Original Investigations
Highly Cited Works in Radiology: The Top 100 Cited Articles in Radiologic Journals Matthew Pagni, MD, Nickalus R. Khan, MD, Harris L. Cohen, MD, FACR, Asim F. Choudhri, MD Rationale and Objectives: The number of citations a publication receives can be used to show its impact on a field of study. It may indicate the educational interest in a given population or underline a perceived or real educational gap. This article identifies and characterizes the 100 top cited publications in radiologic journals as of May 2013. Materials and Methods: All clinical radiologic journals listed by Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports in 2011 were identified. A total of 46 journals were identified, and all articles published within these journals were analyzed for citation counts. The top 100 highly cited articles were recorded. Results: The most frequently cited radiologic articles appeared in 9 of the 46 journals. These included 59 articles in Radiology, 17 in Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 9 in the American Journal of Roentgenology, 5 in the British Journal of Radiology, 4 in Investigative Radiology, 2 in American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2 in European Radiology, 2 in Radiologic Clinics of North America, 1 in the Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, and 1 in Pediatric Radiology. The citation values ranged from 422 to 7506 with a mean of 751. Publication dates ranged from 1967 to 2006 with the 5-year period between 1986 and 1990 accounting for the largest percentage of articles. The most frequently studied radiologic modality was magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; 28 articles), followed by vascular/interventional (19 articles) and nuclear medicine (13 articles). The central nervous system was the most frequently studied organ system (22 articles), followed by mixed organ systems (14 articles) and liver (12 articles). Conclusions: The top cited articles in radiologic journals span a wide range of imaging modalities, subspecialties, and organ systems. Topics that occurred frequently in the top 100 cited articles included contrast and radiopharmaceutical characterization, MRI of motion, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in the liver and percutaneous vertebroplasty. We present a methodology that uses citation analysis to identify and characterize these articles. Its use may aid radiologists, academic organization, and editorial staff in determining areas of imaging interest or perceived educational gap. It also highlights the importance of including classic articles in current imaging education. Key Words: Bibliometrics; citation; citation analysis; impact factor; radiology; scientometrics; Scopus; Web of Science. ªAUR, 2014
T
he study of medicine in the 21st century brings with it a unique set of problems. There has been an exponential rise in biomedical information and resources at times making it difficult to find the information being sought and also making it difficult to detect the gaps and weaknesses in these repositories of knowledge. Methods for addressing the large amount of resources in an efficient, timely, and accurate manner are essential as we move into the future of evidence-based medicine. The past decade has seen a series of studies which identify landmark articles in disciplines such as anesthesiology (1), critical care (2), occupational therapy (3), ophthalmology (4,5), orthopedics (6–8), otolaryngology (9), neurosurgery (10–13), pediatric
Acad Radiol 2014; -:1–11 From the College of Medicine (M.P., N.R.K.) and Departments of Neurosurgery (N.R.K., A.F.C.) and Radiology (H.L.C., A.F.C.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Radiology, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 848 Adams Ave - G216, Memphis, TN 38103 (H.L.C., A.F.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (H.L.C.), Obstetrics (H.L.C.), and Ophthalmology (A.F.C.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN. Received February 14, 2014; accepted March 10, 2014. Address correspondence to: A.F.C. e-mail: [email protected] ªAUR, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2014.03.011
surgery (8), plastic surgery (14,15), and urology (16–18). These studies used citation counts as a surrogate for the impact of an article on its discipline. These highly cited articles have been made available as lists for reference so that individuals can easily review the articles considered most impactful. In radiology there have been a paucity of such studies (19–21) concerning key article citation. The scope of these previous studies has been limited to single journals and specific periods. There has been only one recent study in radiology evaluating radiologic journals and identifying the most highly cited publications (22), which used one specific database and methodology. The field of bibliometrics equips us with powerful tools to evaluate the literature formally and perform citation analysis. Since the early 1960s, the Institute of Scientific Information has been tracking citation counts. Currently, there are several databases such as Web of Science (WOS; Thomson Reuters, New York, NY), Scopus (Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL), and Google Scholar (Google Inc, Mountain View, CA), allowing individuals to perform analysis of citation counts. The purpose of this study was to present the 100 top cited articles in radiologic journals. These articles were also categorized based on several different components to provide individuals with a practical guide to analyzing the radiologic literature. 1
PAGNI ET AL
MATERIALS AND METHODS Journal Citation Reports (JCR; Thomson Reuters, New York, NY) for the year 2011 was analyzed to identify journals for inclusion in this study, as this was the most recent year available at the time of bibliometric analysis (May 2013). Journals directly related to the practice of clinical radiology were included. Journals related to basic science, nonclinical aspects of radiologic imaging, and radiation oncology were excluded. A ‘‘specific journal’’ search was performed using the term ‘‘radiology’’ in JCR for the year 2011. This search returned a list of 22 publications. From this list, The International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology, Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endontology, and Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound were not considered to be consistent with the focus of this study and therefore were excluded. Another search was performed using the ‘‘subject category’’ option in JCR for ‘‘Radiology, Nuclear Medicine, and Medical Imaging,’’ yielding 116 publications. Publications focusing on a single modality (eg, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging) were excluded because these journals are often focused on nonclinical aspects of medical imaging and have a wider audience than what is commonly considered within the scope of clinical radiology. The list of journals identified by JCR was then exported into a spreadsheet. All of the journals identified were compiled into a single search in WOS. This search, performed in May 2013, returned a list of all indexed articles published within each of these journals. The results were then analyzed to determine the 100 top cited articles. The articles were then individually cataloged in a database for further characterization. Articles were characterized following a modified approach of the methods described by Lim et al. (23) in their recent large-scale retrospective bibliometric analysis of original articles published in two top radiologic journals. We abstracted information for 1) number of authors, 2) first author affiliation, 3) first author country, 4) type of research, 5) study design, 6) sample size, 7) radiologic modality, 8) radiologic subspecialty, 9) body system, and 10) topic. Nuclear medicine was removed from the miscellaneous subspecialty category and given its own category. Statistics
All statistics were calculated using SPSS version 21 (IBM, Aramonk, NY). Comparisons of citation counts between the 5-year chronologic groupings of articles were performed using analysis of variance. Significant values were considered to be p < 0.05.
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were cited 751 798 times (median 598; range 422–7506) and originated within 9 of the 46 journals (Table 1). Accounting for the time since publication, the top 100 cited articles had 34.6 27.8 citation per year (median 28.3; range 9.6–242.1). The journal most represented was Radiology, which contained 59 of the articles, followed by Journal of Nuclear Medicine (17 articles) and American Journal of Roentgenology (9 articles). Table 2 shows the 100 top cited articles categorized by publication journals. Author and Institutions
The number of authors within the 100 top cited articles in radiology ranged from 1 author to 21 authors. The mean number of authors was 5 4, with a median of 5 and mode of 1 (n = 14). The country of the first author was most frequently the United States (n = 61), followed by Germany (n = 10) and Italy (n = 8). Most articles were associated with a single institution (n = 57), followed by two institutions (n = 19) and three institutions (n = 10). Publication Year
The list includes articles from 1967 to 2006, with most articles (n = 25) published in the 5-year period between 1986 and 1990. The single year with the most cited publications was 1996 (n = 8). When grouped in 5-year periods, there is a trend of increasing publications numbers up to the 1986–1990 interval at which point publication numbers begin to decline (Figure 1). The number of citations per year for articles differed between 5-year groupings (p = 0.028; Figure 2). The lowest annual citation average was for the three 1966–1970 articles that had 15.9 7.2 citations per year. The lone article from the 2006–2010 group averaged 84.3 citations per year at the time of analysis. Study Design, Type, and Statistical Analysis
There were 54 prospective studies and 46 retrospective studies. Fifty-two articles were classified as clinical research, 16 had components of both clinical and basic science, and 14 were basic research projects. The remaining 18 studies did not fit into any of these categories. The uncategorized studies included statistical methods such as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) studies (n = 6), review-style manuscripts (n = 6), and descriptions of new imaging modalities (n = 2). Statistical analysis was present in 34 studies and absent in 65 studies. Statistical analysis was not present in any of the 14 basic research studies but was present in 27 (52%) of the clinical research studies and 3 (19%) articles with both clinical and basic science components.
RESULTS Sources and Citations
Radiologic Technique and Subspecialty
Forty-six journals were identified and included in our analysis using the criteria outlined previously. The top 100 articles
The most frequently studied radiologic technique was magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 31) followed by
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10 11 12
16 17
18 19 20
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Citations per Year
Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology 1982; 143(1):29–36. PubMed PMID: 7063747. Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases. Radiology 1983; 148(3):839–843. PubMed PMID: 6878708. Metz CE. Basic principles of ROC analysis. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 1978; 8(4):283–298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s00012998(7880014-2). PubMed PMID: WOS:A1978FU31300002. Hounsfield GN. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography). 1. Description of system. The British Journal of Radiology 1973; 46(552):1016–1022. PubMed PMID: 4757352. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Grenier P, Cabanis E, Laval-Jeantet M. MR Imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology 1986; 161(2):401–407. PubMed PMID: 3763909. Metz CE. ROC Methodology in radiologic imaging. Investigative Radiology 1986; 21(9):720–733. PubMed PMID: 3095258. Pierpaoli C, Jezzard P, Basser PJ, Barnett A, DiChiro G. Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain. Radiology 1996; 201(3):637–648. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996VU50000010. Judkins MP. Selective coronary arteriography. I. A percutaneous transfemoral technic. Radiology 1967; 89(5):815–824. PubMed PMID: 6048074. Hamacher K, Coenen HH, Stocklin G. Efficient stereospecific synthesis of no-carrier-added 2-[18f]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose using aminopolyether supported nucleophilic substitution. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1986; 27(2):235–238. PubMed PMID: 3712040. Brenner D, Elliston C, Hall E, Berdon W. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176(2):289–296. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.176.2.1760289. PubMed PMID: 11159059. Fowler JF. The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy. The British Journal of Radiology 1989; 62(740):679–694. PubMed PMID: 2670032. Weinmann HJ, Brasch RC, Press WR, Wesbey GE. Characteristics of gadolinium-DTPA complex: a potential NMR contrast agent. AJR American Journal of Roentgenology 1984; 142(3):619–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.142.3.619. PubMed PMID: 6607655 Dixon WT. Simple proton spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 1984; 153(1):189–194. PubMed PMID: 6089263. Weissleder R, Mahmood U. Molecular imaging. Radiology 2001; 219(2):316–333. PubMed PMID: WOS:000168314100003. Raichle ME, Martin WR, Herscovitch P, Mintun MA, Markham J. Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. I. Implementation and validation. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1983; 24(9):790–798. PubMed PMID: 6604140. Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F, Solbiati L, Gazelle GS. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with radio-frequency ablation versus ethanol injection. Radiology 1999; 210(3):655–661. PubMed PMID: WOS:000078796500012. Germano G, Kiat H, Kavanagh PB, Moriel M, Mazzanti M, Su HT, et al. Automatic quantification of ejection fraction from gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1995; 36(11):2138–2147. PubMed PMID: 7472611. Zerhouni EA, Parish DM, Rogers WJ, Yang A, Shapiro EP. Human heart: tagging with MR imaging—a method for noninvasive assessment of myocardial motion. Radiology 1988; 169(1):59–63. PubMed PMID: 3420283. Katayama H, Yamaguchi K, Kozuka T, Takashima T, Seez P, Matsuura K. Adverse reactions to ionic and nonionic contrast media. A report from the Japanese Committee on the Safety of Contrast Media. Radiology 1990; 175(3):621–628. PubMed PMID: 2343107. Stavros AT, Thickman D, Rapp CL, Dennis MA, Parker SH, Sisney GA. Solid breast nodules: use of sonography to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. Radiology 1995; 196(1):123–134. PubMed PMID: 7784555.
7506
242.1
3582
119.4
2556
73.0
1651
41.3
1367
50.6
1307 1264
48.4 74.4
1096
23.8
1080
40.0
1034
86.2
972
40.5
909
31.3
892 853 850
30.8 71.1 28.3
850
60.7
833
46.3
829
33.2
813
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813
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TABLE 1. List of Top 100 Most Cited Articles in Radiologic Journals
Rank 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31 32
34 35 36 37
38 39
Citations
Citations per Year
Beyer T, Townsend DW, Brun T, Kinahan PE, Charron M, Roddy R, et al. A combined PET/CT scanner for clinical oncology. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 2000; 41(8):1369–1379. PubMed PMID: 10945530. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Aubin ML, Vignaud J, Laval-Jeantet M. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 168(2):497–505. PubMed PMID: 3393671. Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT. Intracranial hematomas: imaging by high-field MR. Radiology 1985; 157(1):87–93. PubMed PMID: 4034983. Herscovitch P, Markham J, Raichle ME. Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. I. Theory and error analysis. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1983; 24(9):782–789. PubMed PMID: 6604139. Metz CE. Some practical issues of experimental design and data analysis in radiological ROC studies. Investigative Radiology 1989; 24(3):234–245. PubMed PMID: 2753640. Kubota R, Yamada S, Kubota K, Ishiwata K, Tamahashi N, Ido T. Intratumoral distribution of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in vivo: high accumulation in macrophages and granulation tissues studied by microautoradiography. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1992; 33(11):1972–1980. Balthazar EJ, Robinson DL, Megibow AJ, Ranson JH. Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. Radiology 1990; 174(2):331–336. PubMed PMID: 2296641. Ambrose J. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography): Part 2. Clinical application. British Journal of Radiology 1973; 46(552):1023–1047. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1973R540700002. Strauss LG, Conti PS. The Applications of PET in clinical oncology. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1991; 32(4):623–648; discussion 49–50. PubMed PMID: 2013803. Livraghi T, Giorgio A, Marin G, Salmi A, de Sio I, Bolondi L, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in 746 patients: long-term results of percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 1995; 197(1):101–8. PubMed PMID: 7568806. Yamada R, Sato M, Kawabata M, Nakatsuka H, Nakamura K, Takashima S. Hepatic artery embolization in 120 patients with unresectable hepatoma. Radiology 1983; 148(2):397–401. PubMed PMID: 6306721. Axel L, Dougherty L. MR imaging of motion with spatial modulation of magnetization. Radiology 1989; 171(3):841–845. PubMed PMID: 2717762. Wakana S, Jiang HY, Nagae-Poetscher LM, van Zijl PCM, Mori S. Fiber tract-based atlas of human white matter anatomy. Radiology 2004; 230(1):77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2301021640. PubMed PMID: WOS:000187613100012. Kalender WA, Seissler W, Klotz E, Vock P. Spiral volumetric CT with single-breath-hold technique, continuous transport, and continuous scanner rotation. Radiology 1990; 176(1):181–183. PubMed PMID: 2353088. Dewey WC, Hopwood LE, Sapareto SA, Gerweck LE. Cellular responses to combinations of hyperthermia and radiation. Radiology 1977; 123(2):463–474. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1977DE17100044. Moseley ME, Cohen Y, Kucharczyk J, Mintorovitch J, Asgari HS, Wendland MF, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of anisotropic water diffusion in cat central-nervous-system. Radiology 1990; 176(2):439–45. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1990DP56600026. Moseley ME, Kucharczyk J, Mintorovitch J, Cohen Y, Kurhanewicz J, Derugin N, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of acute stroke: correlation with T2-weighted and magnetic susceptibility-enhanced MR imaging in cats. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1990; 11(3):423–429. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1990DB32900001. Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F, Ierace T, Solbiati L, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: radio-frequency ablation of medium and large lesions. Radiology 2000; 214(3):761–768. PubMed PMID: WOS:000085478800024. Simonetti OP, Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Hillenbrand HB, Wu E, Bundy JM, et al. An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction. Radiology 2001; 218(1):215–223. PubMed PMID: WOS:000167571300037.
772
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770
30.8
738
26.4
731
24.4
715
29.8
708
33.7
706
30.7
687
17.2
685
31.1
675
37.5
674
22.5
666
27.8
666
74.0
663
28.8
656
18.2
655
28.5
648
28.2
648
49.8
641
53.4
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41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52
53
55
56
57 58
637
39.8
635
24.4
631
45.1
627
14.3
624 622
32.8 32.7
618
17.2
611
20.4
591
25.7
590
84.3
580
15.7
577
33.9
575
57.5
564
26.9
562
33.1
538
31.6
534
22.3
534
22.3
529
31.1
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Jensen ME, Evans AJ, Mathis JM, Kallmes DF, Cloft HJ, Dion JE. Percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral body compression fractures: technical aspects. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1997; 18(10):1897–1904. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1997YH89400022. Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, Hurtig HI, Zimmerman RA. MR signal abnormalities at 1.5-T in Alzheimer dementia and normal aging. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1987; 149(2):351–356. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1987J254400029. Kuhl CK, Mielcareck P, Klaschik S, Leutner C, Wardelmann E, Gieseke J, et al. Dynamic breast MR imaging: are signal intensity time course data useful for differential diagnosis of enhancing lesions? Radiology 1999; 211(1):101–110. PubMed PMID: WOS:000079323200015. Edwards CL, Hayes RL. Tumor scanning with 67Ga citrate. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1969; 10(2):103–105. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1969C516300008. Prince MR. Gadolinium-enhanced MR aortography. Radiology 1994; 191(1):155–164. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1994NB68500031. Rubin JM, Bude RO, Carson PL, Bree RL, Adler RS. Power Doppler US: a potentially useful alternative to mean frequency-based color Doppler US. Radiology 1994; 190(3):853–856. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1994MX69800045. Pavel DG, Zimmer AM, Patterson VN. In vivo labeling of red blood-cells with Tc-99m: new approach to blood pool visualization. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1977; 18(3):305–308. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1977CY71100021. Sonoda M, Takano M, Miyahara J, Kato H. Computed radiography utilizing scanning laser stimulated luminescence. Radiology 1983; 148(3):833–838. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1983RD86600043. Weissleder R, Elizondo G, Wittenberg J, Rabito CA, Bengele HH, Josephson L. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide: characterization of a new class of contrast agents for MR imaging. Radiology 1990; 175(2):489–493. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1990CZ49100036. Flohr TG, McCollough CH, Bruder H, Petersilka M, Gruber K, Suss C, et al. First performance evaluation of a dual-source CT (DSCT) system. European Radiology 2006; 16(2):256–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-005-2919-2. PubMed PMID: WOS:000234755200001. Wolfe JN. Breast patterns as an index of risk for developing breast-cancer. American Journal of Roentgenology 1976; 126(6):1130–1139. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1976BT75500002. Rossi S, Di Stasi M, Buscarini E, Quaretti P, Garbagnati F, Squassante L, et al. Percutaneous RF interstitial thermal ablation in the treatment of hepatic cancer. American Journal of Roentgenology 1996; 167(3):759–768. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996VD39600048. Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni MF, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, Goldberg SN, et al. Treatment of focal liver tumors with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: complications encountered in a multicenter study. Radiology 2003; 226(2):441–451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/ radiol.2262012198. PubMed PMID: WOS:000180657000022 Remy-jardin M, Remy J, Wattinne L, Giraud F. Central pulmonary thromboembolism: diagnosis with spiral volumetric CT with the singlebreath-hold technique—comparison with pulmonary angiography. Radiology 1992; 185(2):381–387. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1992JV36000013. Cotten A, Dewatre F, Cortet B, Assaker R, Leblond D, Duquesnoy B, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteolytic metastases and myeloma: effects of the percentage of lesion filling and the leakage of methyl methacrylate at clinical follow-up. Radiology 1996; 200(2):525–530. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996UY07800038. Sorensen AG, Buonanno FS, Gonzalez RG, Schwamm LH, Lev MH, HuangHellinger FR, et al. Hyperacute stroke: evaluation with combined multisection diffusion-weighted and hemodynamically weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology 1996; 199(2):391–401. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996UG01100017. Wackers FJT, Berman DS, Maddahi J, Watson DD, Beller GA, Strauss HW, et al. Technetium-99 m hexakis 2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile: human biodistribution, dosimetry, safety, and preliminary comparison to TI-201 for myocardial perfusion imaging. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1989; 30(3):301–311. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1989T600900008. Kaiser WA, Zeitler E. MR Imaging of the Breast - Fast imaging sequences with and without GD-DTPA: preliminary-observations. Radiology 1989; 170(3):681–686. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1989T273400015. Stabin MG. MIRDOSE: Personal computer software for internal dose assessment in nuclear medicine. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1996; 37(3):538–546. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996TZ41300038.
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Rank 59 60 61
62
63 64
65
66 67
68
70 71 72 73 74 75
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Insall J, Salvati E. Patella position in normal knee joint. Radiology 1971; 101(1):101–104. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1971K202400019. Prince MR, Narasimham DL, Stanley JC, Chenevert TL, Williams DM, Marx V, et al. Breath-hold gadolinium-enhanced MR-angiography of the abdominal-aorta and its major branches. Radiology 1995; 197(3):785–792. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1995TG33300041. Dousset V, Grossman RI, Ramer KN, Schnall MD, Young LH, Gonzalezscarano F, et al. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple-sclerosis: lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging. Radiology 1992; 182(2):483–491. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1992HA58600035. Solbiati L, Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Ierace T, Meloni F, Dellanoce M, et al. Percutaneous radio-frequency ablation of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: long-term results in 117 patients. Radiology 2001; 221(1):159–166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2211001624. PubMed PMID: WOS:000171118900021. Kaneko M, Eguchi K, Ohmatsu H, Kakinuma R, Naruke T, Suemasu K, et al. Peripheral lung cancer: screening and detection with low-dose spiral CT versus radiography. Radiology 1996; 201(3):798–802. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996VU50000035. Wang YXJ, Hussain SM, Krestin GP. Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: physicochemical characteristics and applications in MR imaging. European Radiology 2001; 11(11):2319-2331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003300100908. PubMed PMID: WOS:000172277300030. Lencioni RA, Allgaier HP, Cioni D, Olschewski M, Deibert P, Crocetti L, et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: randomized comparison of radio-frequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 2003; 228(1):235–240. http://dx.doi. org/10.1148/radiol.2281020718. PubMed PMID: WOS:000183689700036. Aronen HJ, Gazit IE, Louis DN, Buchbinder BR, Pardo FS, Weisskoff RM, et al. Cerebral blood-volume maps of gliomas: comparison with tumor grade and histologic-findings. Radiology 1994; 191(1):41–51. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1994NB68500009. Wieland DM, Wu JI, Brown LE, Mangner TJ, Swanson DP, Beierwaltes WH. Radiolabeled adrenergic neuron-blocking agents: adrenomedullary imaging with I-131 iodobenzylguanidine. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1980; 21(4):349–353. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1980JM62800008. Neirinckx RD, Canning LR, Piper IM, Nowotnik DP, Pickett RD, Holmes RA, et al. TC-99M D,1-HM-PAO: a new radiopharmaceutical for SPECT imaging of regional cerebral blood perfusion. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1987; 28(2):191–202. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1987F859400014. Orton CG, Ellis F. Simplification in use of NSD concept in practical radiotherapy. British Journal of Radiology 1973; 46(547):529–537. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1973Q123900007. Weissleder R, Elizondo G, Wittenberg J, Rabito CA, Bengele HH, Josephson L. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide: characterization of a new class of contrast agents for MR imaging. Radiology 1990; 175(2):489–493. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1990CZ49100036. Bird RE, Wallace TW, Yankaskas BC. Analysis of cancers missed at screening mammography. Radiology 1992; 184(3):613–617. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1992JJ86600008. Bydder GM, Steiner RE, Young IR, Hall AS, Thomas DJ, Marshall J, et al. Clinical NMR imaging of the brain: 140 cases. American Journal of Roentgenology 1982; 139(2):215–236. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1982NY43600001. Modic MT, Steinberg PM, Ross JS, Masaryk TJ, Carter JR. Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 166(1):193–199. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1988L515600035. Parker SH, Burbank F, Jackman RJ, Aucreman CJ, Cardenosa G, Cink TM, et al. Percutaneous large-core breast biopsy: a multiinstitutional study. Radiology 1994; 193(2):359–364. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1994PN94700018. Dorfman DD, Berbaum KS, Metz CE. Receiver operating characteristic rating analysis: generalization to the population of readers and patients with the Jackknife method. Investigative Radiology 1992; 27(9):723–731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-19920900000015. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1992JL79900009.
521 520
12.4 28.9
517
24.6
517
43.1
513
30.2
513
42.8
512
51.2
512
26.9
510
15.5
501
19.3
497
12.4
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TABLE 1. (continued) List of Top 100 Most Cited Articles in Radiologic Journals
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
88 89 90
92 93 94 95 96
476
15.4
476
29.8
469
26.1
465 463
18.6 23.2
463
16.5
463
27.2
461
14.4
458
16.4
453
13.7
451
22.6
447
34.4
446
29.7
445
27.8
443
40.3
443
26.1
440
15.7
436
22.9
434
17.4
433
24.1
432
18.0
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Kuhl DE, Barrio JR, Huang SC, Selin C, Ackermann RF, Lear JL, et al. Quantifying local cerebral blood-flow by N-isopropyl-P-(I-123) iodoamphetamine (IMP) tomography. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1982; 23(3):196–203. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1982NE54300002. Garra BS, Cespedes EI, Ophir J, Spratt SR, Zuurbier RA, Magnant CM, et al. Elastography of breast lesions: initial clinical results. Radiology 1997; 202(1):79–86. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1997WA40100017. Cognard C, Gobin YP, Pierot L, Bailly AL, Houdart E, Casasco A, et al. Cerebral dural arteriovenous-fistulas clinical and angiographic correlation with a revised classification of venous drainage. Radiology 1995; 194(3):671–680. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1995QG91800009. Vogler JB, Murphy WA. Bone marrow imaging. Radiology 1988; 168(3):679–693. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1988P738600019. Harms SE, Flamig DP, Hesley KL, Meiches MD, Jensen RA, Evans WP, et al. MR imaging of the breast with rotating delivery of excitation off resonance: clinical experience with pathological correlation. Radiology 1993; 187(2):493–501. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1993KY90700041. Lebowitz RL, Olbing H, Parkkulainen KV, Smellie JM, Tamminen-Mobius TE. International system of radiographic grading of vesicoureteric reflux. International Reflux Study in Children. Pediatric Radiology 1985; 15(2):105–109. PubMed PMID: 3975102 RemyJardin M, Remy J, Deschildre F, Artaud D, Beregi JP, HosseinFoucher C, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with spiral CT: comparison with pulmonary angiography and scintigraphy. Radiology 1996; 200(3):699–706. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996VD06200022. Hessel SJ, Adams DF, Abrams HL. Complications of angiography. Radiology 1981; 138(2):273–281. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1981LA02500001. Dale RG. The application of the linear-quadratic dose-effect equation to fractionated and protracted radiotherapy. British Journal of Radiology 1985; 58(690):515–528. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1985AKB5800006. Axel L. Cerebral blood-flow determination by rapid-sequence computed-tomography: a theoretical-analysis. Radiology 1980; 137(3):679–686. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1980KV17200015. Michaelis T, Merboldt KD, Bruhn H, Hanicke W, Frahm J. Absolute concentrations of metabolites in the adult human brain in vivo: quantification of localized proton MR spectra. Radiology 1993; 187(1):219–227. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1993KT24400043. Goldberg SN, Gazelle GS, Mueller PR. Thermal ablation therapy for focal malignancy: a unified approach to underlying principles, techniques, and diagnostic imaging guidance. American Journal of Roentgenology 2000; 174(2):323–331. PubMed PMID: WOS:000084885000009. Rossi S, Buscarini E, Garbagnati F, Di Stasi M, Quaretti P, Rago M, et al. Percutaneous treatment of small hepatic tumors by an expandable RF needle electrode. American Journal of Roentgenology 1998; 170(4):1015–1022. PubMed PMID: WOS:000072608400035. Solbiati L, Goldberg SN, Ierace T, Livraghi T, Meloni F, Dellanoce M, et al. Hepatic metastases: percutaneous radio-frequency ablation with cooled-tip electrodes. Radiology 1997; 205(2):367–373. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1997YD15100014. Kolb TM, Lichy J, Newhouse JH. Comparison of the performance of screening mammography, physical examination, and breast US and evaluation of factors that influence them: an analysis of 27,825 patient evaluations. Radiology 2002; 225(1):165–175. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1148/radiol.2251011667. PubMed PMID: WOS:000178264300026. Austin JHM, Muller NL, Friedman PJ, Hansell DM, Naidich DP, RemyJardin M, et al. Glossary of terms for CT of the lungs: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the Fleischner Society. Radiology 1996; 200(2):327–331. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996UY07800008. Modic MT, Feiglin DH, Piraino DW, Boumphrey F, Weinstein MA, Duchesneau PM, et al. Vertebral osteomyelitis: assessment using MR. Radiology 1985; 157(1):157–166. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1985AQV2100030. Rempp KA, Brix G, Wenz F, Becker CR, Guckel F, Lorenz WJ. Quantification of regional cerebral blood-flow and volume with dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MR-imaging. Radiology 1994; 193(3):637–641. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1994PT55300013. Barkovich AJ, Kjos BO, Jackson DE, Norman D. Normal maturation of the neonatal and infant brain: MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 1988; 166(1):173–180. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1988L515600032. Minoshima S, Frey KA, Koeppe RA, Foster NL, Kuhl DE. A diagnostic-approach in Alzheimers-disease using 3-dimensional stereotaxic surface projections of fluorine-18-FDG PET. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1995; 36(7):1238–48. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1995RG11300023. Ehman RL, Felmlee JP. Adaptive technique for high-definition MR imaging of moving structures. Radiology 1989; 173(1):255–263. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1989AQ83100052.
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Laberge JM, Ring EJ, Gordon RL, Lake JR, Doherty MM, Somberg KA, et al. Creation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with the Wallstent endoprosthesis: results in 100 patients. Radiology 1993; 187(2):413–420. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1993KY90700027. Taillefer R, Boucher Y, Potvin C, Lambert R. Detection and localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with hyperparathyroidism using a single radionuclide imaging procedure with technetium-99m-sestamibi (double-phase study). Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1992; 33(10):1801–1807. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1992JU52000018. Dotter CT. Transluminally-placed coilspring endarterial tube grafts: long-term patency in canine popliteal artery. Investigative Radiology 1969; 4(5):329–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-196909000-00008. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1969E129600008. Gallagher BM, Fowler JS, Gutterson NI, Macgregor RR, Wan CN, Wolf AP. Metabolic trapping as a principle of radiopharmaceutical design: some factors responsible for biodistribution of F-18 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1978; 19(10):1154–1161. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1978FS17000012.
20.3
Citations per Year Citations Article
TABLE 2. List of Journals Included in This Analysis, Their Impact Factors, and Contribution to the List of the ‘‘100 Top Cited’’ Articles
422 100
424 99
98
426
Journal
97
Rank
TABLE 1. (continued) List of Top 100 Most Cited Articles in Radiologic Journals
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Radiology Journal Nuclear Medicine American Journal of Roentgenology British Journal of Radiology Investigative Radiology American Journal of Neuroradiology European Radiology Pediatric Radiology Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Impact Factor*
Number of Articles in the Top 100
5.726 6.381 2.775
59 17 9
1.314 4.593 2.928
5 4 2
3.222 1.674 4.308
2 1 1
*Calculated using Journal Citation Reports for the year 2011.
interventional (n = 18) and nuclear imaging (n = 16). Most articles fell into the miscellaneous category (n = 23) for subspecialty. Of these 23 articles, nine investigated MRI, four investigated computed tomographic (CT) imaging, and one was a mixed modality study. Nine articles fell into the ‘‘other’’ category, including six ROC studies, one study on contrast reactions, one study on cellular damage, and one study on computer laser luminescence. Topic of Study and Subspecialty
The subspecialty category most frequently studied was miscellaneous (n = 23) followed by neuroradiology (n = 19) and nuclear medicine (n = 19). Most articles fell into the category of imaging technique (n = 23), followed by interventional technique (n = 17) and tissue characterization studies (n = 11). Table 3 shows all articles categorized by topic of study and subspecialty.
DISCUSSION The 100 top cited articles appearing in radiologic journals were identified and are presented in Table 2. The most common study design was a prospective clinical research study. The 100 top cited articles were found in 9 of the 46 radiologic journals analyzed. Radiology, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, and American Journal of Roentgenology contained 85 of the 100 top cited articles. The earliest article within our study is from 1967 by Judkins et al. (24) on selective coronary arteriography and the most recent is from 2006 by Flohr et al. (25) on dual-source CT scan evaluations. The time frame that contained most of the 100 top cited articles was 1986–1990 (n = 25). During this time interval, many interesting studies took place that advanced our understanding of contrast characterization and MRI of the central nervous system and motion. The trend downward of the number of 100 top-cited articles in the 2000s is likely due to insufficient time for
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TOP 100 CITED RADIOLOGIC ARTICLES
Figure 1. The 100 top cited articles appearing in radiologic journals per 5-year interval.
Figure 2. The average annual citation count for articles in the top 100 based on 5-year intervals.
accumulation of citations. It will be of interest to follow these articles through time and to measure their continued impact on the field of radiology. The trend downward in the pre-1990 era is likely due to a combination of issues. First, bibliometric databases and citation analysis in the pre-1990 era were not as commonly performed or investigated. The articles from the pre-1990 era may have had an early impact on the field, but this impact may have been diminished by future studies, thus decreasing their citation counts over time. Finally, in the pre-1990 era, articles were not as easily accessible as they currently are given the widespread use of the Internet and online resources.
The areas of radiology that contained the most articles in our 100 top cited list were neuroradiology and nuclear medicine with most of these studies being characterized as interventional techniques or tissue characterization. Many of the studies that fell into this category are studies that used newly available technology for the first time to describe a disease or pathologic state. For example, Fazekas et al. (26) in 1987 described signal abnormalities in Alzheimer dementia compared to normal aging which has been cited 635 times. Another example is Modic et al. (27) in 1988 who described the assessment of changes in degenerative disc disease, which has been cited 491 times. 9
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TABLE 3. List of Articles by Radiologic Subspecialty and Technique Type of Study Imaging technique Interventional technique Tissue characterization Contrast Diagnosis Radiopharmaceutical ROC New modality Classification Dosimetry Review Screening Risk assessment Terminology Total
Total
Misc
Neuro
NM
IR
Breast
Cardiac
MSK
Chest
Pediatrics
GU
Molecular
Abdominal
23 17 11 8 7 6 6 5 4 4 4 3 1 1 100
5 0 1 5 1 0 6 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 23
8 0 7 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 19
3 0 0 3 2 6 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 19
0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
2 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 9
3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
GU, Genitourinary; IR, Interventional Radiology; MSK, Musculoskeletal; NM, Nuclear Medicine; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.
Most articles (n = 61) were from the United States and had a mean and median of five coauthors. Our study included articles only based in the English language thus giving an inherent bias toward articles from countries that use English as the primary language. The recent article in the American Journal of Roentgenology by Yoon et al. (22) performed a similar but methodologically different study to ours. We identified the journals related to radiology using JCR (28), and they used the Science Citation Index. They identified 113 journals compared to our 138 and included 50 journals compared to our final 46 journals. Our studies have many similarities: 71 of the top 100 articles are included in both studies, and 6 of the 9 journals in our study included articles in the top 100 in both studies. The citation counts differ because of the temporal separation between when the data were collected (June 2012 vs. May 2013). Using different search inclusion and exclusion criteria, search strategies, and time frames, the combination of the study by Yoon et al. (22) and our own provides a reproducible list of the top 100 most cited articles within radiology. There were 31 articles that were unique to our study in comparison to the search methods used by Yoon et al. (22). The limitations of our study include the association of citation count as a surrogate for an articles impact. Citation analysis inherently favors older articles over articles published recently. Landmark articles published within the last 15 years likely have not accumulated sufficient citation numbers to be identified using our methods. In addition, we limited our study to journals published in the English language. The decision to exclude modality-related journals is due to the very technical, often nonclinical nature of many of these sources, in particular MRI-related journals. Therefore clinical articles in these journals will not be recognized in this analysis. In addition, radiology-related articles in nonradiologic journals are not identified by the methodology used in this investigation. 10
This study looks only at journal articles. There have been many impactful studies published in textbooks, presented at conferences, or available in other forms of media that our study did not capture. Our methods also rely heavily on the accuracy of the citation databases and analytics that can vary depending on when and where the article was published (29–31). The strengths of our study are evident in the characteristics of the 100 top cited articles presented. This list represents the broad scope of the field of radiology and, like radiology, touches on many different organ systems. These articles were meticulously categorized and presented according to many different characteristics. Over 50,000 articles were analyzed in the production of the current list of 100 top cited articles. Our methods have future implications for additional work on analyzing the continued growth and development of radiology as a field. We provide a robust list of articles that have advanced the field of radiology in a variety of ways. Assessing and identifying which articles to study within a specialty is important to individuals at all levels of training. Citation analysis provides a method for categorizing and identifying landmark studies within radiology. These articles can be used to gain historical insight into the field of radiology and further our understanding of techniques and modalities as they were first described. We present the list of the 100 top cited articles in radiology. This list is dynamic and will ultimately change as our field continues to be shaped and molded by past, current, and future physicians and scientists. This study provides a comprehensive list of the 100 top cited radiology articles. This list should prove to be valuable reference for all students of radiology, from neophytes to those with years of experience. Integrating such a list into radiology curriculum will allow educators to provide residents and fellows with relevant and impactful articles to enrich their educational experience. By following our methods, a dynamic and
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up-to-date version of the list can be easily accessed by future generations of radiology professionals. REFERENCES 1. Tripathi RS, Blum JM, Papadimos TJ, et al. A bibliometric search of citation classics in anesthesiology. BMC anesthesiol 2011; 11:24. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2253-11-24. PubMed PMID: 22151105; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3261113. 2. Rosenberg AL, Tripathi RS, Blum J. The most influential articles in critical care medicine. J Crit Care 2010; 25(1):157–170. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.12.010. PubMed PMID: 19327953. 3. Gehanno JF, Takahashi K, Darmoni S, et al. Citation classics in occupational medicine journals. Scand J Work Environ Health 2007; 33(4): 245–251. PubMed PMID: 17717615. 4. Ohba N, Nakao K, Isashiki Y, et al. The 100 most frequently cited articles in ophthalmology journals. Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125(7):952–960. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.125.7.952. PubMed PMID: 17620577. 5. Ohba N, Nakao K. The 101 most frequently cited articles in ophthalmology journals from 1850 to 1949. Arch Ophthalmol 2010; 128(12):1610–1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.308. PubMed PMID: 21149789. 6. Lefaivre KA, Shadgan B, O’Brien PJ. 100 most cited articles in orthopaedic surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469(5):1487–1497. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-010-1604-1. PubMed PMID: 20922583; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3069275. 7. Namdari S, Baldwin K, Kovatch K, et al. Fifty most cited articles in orthopedic shoulder surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2012; 21(12):1796–1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.11.040. PubMed PMID: 22484389. 8. Baldwin KD, Kovatch K, Namdari S, et al. The 50 most cited articles in pediatric orthopedic surgery. J Pediatr Orthop B 2012; 21(5):463–468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BPB.0b013e328354b0cf. PubMed PMID: 22617855. 9. Fenton JE, Roy D, Hughes JP, et al. A century of citation classics in otolaryngology—head and neck Surgery journals. J Laryngol Otol 2002; 116(7): 494–498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002221502760132557. PubMed PMID: 12238666. 10. Ponce FA, Lozano AM. Highly cited works in neurosurgery. Part I: the 100 top-cited papers in neurosurgical journals. J Neurosurg 2010; 112(2): 223–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.12.JNS091599. PubMed PMID: 20078192. 11. Ponce FA, Lozano AM. Highly cited works in neurosurgery. Part II: the citation classics. J Neurosurg 2010; 112(2):233–246. http: //dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.12.JNS091600. PubMed PMID: 20078193. 12. Wilcox MA, Khan NR, McAbee JH, et al. Highly cited publications in pediatric neurosurgery. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29(12):2201–2213. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-013-2228-z. PubMed PMID: 23900628. 13. Khan NR, Auschwitz T, McAbee JH, et al. Highly cited publications in pediatric neurosurgery: part 2. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29(12):2215–2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-013-2293-3. PubMed PMID: 24113776. 14. Zhang WJ, Li YF, Zhang JL, et al. Classic citations in main plastic and reconstructive surgery journals. Ann Plast Surg 2013 Jul; 71(1):103–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e31824189ba. PubMed PMID: 22791065.
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15. Loonen MP, Hage JJ, Kon M. Plastic surgery classics: characteristics of 50 top-cited articles in four plastic surgery journals since 1946. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121(5):320e–327e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS. 0b013e31816b13a9. PubMed PMID: 18453945. 16. Nason GJ, Tareen F, Mortell A. The top 100 cited articles in urology: An update. Can Urol Assoc J 2013; 7(1):E16–E24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/ cuaj.12223. PubMed PMID: 23401734; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3559614. 17. Heldwein FL, Rhoden EL, Morgentaler A. Classics of urology: a half century history of the most frequently cited articles (1955-2009). Urology 2010; 75(6):1261–1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2009.09.043. PubMed PMID: 19962736. 18. Thomas K, Moore CM, Gerharz EW, et al. Classic papers in urology. Eur Urol 2003; 43(6):591–595. PubMed PMID: 12767357. 19. Bui-Mansfield LT. Top 100 cited AJR articles at the AJR’s centennial. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186(1):3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.186.4.00e3. PubMed PMID: 16357369. 20. Bui-Mansfield LT. Whatever happened to the 50 most frequently cited articles published in AJR? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185(3):597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.185.3.01850597. PubMed PMID: 16120905. 21. Shin DA, Huh R, Chung SS, et al. Stereotactic spine radiosurgery for intradural and intramedullary metastasis. Neurosurg Focus 2009; 27(6): E10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.9.focus09194. Epub 2009/12/03, PubMed PMID: 19951053. 22. Yoon DY, Yun EJ, Ku YJ, et al. Citation classics in radiology journals: the 100 top-cited articles, 1945-2012. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013; 201(3): 471–481. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/AJR.12.10489. PubMed PMID: 23971438. 23. Lim KJ, Yoon DY, Yun EJ, et al. Characteristics and trends of radiology research: a survey of original articles published in AJR and Radiology between 2001 and 2010. Radiology 2012; 264(3):796–802. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12111976. PubMed PMID: 22919040. 24. Judkins MP. Selective coronary arteriography. I. A percutaneous transfemoral technic. Radiology 1967; 89(5):815–824. PubMed PMID: 6048074. 25. Flohr TG, McCollough CH, Bruder H, et al. First performance evaluation of a dual-source CT (DSCT) system. Eur Radiol 2006; 16(2):256–268. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-005-2919-2. PubMed PMID: 16341833. 26. Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, et al. MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer’s dementia and normal aging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987; 149(2):351–356. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.149.2.351. PubMed PMID: 3496763. 27. Modic MT, Steinberg PM, Ross JS, et al. Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 166(1 Pt 1):193–199. PubMed PMID: 3336678. 28. ISI Web of Knowledge. Journal Citation Reports. 29. Kulkarni AV, Aziz B, Shams I, et al. Comparisons of citations in Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles published in general medical journals. JAMA 2009; 302(10):1092–1096. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1307. Epub 2009/09/10, PubMed PMID: 19738094. 30. Bakkalbasi N, Bauer K, Glover J, et al. Three options for citation tracking: Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science. Biomed Digit Libr 2006; 3:7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-5581-3-7. Epub 2006/06/30, PubMed PMID: 16805916; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1533854. 31. Noruzi A. Google Scholar: the new generation of citation indexes. Libri 2005; 55(4):170–180.
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Highly Cited Works in Radiology: The Top 100 Cited Articles in Radiologic Journals Matthew Pagni, MD, Nickalus R. Khan, MD, Harris L. Cohen, MD, FACR, Asim F. Choudhri, MD Rationale and Objectives: The number of citations a publication receives can be used to show its impact on a field of study. It may indicate the educational interest in a given population or underline a perceived or real educational gap. This article identifies and characterizes the 100 top cited publications in radiologic journals as of May 2013. Materials and Methods: All clinical radiologic journals listed by Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports in 2011 were identified. A total of 46 journals were identified, and all articles published within these journals were analyzed for citation counts. The top 100 highly cited articles were recorded. Results: The most frequently cited radiologic articles appeared in 9 of the 46 journals. These included 59 articles in Radiology, 17 in Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 9 in the American Journal of Roentgenology, 5 in the British Journal of Radiology, 4 in Investigative Radiology, 2 in American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2 in European Radiology, 2 in Radiologic Clinics of North America, 1 in the Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, and 1 in Pediatric Radiology. The citation values ranged from 422 to 7506 with a mean of 751. Publication dates ranged from 1967 to 2006 with the 5-year period between 1986 and 1990 accounting for the largest percentage of articles. The most frequently studied radiologic modality was magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; 28 articles), followed by vascular/interventional (19 articles) and nuclear medicine (13 articles). The central nervous system was the most frequently studied organ system (22 articles), followed by mixed organ systems (14 articles) and liver (12 articles). Conclusions: The top cited articles in radiologic journals span a wide range of imaging modalities, subspecialties, and organ systems. Topics that occurred frequently in the top 100 cited articles included contrast and radiopharmaceutical characterization, MRI of motion, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in the liver and percutaneous vertebroplasty. We present a methodology that uses citation analysis to identify and characterize these articles. Its use may aid radiologists, academic organization, and editorial staff in determining areas of imaging interest or perceived educational gap. It also highlights the importance of including classic articles in current imaging education. Key Words: Bibliometrics; citation; citation analysis; impact factor; radiology; scientometrics; Scopus; Web of Science. ªAUR, 2014
T
he study of medicine in the 21st century brings with it a unique set of problems. There has been an exponential rise in biomedical information and resources at times making it difficult to find the information being sought and also making it difficult to detect the gaps and weaknesses in these repositories of knowledge. Methods for addressing the large amount of resources in an efficient, timely, and accurate manner are essential as we move into the future of evidence-based medicine. The past decade has seen a series of studies which identify landmark articles in disciplines such as anesthesiology (1), critical care (2), occupational therapy (3), ophthalmology (4,5), orthopedics (6–8), otolaryngology (9), neurosurgery (10–13), pediatric
Acad Radiol 2014; -:1–11 From the College of Medicine (M.P., N.R.K.) and Departments of Neurosurgery (N.R.K., A.F.C.) and Radiology (H.L.C., A.F.C.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Radiology, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 848 Adams Ave - G216, Memphis, TN 38103 (H.L.C., A.F.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (H.L.C.), Obstetrics (H.L.C.), and Ophthalmology (A.F.C.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN. Received February 14, 2014; accepted March 10, 2014. Address correspondence to: A.F.C. e-mail: [email protected] ªAUR, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2014.03.011
surgery (8), plastic surgery (14,15), and urology (16–18). These studies used citation counts as a surrogate for the impact of an article on its discipline. These highly cited articles have been made available as lists for reference so that individuals can easily review the articles considered most impactful. In radiology there have been a paucity of such studies (19–21) concerning key article citation. The scope of these previous studies has been limited to single journals and specific periods. There has been only one recent study in radiology evaluating radiologic journals and identifying the most highly cited publications (22), which used one specific database and methodology. The field of bibliometrics equips us with powerful tools to evaluate the literature formally and perform citation analysis. Since the early 1960s, the Institute of Scientific Information has been tracking citation counts. Currently, there are several databases such as Web of Science (WOS; Thomson Reuters, New York, NY), Scopus (Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL), and Google Scholar (Google Inc, Mountain View, CA), allowing individuals to perform analysis of citation counts. The purpose of this study was to present the 100 top cited articles in radiologic journals. These articles were also categorized based on several different components to provide individuals with a practical guide to analyzing the radiologic literature. 1
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Journal Citation Reports (JCR; Thomson Reuters, New York, NY) for the year 2011 was analyzed to identify journals for inclusion in this study, as this was the most recent year available at the time of bibliometric analysis (May 2013). Journals directly related to the practice of clinical radiology were included. Journals related to basic science, nonclinical aspects of radiologic imaging, and radiation oncology were excluded. A ‘‘specific journal’’ search was performed using the term ‘‘radiology’’ in JCR for the year 2011. This search returned a list of 22 publications. From this list, The International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology, Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endontology, and Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound were not considered to be consistent with the focus of this study and therefore were excluded. Another search was performed using the ‘‘subject category’’ option in JCR for ‘‘Radiology, Nuclear Medicine, and Medical Imaging,’’ yielding 116 publications. Publications focusing on a single modality (eg, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging) were excluded because these journals are often focused on nonclinical aspects of medical imaging and have a wider audience than what is commonly considered within the scope of clinical radiology. The list of journals identified by JCR was then exported into a spreadsheet. All of the journals identified were compiled into a single search in WOS. This search, performed in May 2013, returned a list of all indexed articles published within each of these journals. The results were then analyzed to determine the 100 top cited articles. The articles were then individually cataloged in a database for further characterization. Articles were characterized following a modified approach of the methods described by Lim et al. (23) in their recent large-scale retrospective bibliometric analysis of original articles published in two top radiologic journals. We abstracted information for 1) number of authors, 2) first author affiliation, 3) first author country, 4) type of research, 5) study design, 6) sample size, 7) radiologic modality, 8) radiologic subspecialty, 9) body system, and 10) topic. Nuclear medicine was removed from the miscellaneous subspecialty category and given its own category. Statistics
All statistics were calculated using SPSS version 21 (IBM, Aramonk, NY). Comparisons of citation counts between the 5-year chronologic groupings of articles were performed using analysis of variance. Significant values were considered to be p < 0.05.
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were cited 751 798 times (median 598; range 422–7506) and originated within 9 of the 46 journals (Table 1). Accounting for the time since publication, the top 100 cited articles had 34.6 27.8 citation per year (median 28.3; range 9.6–242.1). The journal most represented was Radiology, which contained 59 of the articles, followed by Journal of Nuclear Medicine (17 articles) and American Journal of Roentgenology (9 articles). Table 2 shows the 100 top cited articles categorized by publication journals. Author and Institutions
The number of authors within the 100 top cited articles in radiology ranged from 1 author to 21 authors. The mean number of authors was 5 4, with a median of 5 and mode of 1 (n = 14). The country of the first author was most frequently the United States (n = 61), followed by Germany (n = 10) and Italy (n = 8). Most articles were associated with a single institution (n = 57), followed by two institutions (n = 19) and three institutions (n = 10). Publication Year
The list includes articles from 1967 to 2006, with most articles (n = 25) published in the 5-year period between 1986 and 1990. The single year with the most cited publications was 1996 (n = 8). When grouped in 5-year periods, there is a trend of increasing publications numbers up to the 1986–1990 interval at which point publication numbers begin to decline (Figure 1). The number of citations per year for articles differed between 5-year groupings (p = 0.028; Figure 2). The lowest annual citation average was for the three 1966–1970 articles that had 15.9 7.2 citations per year. The lone article from the 2006–2010 group averaged 84.3 citations per year at the time of analysis. Study Design, Type, and Statistical Analysis
There were 54 prospective studies and 46 retrospective studies. Fifty-two articles were classified as clinical research, 16 had components of both clinical and basic science, and 14 were basic research projects. The remaining 18 studies did not fit into any of these categories. The uncategorized studies included statistical methods such as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) studies (n = 6), review-style manuscripts (n = 6), and descriptions of new imaging modalities (n = 2). Statistical analysis was present in 34 studies and absent in 65 studies. Statistical analysis was not present in any of the 14 basic research studies but was present in 27 (52%) of the clinical research studies and 3 (19%) articles with both clinical and basic science components.
RESULTS Sources and Citations
Radiologic Technique and Subspecialty
Forty-six journals were identified and included in our analysis using the criteria outlined previously. The top 100 articles
The most frequently studied radiologic technique was magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 31) followed by
2
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12
16 17
18 19 20
Citations
Citations per Year
Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology 1982; 143(1):29–36. PubMed PMID: 7063747. Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases. Radiology 1983; 148(3):839–843. PubMed PMID: 6878708. Metz CE. Basic principles of ROC analysis. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 1978; 8(4):283–298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s00012998(7880014-2). PubMed PMID: WOS:A1978FU31300002. Hounsfield GN. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography). 1. Description of system. The British Journal of Radiology 1973; 46(552):1016–1022. PubMed PMID: 4757352. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Grenier P, Cabanis E, Laval-Jeantet M. MR Imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology 1986; 161(2):401–407. PubMed PMID: 3763909. Metz CE. ROC Methodology in radiologic imaging. Investigative Radiology 1986; 21(9):720–733. PubMed PMID: 3095258. Pierpaoli C, Jezzard P, Basser PJ, Barnett A, DiChiro G. Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain. Radiology 1996; 201(3):637–648. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996VU50000010. Judkins MP. Selective coronary arteriography. I. A percutaneous transfemoral technic. Radiology 1967; 89(5):815–824. PubMed PMID: 6048074. Hamacher K, Coenen HH, Stocklin G. Efficient stereospecific synthesis of no-carrier-added 2-[18f]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose using aminopolyether supported nucleophilic substitution. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1986; 27(2):235–238. PubMed PMID: 3712040. Brenner D, Elliston C, Hall E, Berdon W. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR American Journal of Roentgenology 2001; 176(2):289–296. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.176.2.1760289. PubMed PMID: 11159059. Fowler JF. The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy. The British Journal of Radiology 1989; 62(740):679–694. PubMed PMID: 2670032. Weinmann HJ, Brasch RC, Press WR, Wesbey GE. Characteristics of gadolinium-DTPA complex: a potential NMR contrast agent. AJR American Journal of Roentgenology 1984; 142(3):619–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.142.3.619. PubMed PMID: 6607655 Dixon WT. Simple proton spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 1984; 153(1):189–194. PubMed PMID: 6089263. Weissleder R, Mahmood U. Molecular imaging. Radiology 2001; 219(2):316–333. PubMed PMID: WOS:000168314100003. Raichle ME, Martin WR, Herscovitch P, Mintun MA, Markham J. Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. I. Implementation and validation. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1983; 24(9):790–798. PubMed PMID: 6604140. Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F, Solbiati L, Gazelle GS. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with radio-frequency ablation versus ethanol injection. Radiology 1999; 210(3):655–661. PubMed PMID: WOS:000078796500012. Germano G, Kiat H, Kavanagh PB, Moriel M, Mazzanti M, Su HT, et al. Automatic quantification of ejection fraction from gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1995; 36(11):2138–2147. PubMed PMID: 7472611. Zerhouni EA, Parish DM, Rogers WJ, Yang A, Shapiro EP. Human heart: tagging with MR imaging—a method for noninvasive assessment of myocardial motion. Radiology 1988; 169(1):59–63. PubMed PMID: 3420283. Katayama H, Yamaguchi K, Kozuka T, Takashima T, Seez P, Matsuura K. Adverse reactions to ionic and nonionic contrast media. A report from the Japanese Committee on the Safety of Contrast Media. Radiology 1990; 175(3):621–628. PubMed PMID: 2343107. Stavros AT, Thickman D, Rapp CL, Dennis MA, Parker SH, Sisney GA. Solid breast nodules: use of sonography to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. Radiology 1995; 196(1):123–134. PubMed PMID: 7784555.
7506
242.1
3582
119.4
2556
73.0
1651
41.3
1367
50.6
1307 1264
48.4 74.4
1096
23.8
1080
40.0
1034
86.2
972
40.5
909
31.3
892 853 850
30.8 71.1 28.3
850
60.7
833
46.3
829
33.2
813
35.3
813
45.2
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TABLE 1. List of Top 100 Most Cited Articles in Radiologic Journals
Rank 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31 32
34 35 36 37
38 39
Citations
Citations per Year
Beyer T, Townsend DW, Brun T, Kinahan PE, Charron M, Roddy R, et al. A combined PET/CT scanner for clinical oncology. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 2000; 41(8):1369–1379. PubMed PMID: 10945530. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Aubin ML, Vignaud J, Laval-Jeantet M. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 168(2):497–505. PubMed PMID: 3393671. Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT. Intracranial hematomas: imaging by high-field MR. Radiology 1985; 157(1):87–93. PubMed PMID: 4034983. Herscovitch P, Markham J, Raichle ME. Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. I. Theory and error analysis. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1983; 24(9):782–789. PubMed PMID: 6604139. Metz CE. Some practical issues of experimental design and data analysis in radiological ROC studies. Investigative Radiology 1989; 24(3):234–245. PubMed PMID: 2753640. Kubota R, Yamada S, Kubota K, Ishiwata K, Tamahashi N, Ido T. Intratumoral distribution of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in vivo: high accumulation in macrophages and granulation tissues studied by microautoradiography. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1992; 33(11):1972–1980. Balthazar EJ, Robinson DL, Megibow AJ, Ranson JH. Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. Radiology 1990; 174(2):331–336. PubMed PMID: 2296641. Ambrose J. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography): Part 2. Clinical application. British Journal of Radiology 1973; 46(552):1023–1047. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1973R540700002. Strauss LG, Conti PS. The Applications of PET in clinical oncology. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1991; 32(4):623–648; discussion 49–50. PubMed PMID: 2013803. Livraghi T, Giorgio A, Marin G, Salmi A, de Sio I, Bolondi L, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in 746 patients: long-term results of percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 1995; 197(1):101–8. PubMed PMID: 7568806. Yamada R, Sato M, Kawabata M, Nakatsuka H, Nakamura K, Takashima S. Hepatic artery embolization in 120 patients with unresectable hepatoma. Radiology 1983; 148(2):397–401. PubMed PMID: 6306721. Axel L, Dougherty L. MR imaging of motion with spatial modulation of magnetization. Radiology 1989; 171(3):841–845. PubMed PMID: 2717762. Wakana S, Jiang HY, Nagae-Poetscher LM, van Zijl PCM, Mori S. Fiber tract-based atlas of human white matter anatomy. Radiology 2004; 230(1):77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2301021640. PubMed PMID: WOS:000187613100012. Kalender WA, Seissler W, Klotz E, Vock P. Spiral volumetric CT with single-breath-hold technique, continuous transport, and continuous scanner rotation. Radiology 1990; 176(1):181–183. PubMed PMID: 2353088. Dewey WC, Hopwood LE, Sapareto SA, Gerweck LE. Cellular responses to combinations of hyperthermia and radiation. Radiology 1977; 123(2):463–474. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1977DE17100044. Moseley ME, Cohen Y, Kucharczyk J, Mintorovitch J, Asgari HS, Wendland MF, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of anisotropic water diffusion in cat central-nervous-system. Radiology 1990; 176(2):439–45. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1990DP56600026. Moseley ME, Kucharczyk J, Mintorovitch J, Cohen Y, Kurhanewicz J, Derugin N, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of acute stroke: correlation with T2-weighted and magnetic susceptibility-enhanced MR imaging in cats. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1990; 11(3):423–429. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1990DB32900001. Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F, Ierace T, Solbiati L, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: radio-frequency ablation of medium and large lesions. Radiology 2000; 214(3):761–768. PubMed PMID: WOS:000085478800024. Simonetti OP, Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Hillenbrand HB, Wu E, Bundy JM, et al. An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction. Radiology 2001; 218(1):215–223. PubMed PMID: WOS:000167571300037.
772
59.4
770
30.8
738
26.4
731
24.4
715
29.8
708
33.7
706
30.7
687
17.2
685
31.1
675
37.5
674
22.5
666
27.8
666
74.0
663
28.8
656
18.2
655
28.5
648
28.2
648
49.8
641
53.4
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TABLE 1. (continued) List of Top 100 Most Cited Articles in Radiologic Journals
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52
53
55
56
57 58
637
39.8
635
24.4
631
45.1
627
14.3
624 622
32.8 32.7
618
17.2
611
20.4
591
25.7
590
84.3
580
15.7
577
33.9
575
57.5
564
26.9
562
33.1
538
31.6
534
22.3
534
22.3
529
31.1
5
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Jensen ME, Evans AJ, Mathis JM, Kallmes DF, Cloft HJ, Dion JE. Percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral body compression fractures: technical aspects. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1997; 18(10):1897–1904. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1997YH89400022. Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, Hurtig HI, Zimmerman RA. MR signal abnormalities at 1.5-T in Alzheimer dementia and normal aging. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1987; 149(2):351–356. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1987J254400029. Kuhl CK, Mielcareck P, Klaschik S, Leutner C, Wardelmann E, Gieseke J, et al. Dynamic breast MR imaging: are signal intensity time course data useful for differential diagnosis of enhancing lesions? Radiology 1999; 211(1):101–110. PubMed PMID: WOS:000079323200015. Edwards CL, Hayes RL. Tumor scanning with 67Ga citrate. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1969; 10(2):103–105. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1969C516300008. Prince MR. Gadolinium-enhanced MR aortography. Radiology 1994; 191(1):155–164. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1994NB68500031. Rubin JM, Bude RO, Carson PL, Bree RL, Adler RS. Power Doppler US: a potentially useful alternative to mean frequency-based color Doppler US. Radiology 1994; 190(3):853–856. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1994MX69800045. Pavel DG, Zimmer AM, Patterson VN. In vivo labeling of red blood-cells with Tc-99m: new approach to blood pool visualization. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1977; 18(3):305–308. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1977CY71100021. Sonoda M, Takano M, Miyahara J, Kato H. Computed radiography utilizing scanning laser stimulated luminescence. Radiology 1983; 148(3):833–838. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1983RD86600043. Weissleder R, Elizondo G, Wittenberg J, Rabito CA, Bengele HH, Josephson L. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide: characterization of a new class of contrast agents for MR imaging. Radiology 1990; 175(2):489–493. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1990CZ49100036. Flohr TG, McCollough CH, Bruder H, Petersilka M, Gruber K, Suss C, et al. First performance evaluation of a dual-source CT (DSCT) system. European Radiology 2006; 16(2):256–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-005-2919-2. PubMed PMID: WOS:000234755200001. Wolfe JN. Breast patterns as an index of risk for developing breast-cancer. American Journal of Roentgenology 1976; 126(6):1130–1139. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1976BT75500002. Rossi S, Di Stasi M, Buscarini E, Quaretti P, Garbagnati F, Squassante L, et al. Percutaneous RF interstitial thermal ablation in the treatment of hepatic cancer. American Journal of Roentgenology 1996; 167(3):759–768. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996VD39600048. Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni MF, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, Goldberg SN, et al. Treatment of focal liver tumors with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: complications encountered in a multicenter study. Radiology 2003; 226(2):441–451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/ radiol.2262012198. PubMed PMID: WOS:000180657000022 Remy-jardin M, Remy J, Wattinne L, Giraud F. Central pulmonary thromboembolism: diagnosis with spiral volumetric CT with the singlebreath-hold technique—comparison with pulmonary angiography. Radiology 1992; 185(2):381–387. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1992JV36000013. Cotten A, Dewatre F, Cortet B, Assaker R, Leblond D, Duquesnoy B, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteolytic metastases and myeloma: effects of the percentage of lesion filling and the leakage of methyl methacrylate at clinical follow-up. Radiology 1996; 200(2):525–530. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996UY07800038. Sorensen AG, Buonanno FS, Gonzalez RG, Schwamm LH, Lev MH, HuangHellinger FR, et al. Hyperacute stroke: evaluation with combined multisection diffusion-weighted and hemodynamically weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology 1996; 199(2):391–401. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996UG01100017. Wackers FJT, Berman DS, Maddahi J, Watson DD, Beller GA, Strauss HW, et al. Technetium-99 m hexakis 2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile: human biodistribution, dosimetry, safety, and preliminary comparison to TI-201 for myocardial perfusion imaging. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1989; 30(3):301–311. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1989T600900008. Kaiser WA, Zeitler E. MR Imaging of the Breast - Fast imaging sequences with and without GD-DTPA: preliminary-observations. Radiology 1989; 170(3):681–686. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1989T273400015. Stabin MG. MIRDOSE: Personal computer software for internal dose assessment in nuclear medicine. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1996; 37(3):538–546. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996TZ41300038.
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Rank 59 60 61
62
63 64
65
66 67
68
70 71 72 73 74 75
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Citations per Year
Insall J, Salvati E. Patella position in normal knee joint. Radiology 1971; 101(1):101–104. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1971K202400019. Prince MR, Narasimham DL, Stanley JC, Chenevert TL, Williams DM, Marx V, et al. Breath-hold gadolinium-enhanced MR-angiography of the abdominal-aorta and its major branches. Radiology 1995; 197(3):785–792. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1995TG33300041. Dousset V, Grossman RI, Ramer KN, Schnall MD, Young LH, Gonzalezscarano F, et al. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple-sclerosis: lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging. Radiology 1992; 182(2):483–491. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1992HA58600035. Solbiati L, Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Ierace T, Meloni F, Dellanoce M, et al. Percutaneous radio-frequency ablation of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: long-term results in 117 patients. Radiology 2001; 221(1):159–166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2211001624. PubMed PMID: WOS:000171118900021. Kaneko M, Eguchi K, Ohmatsu H, Kakinuma R, Naruke T, Suemasu K, et al. Peripheral lung cancer: screening and detection with low-dose spiral CT versus radiography. Radiology 1996; 201(3):798–802. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996VU50000035. Wang YXJ, Hussain SM, Krestin GP. Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: physicochemical characteristics and applications in MR imaging. European Radiology 2001; 11(11):2319-2331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003300100908. PubMed PMID: WOS:000172277300030. Lencioni RA, Allgaier HP, Cioni D, Olschewski M, Deibert P, Crocetti L, et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: randomized comparison of radio-frequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 2003; 228(1):235–240. http://dx.doi. org/10.1148/radiol.2281020718. PubMed PMID: WOS:000183689700036. Aronen HJ, Gazit IE, Louis DN, Buchbinder BR, Pardo FS, Weisskoff RM, et al. Cerebral blood-volume maps of gliomas: comparison with tumor grade and histologic-findings. Radiology 1994; 191(1):41–51. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1994NB68500009. Wieland DM, Wu JI, Brown LE, Mangner TJ, Swanson DP, Beierwaltes WH. Radiolabeled adrenergic neuron-blocking agents: adrenomedullary imaging with I-131 iodobenzylguanidine. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1980; 21(4):349–353. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1980JM62800008. Neirinckx RD, Canning LR, Piper IM, Nowotnik DP, Pickett RD, Holmes RA, et al. TC-99M D,1-HM-PAO: a new radiopharmaceutical for SPECT imaging of regional cerebral blood perfusion. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1987; 28(2):191–202. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1987F859400014. Orton CG, Ellis F. Simplification in use of NSD concept in practical radiotherapy. British Journal of Radiology 1973; 46(547):529–537. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1973Q123900007. Weissleder R, Elizondo G, Wittenberg J, Rabito CA, Bengele HH, Josephson L. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide: characterization of a new class of contrast agents for MR imaging. Radiology 1990; 175(2):489–493. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1990CZ49100036. Bird RE, Wallace TW, Yankaskas BC. Analysis of cancers missed at screening mammography. Radiology 1992; 184(3):613–617. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1992JJ86600008. Bydder GM, Steiner RE, Young IR, Hall AS, Thomas DJ, Marshall J, et al. Clinical NMR imaging of the brain: 140 cases. American Journal of Roentgenology 1982; 139(2):215–236. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1982NY43600001. Modic MT, Steinberg PM, Ross JS, Masaryk TJ, Carter JR. Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 166(1):193–199. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1988L515600035. Parker SH, Burbank F, Jackman RJ, Aucreman CJ, Cardenosa G, Cink TM, et al. Percutaneous large-core breast biopsy: a multiinstitutional study. Radiology 1994; 193(2):359–364. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1994PN94700018. Dorfman DD, Berbaum KS, Metz CE. Receiver operating characteristic rating analysis: generalization to the population of readers and patients with the Jackknife method. Investigative Radiology 1992; 27(9):723–731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-19920900000015. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1992JL79900009.
521 520
12.4 28.9
517
24.6
517
43.1
513
30.2
513
42.8
512
51.2
512
26.9
510
15.5
501
19.3
497
12.4
496
21.6
492
23.4
491
15.8
491
19.6
487
25.6
478
22.8
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TABLE 1. (continued) List of Top 100 Most Cited Articles in Radiologic Journals
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
88 89 90
92 93 94 95 96
476
15.4
476
29.8
469
26.1
465 463
18.6 23.2
463
16.5
463
27.2
461
14.4
458
16.4
453
13.7
451
22.6
447
34.4
446
29.7
445
27.8
443
40.3
443
26.1
440
15.7
436
22.9
434
17.4
433
24.1
432
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Kuhl DE, Barrio JR, Huang SC, Selin C, Ackermann RF, Lear JL, et al. Quantifying local cerebral blood-flow by N-isopropyl-P-(I-123) iodoamphetamine (IMP) tomography. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1982; 23(3):196–203. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1982NE54300002. Garra BS, Cespedes EI, Ophir J, Spratt SR, Zuurbier RA, Magnant CM, et al. Elastography of breast lesions: initial clinical results. Radiology 1997; 202(1):79–86. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1997WA40100017. Cognard C, Gobin YP, Pierot L, Bailly AL, Houdart E, Casasco A, et al. Cerebral dural arteriovenous-fistulas clinical and angiographic correlation with a revised classification of venous drainage. Radiology 1995; 194(3):671–680. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1995QG91800009. Vogler JB, Murphy WA. Bone marrow imaging. Radiology 1988; 168(3):679–693. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1988P738600019. Harms SE, Flamig DP, Hesley KL, Meiches MD, Jensen RA, Evans WP, et al. MR imaging of the breast with rotating delivery of excitation off resonance: clinical experience with pathological correlation. Radiology 1993; 187(2):493–501. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1993KY90700041. Lebowitz RL, Olbing H, Parkkulainen KV, Smellie JM, Tamminen-Mobius TE. International system of radiographic grading of vesicoureteric reflux. International Reflux Study in Children. Pediatric Radiology 1985; 15(2):105–109. PubMed PMID: 3975102 RemyJardin M, Remy J, Deschildre F, Artaud D, Beregi JP, HosseinFoucher C, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with spiral CT: comparison with pulmonary angiography and scintigraphy. Radiology 1996; 200(3):699–706. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996VD06200022. Hessel SJ, Adams DF, Abrams HL. Complications of angiography. Radiology 1981; 138(2):273–281. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1981LA02500001. Dale RG. The application of the linear-quadratic dose-effect equation to fractionated and protracted radiotherapy. British Journal of Radiology 1985; 58(690):515–528. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1985AKB5800006. Axel L. Cerebral blood-flow determination by rapid-sequence computed-tomography: a theoretical-analysis. Radiology 1980; 137(3):679–686. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1980KV17200015. Michaelis T, Merboldt KD, Bruhn H, Hanicke W, Frahm J. Absolute concentrations of metabolites in the adult human brain in vivo: quantification of localized proton MR spectra. Radiology 1993; 187(1):219–227. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1993KT24400043. Goldberg SN, Gazelle GS, Mueller PR. Thermal ablation therapy for focal malignancy: a unified approach to underlying principles, techniques, and diagnostic imaging guidance. American Journal of Roentgenology 2000; 174(2):323–331. PubMed PMID: WOS:000084885000009. Rossi S, Buscarini E, Garbagnati F, Di Stasi M, Quaretti P, Rago M, et al. Percutaneous treatment of small hepatic tumors by an expandable RF needle electrode. American Journal of Roentgenology 1998; 170(4):1015–1022. PubMed PMID: WOS:000072608400035. Solbiati L, Goldberg SN, Ierace T, Livraghi T, Meloni F, Dellanoce M, et al. Hepatic metastases: percutaneous radio-frequency ablation with cooled-tip electrodes. Radiology 1997; 205(2):367–373. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1997YD15100014. Kolb TM, Lichy J, Newhouse JH. Comparison of the performance of screening mammography, physical examination, and breast US and evaluation of factors that influence them: an analysis of 27,825 patient evaluations. Radiology 2002; 225(1):165–175. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1148/radiol.2251011667. PubMed PMID: WOS:000178264300026. Austin JHM, Muller NL, Friedman PJ, Hansell DM, Naidich DP, RemyJardin M, et al. Glossary of terms for CT of the lungs: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the Fleischner Society. Radiology 1996; 200(2):327–331. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1996UY07800008. Modic MT, Feiglin DH, Piraino DW, Boumphrey F, Weinstein MA, Duchesneau PM, et al. Vertebral osteomyelitis: assessment using MR. Radiology 1985; 157(1):157–166. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1985AQV2100030. Rempp KA, Brix G, Wenz F, Becker CR, Guckel F, Lorenz WJ. Quantification of regional cerebral blood-flow and volume with dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MR-imaging. Radiology 1994; 193(3):637–641. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1994PT55300013. Barkovich AJ, Kjos BO, Jackson DE, Norman D. Normal maturation of the neonatal and infant brain: MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 1988; 166(1):173–180. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1988L515600032. Minoshima S, Frey KA, Koeppe RA, Foster NL, Kuhl DE. A diagnostic-approach in Alzheimers-disease using 3-dimensional stereotaxic surface projections of fluorine-18-FDG PET. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1995; 36(7):1238–48. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1995RG11300023. Ehman RL, Felmlee JP. Adaptive technique for high-definition MR imaging of moving structures. Radiology 1989; 173(1):255–263. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1989AQ83100052.
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8
12.1
9.6
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Laberge JM, Ring EJ, Gordon RL, Lake JR, Doherty MM, Somberg KA, et al. Creation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with the Wallstent endoprosthesis: results in 100 patients. Radiology 1993; 187(2):413–420. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1993KY90700027. Taillefer R, Boucher Y, Potvin C, Lambert R. Detection and localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with hyperparathyroidism using a single radionuclide imaging procedure with technetium-99m-sestamibi (double-phase study). Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1992; 33(10):1801–1807. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1992JU52000018. Dotter CT. Transluminally-placed coilspring endarterial tube grafts: long-term patency in canine popliteal artery. Investigative Radiology 1969; 4(5):329–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-196909000-00008. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1969E129600008. Gallagher BM, Fowler JS, Gutterson NI, Macgregor RR, Wan CN, Wolf AP. Metabolic trapping as a principle of radiopharmaceutical design: some factors responsible for biodistribution of F-18 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1978; 19(10):1154–1161. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1978FS17000012.
20.3
Citations per Year Citations Article
TABLE 2. List of Journals Included in This Analysis, Their Impact Factors, and Contribution to the List of the ‘‘100 Top Cited’’ Articles
422 100
424 99
98
426
Journal
97
Rank
TABLE 1. (continued) List of Top 100 Most Cited Articles in Radiologic Journals
PAGNI ET AL
Radiology Journal Nuclear Medicine American Journal of Roentgenology British Journal of Radiology Investigative Radiology American Journal of Neuroradiology European Radiology Pediatric Radiology Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Impact Factor*
Number of Articles in the Top 100
5.726 6.381 2.775
59 17 9
1.314 4.593 2.928
5 4 2
3.222 1.674 4.308
2 1 1
*Calculated using Journal Citation Reports for the year 2011.
interventional (n = 18) and nuclear imaging (n = 16). Most articles fell into the miscellaneous category (n = 23) for subspecialty. Of these 23 articles, nine investigated MRI, four investigated computed tomographic (CT) imaging, and one was a mixed modality study. Nine articles fell into the ‘‘other’’ category, including six ROC studies, one study on contrast reactions, one study on cellular damage, and one study on computer laser luminescence. Topic of Study and Subspecialty
The subspecialty category most frequently studied was miscellaneous (n = 23) followed by neuroradiology (n = 19) and nuclear medicine (n = 19). Most articles fell into the category of imaging technique (n = 23), followed by interventional technique (n = 17) and tissue characterization studies (n = 11). Table 3 shows all articles categorized by topic of study and subspecialty.
DISCUSSION The 100 top cited articles appearing in radiologic journals were identified and are presented in Table 2. The most common study design was a prospective clinical research study. The 100 top cited articles were found in 9 of the 46 radiologic journals analyzed. Radiology, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, and American Journal of Roentgenology contained 85 of the 100 top cited articles. The earliest article within our study is from 1967 by Judkins et al. (24) on selective coronary arteriography and the most recent is from 2006 by Flohr et al. (25) on dual-source CT scan evaluations. The time frame that contained most of the 100 top cited articles was 1986–1990 (n = 25). During this time interval, many interesting studies took place that advanced our understanding of contrast characterization and MRI of the central nervous system and motion. The trend downward of the number of 100 top-cited articles in the 2000s is likely due to insufficient time for
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TOP 100 CITED RADIOLOGIC ARTICLES
Figure 1. The 100 top cited articles appearing in radiologic journals per 5-year interval.
Figure 2. The average annual citation count for articles in the top 100 based on 5-year intervals.
accumulation of citations. It will be of interest to follow these articles through time and to measure their continued impact on the field of radiology. The trend downward in the pre-1990 era is likely due to a combination of issues. First, bibliometric databases and citation analysis in the pre-1990 era were not as commonly performed or investigated. The articles from the pre-1990 era may have had an early impact on the field, but this impact may have been diminished by future studies, thus decreasing their citation counts over time. Finally, in the pre-1990 era, articles were not as easily accessible as they currently are given the widespread use of the Internet and online resources.
The areas of radiology that contained the most articles in our 100 top cited list were neuroradiology and nuclear medicine with most of these studies being characterized as interventional techniques or tissue characterization. Many of the studies that fell into this category are studies that used newly available technology for the first time to describe a disease or pathologic state. For example, Fazekas et al. (26) in 1987 described signal abnormalities in Alzheimer dementia compared to normal aging which has been cited 635 times. Another example is Modic et al. (27) in 1988 who described the assessment of changes in degenerative disc disease, which has been cited 491 times. 9
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TABLE 3. List of Articles by Radiologic Subspecialty and Technique Type of Study Imaging technique Interventional technique Tissue characterization Contrast Diagnosis Radiopharmaceutical ROC New modality Classification Dosimetry Review Screening Risk assessment Terminology Total
Total
Misc
Neuro
NM
IR
Breast
Cardiac
MSK
Chest
Pediatrics
GU
Molecular
Abdominal
23 17 11 8 7 6 6 5 4 4 4 3 1 1 100
5 0 1 5 1 0 6 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 23
8 0 7 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 19
3 0 0 3 2 6 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 19
0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
2 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 9
3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
GU, Genitourinary; IR, Interventional Radiology; MSK, Musculoskeletal; NM, Nuclear Medicine; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.
Most articles (n = 61) were from the United States and had a mean and median of five coauthors. Our study included articles only based in the English language thus giving an inherent bias toward articles from countries that use English as the primary language. The recent article in the American Journal of Roentgenology by Yoon et al. (22) performed a similar but methodologically different study to ours. We identified the journals related to radiology using JCR (28), and they used the Science Citation Index. They identified 113 journals compared to our 138 and included 50 journals compared to our final 46 journals. Our studies have many similarities: 71 of the top 100 articles are included in both studies, and 6 of the 9 journals in our study included articles in the top 100 in both studies. The citation counts differ because of the temporal separation between when the data were collected (June 2012 vs. May 2013). Using different search inclusion and exclusion criteria, search strategies, and time frames, the combination of the study by Yoon et al. (22) and our own provides a reproducible list of the top 100 most cited articles within radiology. There were 31 articles that were unique to our study in comparison to the search methods used by Yoon et al. (22). The limitations of our study include the association of citation count as a surrogate for an articles impact. Citation analysis inherently favors older articles over articles published recently. Landmark articles published within the last 15 years likely have not accumulated sufficient citation numbers to be identified using our methods. In addition, we limited our study to journals published in the English language. The decision to exclude modality-related journals is due to the very technical, often nonclinical nature of many of these sources, in particular MRI-related journals. Therefore clinical articles in these journals will not be recognized in this analysis. In addition, radiology-related articles in nonradiologic journals are not identified by the methodology used in this investigation. 10
This study looks only at journal articles. There have been many impactful studies published in textbooks, presented at conferences, or available in other forms of media that our study did not capture. Our methods also rely heavily on the accuracy of the citation databases and analytics that can vary depending on when and where the article was published (29–31). The strengths of our study are evident in the characteristics of the 100 top cited articles presented. This list represents the broad scope of the field of radiology and, like radiology, touches on many different organ systems. These articles were meticulously categorized and presented according to many different characteristics. Over 50,000 articles were analyzed in the production of the current list of 100 top cited articles. Our methods have future implications for additional work on analyzing the continued growth and development of radiology as a field. We provide a robust list of articles that have advanced the field of radiology in a variety of ways. Assessing and identifying which articles to study within a specialty is important to individuals at all levels of training. Citation analysis provides a method for categorizing and identifying landmark studies within radiology. These articles can be used to gain historical insight into the field of radiology and further our understanding of techniques and modalities as they were first described. We present the list of the 100 top cited articles in radiology. This list is dynamic and will ultimately change as our field continues to be shaped and molded by past, current, and future physicians and scientists. This study provides a comprehensive list of the 100 top cited radiology articles. This list should prove to be valuable reference for all students of radiology, from neophytes to those with years of experience. Integrating such a list into radiology curriculum will allow educators to provide residents and fellows with relevant and impactful articles to enrich their educational experience. By following our methods, a dynamic and
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