic deficit. Arch Intern Med 1986;146: 1985–7. [12] Song HJ, Xue YL, Xu YH, Qiu ZL, Luo QY. Rare metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Pictorial review. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011;18:R165–74. [13] Al-Dhahri SF, Al-Amro AS, Al-Shakwer W, Terkawi AS. Cerebellar mass as a primary presentation of papillary thyroid carcinoma: Case report and literature review. Head Neck Oncol 2009;1:23. [14] Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Kaprara A, Chrisoulidou A, Boudina M, Georgiou E, Patakiouta F, et al. Cerebellar metastasis as first metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr J 2005;52:653–7. [15] Bell CD, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Smythe H, Asa S. Papillary carcinoma of thyroid metastatic to the pituitary gland. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001;125:935–8. [16] Chrisoulidou A, Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Flaris N, Drimonitis A, Giavroglou I, Ginikopoulou E, et al. Pituitary metastasis of follicular thyroid carcinoma. Horm Res 2004;61: 190–2. [17] Ogawa Y, Sugawara T, Seki H, Sakuma T. Thyroid follicular carcinoma metastasized to the lung, skull, and brain 12 years after initial treatment for thyroid gland – case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2006;46:302–5. [18] Misaki T, Iwata M, Kasagi K, Konishi J. Brain metastasis from differentiated thyroid cancer in patients treated with radioiodine for bone and lung lesions. Ann Nucl Med 2000;14:111–4. [19] Chiu AC, Delpassand ES, Sherman SI. Prognosis and treatment of brain metastases in thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3637–42.
Grb2 and its influence on tumor growth and progression in systemic malignancies
SHAILENDRA KAPOOR Private practice, Palatine, Illinois, USA To the Editor, The recent article by Shi et al. provided for highly stimulating reading [1]. Grb2 may play a major role in tumor progression in a number of other systemic malignancies.
Grb2 plays a prominent role in tumor progression in mammary malignancies. Typically, up-regulated Grb2 levels are seen in breast cancers [2]. It plays a major role in proliferation of breast cancer cells especially those that overexpress ErbB2. It
Correspondence: Shailendra Kapoor Private practice, Palatine, Illinois, USA. Tel: ⫹ 1 865 5675678. Fax: ⫹ 1 865 6786787. E-mail: shailendrakapoor@ yahoo.com (Received 15 April 2013 ; accepted 30 July 2013) ISSN 0284-186X print/ISSN 1651-226X online © 2014 Informa Healthcare DOI: 10.3109/0284186X.2013.840738
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mediates its modulatory role by accentuating Ets-2dependent transcription within the breast cancer cells [3]. In addition, it also increases activation of the Akt signaling pathway. Besides this, it may also up-regulate the activity of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 [4]. Augmentation of the intratumoral levels of “Grb2 and the hSos-1 Ras GDPGTP” complexes is typically seen following up-regulation of Grb2 levels [5]. Grb2 along with Shc also has an activating impact on extracellular signal-regulated kinases within the breast tumor [6]. These changes have been confirmed recently in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines [7]. Similar up-regulation of Grb2 has been noted in pulmonary malignancies. For instance, only 12% of benign lung tissue stains positive for Grb2 in contrast to nearly 62% of all squamous cell lung carcinomas [8]. Interestingly, the PSGF signal to Grb2 is mediated by Lad and results in accentuated AP-1 activation within the tumor cells [9]. Similar accentuation of Grb2 expression is seen in gastrointestinal malignancies such as gastric carcinomas. For instance, up-regulated Grb2 levels are seen in nearly 48% of all gastric malignancies [10]. Malignant gastric tumors in the gastric cardia tend to express higher levels of Grb2. Also higher levels have been noted in gastric carcinoma patients over the age of 60 years. Not surprisingly, decreased overall survival is seen in patients with up-regulated Grb2 expression. The above examples clearly illustrate the significant role of Grb2 in tumor progression in a number of systemic malignancies and the need for further large scale studies to fully explore and understand its role in tumor evolution and growth.
Declaration of interest: The author report no conflicts of interest. The author alone is responsible for the content and writing of the paper. References [1] Shi L, Sun X, Zhang J, Zhao C, Li H, Liu Z, et al. Gab2 expression in glioma and its implications for tumor invasion. Acta Oncol 2013;52:1739–50. [2] Daly RJ, Binder MD, Sutherland RL. Overexpression of the Grb2 gene in human breast cancer cell lines. Oncogene 1994;9:2723–7. [3] Mendoza-Gamboa E, Siwak DR, Tari AM. The HER2/Grb2/ Akt pathway regulates the DNA binding activity of AP-1 in breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2004;12:903–8. [4] Dankort D, Maslikowski B, Warner N. Grb2 and Shc adapter proteins play distinct roles in Neu (ErbB-2)-induced mammary tumorigenesis: Implications for human breast cancer. Mol Cell Biol 2001;21:1540–51. [5] Lim SJ, Lopez-Berestein G, Hung MC, Lupu R, Tari AM. Grb2 downregulation leads to Akt inactivation in heregulinstimulated and ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2000;19:6271–6. [6] Yip SS, Crew AJ, Gee JM. Up-regulation of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in human breast cancer and correlation with GRB2 expression. Int J Cancer 2000;88:363–8. [7] Zang XP, Siwak DR, Nguyen TX, Tari AM, Pento JT. KGF-induced motility of breast cancer cells is dependent on Grb2 and Erk1,2. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004;21:437–43. [8] Xu XL, Wang X, Chen ZL. Overexpression of Grb2associated binder 2 in human lung cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2011;7:496–504. [9] Park D, Choi YB, Han MK, Kim UH, Shin J, Yun Y. Adaptor protein Lad relays PDGF signal to Grb2 in lung cells: A tissue-specific PDGF signal transduction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;284:275–81. [10] Yu GZ, Chen Y, Wang JJ. Overexpression of Grb2/HER2 signaling in Chinese gastric cancer: Their relationship with clinicopathological parameters and prognostic significance. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009;135:1331–9.
Crizotinib-induced acute interstitial lung disease in a patient with EML4-ALK positive non-small cell lung cancer and chronic interstitial pneumonia
NAOHIRO WATANABE1, YOSHIO NAKAHARA1, HIROYUKI TANIGUCHI1, TOMOKI KIMURA1, YASUHIRO KONDOH1, KENSUKE KATAOKA1 & KOJI SAKAMOTO2 1Department
of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Tosei General Hospital, Seto, Aichi, Japan and 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
Correspondence: H. Taniguchi, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Tosei General Hospital, 160 Nishioiwake-cho, Seto, Aichi 489-8642, Japan. Tel: ⫹81 561825101. Fax: ⫹81 561 829139. E-mail: [email protected] (Received 28 April 2013 ; accepted 1 May 2013) ISSN 0284-186X print/ISSN 1651-226X online © 2014 Informa Healthcare DOI: 10.3109/0284186X.2013.802838
Copyright of Acta Oncologica is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
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[9] Xu YH, Song HJ, Qiu ZL, Luo QY. Brain metastases with exceptional features from papillary thyroid carcinoma: Report of three cases. Hell J Nucl Med 2011;14: 56–9. [10] Bernad DM, Sperduto PW, Souhami L, Jensen AW, Roberge D. Stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of brain metastases from primary thyroid cancers. J Neurooncol 2010;98:249–52. [11] Parker LN, Wu SY, Kim DD, Kollin J, Prasasvinichai S. Recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting as a focal neurologic deficit. Arch Intern Med 1986;146: 1985–7. [12] Song HJ, Xue YL, Xu YH, Qiu ZL, Luo QY. Rare metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Pictorial review. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011;18:R165–74. [13] Al-Dhahri SF, Al-Amro AS, Al-Shakwer W, Terkawi AS. Cerebellar mass as a primary presentation of papillary thyroid carcinoma: Case report and literature review. Head Neck Oncol 2009;1:23. [14] Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Kaprara A, Chrisoulidou A, Boudina M, Georgiou E, Patakiouta F, et al. Cerebellar metastasis as first metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr J 2005;52:653–7. [15] Bell CD, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Smythe H, Asa S. Papillary carcinoma of thyroid metastatic to the pituitary gland. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001;125:935–8. [16] Chrisoulidou A, Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Flaris N, Drimonitis A, Giavroglou I, Ginikopoulou E, et al. Pituitary metastasis of follicular thyroid carcinoma. Horm Res 2004;61: 190–2. [17] Ogawa Y, Sugawara T, Seki H, Sakuma T. Thyroid follicular carcinoma metastasized to the lung, skull, and brain 12 years after initial treatment for thyroid gland – case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2006;46:302–5. [18] Misaki T, Iwata M, Kasagi K, Konishi J. Brain metastasis from differentiated thyroid cancer in patients treated with radioiodine for bone and lung lesions. Ann Nucl Med 2000;14:111–4. [19] Chiu AC, Delpassand ES, Sherman SI. Prognosis and treatment of brain metastases in thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3637–42.
Grb2 and its influence on tumor growth and progression in systemic malignancies
SHAILENDRA KAPOOR Private practice, Palatine, Illinois, USA To the Editor, The recent article by Shi et al. provided for highly stimulating reading [1]. Grb2 may play a major role in tumor progression in a number of other systemic malignancies.
Grb2 plays a prominent role in tumor progression in mammary malignancies. Typically, up-regulated Grb2 levels are seen in breast cancers [2]. It plays a major role in proliferation of breast cancer cells especially those that overexpress ErbB2. It
Correspondence: Shailendra Kapoor Private practice, Palatine, Illinois, USA. Tel: ⫹ 1 865 5675678. Fax: ⫹ 1 865 6786787. E-mail: shailendrakapoor@ yahoo.com (Received 15 April 2013 ; accepted 30 July 2013) ISSN 0284-186X print/ISSN 1651-226X online © 2014 Informa Healthcare DOI: 10.3109/0284186X.2013.840738
158
N. Watanabe et al.
mediates its modulatory role by accentuating Ets-2dependent transcription within the breast cancer cells [3]. In addition, it also increases activation of the Akt signaling pathway. Besides this, it may also up-regulate the activity of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 [4]. Augmentation of the intratumoral levels of “Grb2 and the hSos-1 Ras GDPGTP” complexes is typically seen following up-regulation of Grb2 levels [5]. Grb2 along with Shc also has an activating impact on extracellular signal-regulated kinases within the breast tumor [6]. These changes have been confirmed recently in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines [7]. Similar up-regulation of Grb2 has been noted in pulmonary malignancies. For instance, only 12% of benign lung tissue stains positive for Grb2 in contrast to nearly 62% of all squamous cell lung carcinomas [8]. Interestingly, the PSGF signal to Grb2 is mediated by Lad and results in accentuated AP-1 activation within the tumor cells [9]. Similar accentuation of Grb2 expression is seen in gastrointestinal malignancies such as gastric carcinomas. For instance, up-regulated Grb2 levels are seen in nearly 48% of all gastric malignancies [10]. Malignant gastric tumors in the gastric cardia tend to express higher levels of Grb2. Also higher levels have been noted in gastric carcinoma patients over the age of 60 years. Not surprisingly, decreased overall survival is seen in patients with up-regulated Grb2 expression. The above examples clearly illustrate the significant role of Grb2 in tumor progression in a number of systemic malignancies and the need for further large scale studies to fully explore and understand its role in tumor evolution and growth.
Declaration of interest: The author report no conflicts of interest. The author alone is responsible for the content and writing of the paper. References [1] Shi L, Sun X, Zhang J, Zhao C, Li H, Liu Z, et al. Gab2 expression in glioma and its implications for tumor invasion. Acta Oncol 2013;52:1739–50. [2] Daly RJ, Binder MD, Sutherland RL. Overexpression of the Grb2 gene in human breast cancer cell lines. Oncogene 1994;9:2723–7. [3] Mendoza-Gamboa E, Siwak DR, Tari AM. The HER2/Grb2/ Akt pathway regulates the DNA binding activity of AP-1 in breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2004;12:903–8. [4] Dankort D, Maslikowski B, Warner N. Grb2 and Shc adapter proteins play distinct roles in Neu (ErbB-2)-induced mammary tumorigenesis: Implications for human breast cancer. Mol Cell Biol 2001;21:1540–51. [5] Lim SJ, Lopez-Berestein G, Hung MC, Lupu R, Tari AM. Grb2 downregulation leads to Akt inactivation in heregulinstimulated and ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2000;19:6271–6. [6] Yip SS, Crew AJ, Gee JM. Up-regulation of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in human breast cancer and correlation with GRB2 expression. Int J Cancer 2000;88:363–8. [7] Zang XP, Siwak DR, Nguyen TX, Tari AM, Pento JT. KGF-induced motility of breast cancer cells is dependent on Grb2 and Erk1,2. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004;21:437–43. [8] Xu XL, Wang X, Chen ZL. Overexpression of Grb2associated binder 2 in human lung cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2011;7:496–504. [9] Park D, Choi YB, Han MK, Kim UH, Shin J, Yun Y. Adaptor protein Lad relays PDGF signal to Grb2 in lung cells: A tissue-specific PDGF signal transduction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;284:275–81. [10] Yu GZ, Chen Y, Wang JJ. Overexpression of Grb2/HER2 signaling in Chinese gastric cancer: Their relationship with clinicopathological parameters and prognostic significance. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009;135:1331–9.
Crizotinib-induced acute interstitial lung disease in a patient with EML4-ALK positive non-small cell lung cancer and chronic interstitial pneumonia
NAOHIRO WATANABE1, YOSHIO NAKAHARA1, HIROYUKI TANIGUCHI1, TOMOKI KIMURA1, YASUHIRO KONDOH1, KENSUKE KATAOKA1 & KOJI SAKAMOTO2 1Department
of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Tosei General Hospital, Seto, Aichi, Japan and 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
Correspondence: H. Taniguchi, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Tosei General Hospital, 160 Nishioiwake-cho, Seto, Aichi 489-8642, Japan. Tel: ⫹81 561825101. Fax: ⫹81 561 829139. E-mail: [email protected] (Received 28 April 2013 ; accepted 1 May 2013) ISSN 0284-186X print/ISSN 1651-226X online © 2014 Informa Healthcare DOI: 10.3109/0284186X.2013.802838
Copyright of Acta Oncologica is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
