THE
o
JOURNAL
Copyright
HISTOCHEMISTR
© 1976
by The
Vol.
AND CYTOCHEMISTRY
Histochemical
Society,
HISTOCHEMICAL
LOCALIZATION
OF
CORTEX
Neurochemistry
Laboratory,
Biophysics
and
Received
for
OF
STAHL’
(Neurology)
Washington
School
publication
September
and
of Medicine, 20,
SOMATOSENSORY
(8099-01),
Biological
Departments
Structure
Seattle,
1975,
THE
H. BRODERSON
Hospital
L. S.)
1976
U.S.A.
in
RAT’
STEVAN
AND
(W.
IN
THE
Administration
Veterans
Medicine
731-739.
POTASSIUM-STIMULATED
ACTIVITY
L.
6. pp.
No.
Printed
P-NITROPHENYLPHOSPHATASE
WILLIAM
24,
Inc.
(S.
Washington
and
in revised
of Physiology H.
B.),
and
University
of
98195
form
February
20,
1976
Potassium-stimulated p-nitrophenylphosphatase (K-pNPPase) activity was investigated in rat somatosensory cortex where 64-88% of enzymatic activity survived 5-10 min of fixation with 3% formaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4. Potassium-stimulated activity was inhibited by 1-10 mM ouabain. Levamisole (1.7 mM) inhibited brain alkaline phosphatase activity, facilitating the detection of K-pNPPase activity. Strontium (10-20 mM) inhibited enzymatic activity by 38-75%. In parallel histochemical studies reaction product was found in strata, with cortical layers 2, 3, 4 and the outer portion of 5 containing the heaviest deposits. Highly reactive, vertically oriented, large diameter fibers were seen as groups between the outer portion of layer 5 and the pial surface. These fibers apparently arborize in the superficial layers. Smaller fibers were also positive and were oriented in various planes. The highest density of smaller, positive fibers occurred in layers 2 through 5. All positive fibers appeared to be axons or dendrites. Reaction product was not heavily concentrated in neuron perikarya or in glial elements. Sections did not contain reaction product when incubated in media lacking K#{247} or containing ouabain. The convergence of data from parallel bistochemical and biochemical approaches supports the conclusion that the reactivity localized in the cerebral cortex represented the site of K-pNPPase, a known component of the Na,K-adenosine triphosphatase complex. Neuronal processes demonstrated the highest enzymatic activity and may be most important in the active transport of Na and K in somatosensory cortex.
Evidence indicates
from
a large Na,K-adenosine
that
(Na,K-ATPase)
tase
ing active 4, 33).
is
transport
This
and
requires
for
K
Mg’,
Na
is inhibited (4, 15,
now
that
excellent
evidence
is in that
of
(1,
4).
a
In this
ouabain-inhibited
sidered ATPase
reflect activity.
bain-inhibited
and
K
by cardiac 19). There is
.nation level
phosphatase
tially
inter-
activity
is
con-
due
related
ouathe
Supported
Grant
NS05424
in part from
by U.S. the
Public National
Health
which reactions
by-
Service
Institutes
general
However,
including
When the latthe enzymatic
to
of
lizing
NeuroWash-
histochemical
as to capture
in
matically
released studies
731
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
and phosphate by
Ernst
techniques
capture
a procedure of
substrate
data
phosphate
developed
a
about
neuronal to problems
localization
ion
localization
pNPP
is known
of “enriched” (24, 32) and
employ lead (7, 25, 28).
strontium biochemical
little
and various
in interpreting
studies fractions
Ernst
distribution activity in
of the enzyme, particusystem (32). This is par-
to uncertainties from cell
cytochemical
Health. 2 Requests for reprints to this author at chemistry Laboratory, V.A. Hospital, Seattle, ington 98108.
esters
(pNPP). a substrate,
as
(1, 2, 4).
Recently, 1
phosphate
concerning the Na,K-ATPase
derived and glial
Na,Kt
catalyzes
several
the cellular localization larly in the nervous
K-stimulated,
a component of The K-stimulated,
of
tissues
Na,K-ATPase
system,
of
activity is referred to as K-pNPPase activity. Biochemical studies provide abundant infor-
a K-stimulated
phosphatase
to
(1, 2,
part of the Na,K-ATPase it catalyzes the K-dependent
dephosphorylation mediate
drolysis
p-nitrophenyhphosphate ter is employed
achiev-
in cells
for activation (4, 30) and glycosides such as ouabain phosphatase complex,
of studies triphospha-
essential
of Na
enzyme
number
for
K-pNPPase
and
employing
precipitate (7, showed
the uti-
the 8).
enzy-
Thorough that
stron-
732
STAHL
tium
was
enzyme the
a
enzyme
Figure localize the
noncompetitive
which
had for K
effect
The
reaction
1. This method K-stimulated
secretory
(7, 8), in the
in cells
We
have
the
ouabain-sensitive cortex.
those
of the
In
elements
the
tubule
we the
in to in gland
of the
rat
(9,
in a study
of
of rat hoped
to
cere-
identify .activity
of K and Na, in the mainte(1, 4, 29, 33) and
function. MATERIALS
Fixation: in
salt
enzymatic
required for the active transport a process especially important nance of membrane potential cell
avian
technique
way
having
of
utilized activity
K-pNPPase this
the
of the rat cornea (20), of the desert iguana
renal
applied
of affinity
is illustrated
of the
endothehium nasal gland
11).
inhibitor on the
has been phosphatase
epithehium
in the lateral
(6) and
bral
little
AND
these
Adult studies.
AND
METHODS
Sprague-Dawley Animals
rats were
anesthetized
utilized
with
ether
were perfused with cold 3% formaldehyde buffered with 0.1 M cacodylate, pH 7.4 (7, 8, 10). Animals for control experiments were perfused with cacodylate buffer alone. Brains were excised after a 5-mm perfusion and blocks of tsue were taken from somatosensory cortical areas 1, 2 and 3 (18). These were rinsed in cold 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, and 50-tm Vibratome (Oxford Laboratories) sections were prepared using cold buffer (5-8#{176}C)in the Vibratome bath. The sections were washed three times in cold 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 7.4. Fixed tissue was also frozen in Freon-12, cooled with liquid nitrogen and sectioned at 20 m in a cryostat. Preincubation to form ouabain-enzyme complex at pH 7.6: When indicated, sections were preincubated for 0.5 hr at 37#{176}Cin a medium containing 1 mM P,, 20 mM or 28 mM imidazole, 10 mM MgCl, and 0.25 M sucrose adjusted to pH 7.6 with 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer (15) (PIMS buffer). The preincubation was carried out ±2 mM ouabain. Sections were then washed three times in cold 0.1 M Tris-HCI N02
NO2
BRODERSON
buffer, pH 7.4, and transferred to beakers containing the incubation medium for the assay of pNPPase activity. Incubation for assay of pNPPase activity in tissue slices: Incubations were carried out at 30#{176}C in beakers placed in a Dubanoff water bath. The total volume of the incubation medium was 0.5-1.0 ml. The reaction mixture contained 20 mM pNPP, 10 mM MgC1,, 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 9, SrC1, (either 10 or 20 mM), 10 mM KC1 and 1.7 mM levamisole (3). Each beaker contained 1-2 slices of somatosensory cortex. Ouabain (1 or 10 mM) was included or KC1 was omitted in control experiments. At the end of the incubation (generally 30 mm), a 300-l aliquot of incubation medium was withdrawn and added to an equal volume of cold 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). This was used for subsequent determinations of p-nitrophenol and P. p-Nitrophenol was determined by adding a 300-al ahiquot of the medium-TCA mixture to 800 l of 1 M KOH and comparing the optical density of this solution at 420 nm to that of standard concentrations of p-nitrophenol. Inorganic phosphate levels in the TCA-treated media were determined by a modification of the method of Martin and Doty (23). The reaction was halted in samples intended for biochemical determination of protein concentration by adding 0.5-1.0 ml cold 10% TCA to the beakers. Fluid
was
decanted
ml
slices
Sequence of pNPPase reaction. p-Nitrophenylphosphate is hydrolyzed to p-nitrophenol and inorganic phosphate. The reaction requires Mg’ and K and is inhibited by ouabain. FIG.
1.
was
covered
with
of fixed
cortex
or cortex
from
animals
perfused
0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, were washed cold 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 7.4, then rinsed with cold 0.32 M sucrose to remove the buffer. These slices were homogenized in cold 0.32 M sucrose for assay of ATPase and pNPPase activities as previously described (31). Histochemical localization of K -pNPPase activity: Vibratome slices were incubated as described above in the section on methodology for the of K-pNPPase
activity
conditions
figures
OO
tissue
with with
incubation
Pi
the
0.1
assay
+
and
N NaOH containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and digested for about 16 hr at 37#{176}C. The solution was analyzed for protein concentration by the method of Lowry et al. (22). Na,K-ATPase and K-pNPPase levels in brain homogenates: In these experiments freehand 0.5
showing
are the
in tissue
slices.
in the
legends
found
histochemical
Exact of the
distribution
of
reactivity.
These slices were rinsed three to four times in 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 9.0, and placed in 2% Pb(N0,), for 10 mm. The buffer and Pb(NO,), solutions contained 0.25 M sucrose. Treatment with lead was followed by two thorough rinses with 0.25 M sucrose.
The
distilled
water,
2-3
and
on tore,
mm
albuminized passed
slices treated washed glass through
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
were
then
with with
washed
water.
slides, a
for
1% ammonium dried graded
Slices at series
5 mm sulfide
were room of
mounted temperaalcohols,
in for
P-NITROPHENYLPHOSPHATASE
IN
TABLE Effect
Experiment
of Fixation
on
Cacodylate
2
3
and
K-pNPPase
N a’ ,K-ATPase (Mm oles P formed/ protein/hr)
(control)
3%HCHO Cacodylate 3%HCHO
(control)
Cacodylate
(control)
3% HCHO
733
CORTEX
I
Na,K-ATPase
Perfusate
1
SOMATOSENSORY
jjy0
mg
(Mmoles
-Na’
+Na#{176}
.1
8.29
13.39
5.10
7.20
12.27
5.07
6.89
14.47
8.13
12.39
7.93 6.89
K’ -pNPPase pNP#{176} form ed/mg protein/bri
K
+K’
.1
0.85
4.09
3.24
1.36
3.48
2.12
7.58
0.98
3.99
3.01
4.26
1.28
3.95
2.67
20.52
12.59
1.44
6.18
4.74
14.47
7.58
1.62
4.64
3.02
#{176} Each experiment represents data from two animals, a control animal perfused with 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, and an animal perfused wth 3% formaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4. Brains were sliced freehand with a razor blade, washed in cold 0.1 MTris-HCI buffer, pH 7.4, and rinsed in 0.32 Msucrose. Slices were stored at -80#{176}Cand subsequently homogenized and assayed for enzymatic activities at pH 7.4 as described under Materials and Methods. pNP, p-nitrophenol.
cleared
in
xylene
and
mounted
in
Permount.
Some
air-dried sections were hydrated and counterstained for 5 mm in 0.025% thionin in 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 4.7, before dehydration, clearing and mounting. RESULTS
Biochemical
studies:
Preliminary
cal studies were carried sections from somatosensory perfused with formaldehyde. not
cacodylate Perfusion
drastically
inhibit
out
with freehand cortex of animals
Na,K-ATPase
activity from
out
perfused
hyde
with with
(Table
frozen
cacodylate-buffered
II).
In the
tion of K stimulated two-fold and addition dramatically
sections
inhibited
absence
this
more
easily
demonstrated
dition of levamisole, ited alkaline phosphatase
which
of SrCl,, activity 10 mM
enzymatic
Addition of 10 or 20 mM pNPPase activity by 38-75% sent. Ouabain inhibition of was
were animals addinearly ouabain
‘-Glycerophosphate (10-20 mM), which substrate for K-pNPPase, was hydrolyzed
the
ad-
is not a under
was less previously
buffer
were
more tissue sections
at the
it remained When tissue
1 mM
ouabain
80% 20 mM
with SrC1,
10 in
present). cacodylate
homogenized
and
for
assayed
K-
Na,K-ATPase activities. AdmM levamisole did not inhibit activities (data not shown). media
containing in
levels
of
cryostat
hands,
formed once
that
II, levamisole perfused with
utilized
in
1 mM
(Table brain
pNPPase and dition of 1.7-3 these enzymatic
activity. Similar
way,
activity 99% with
pNPPase activity comthe ouabain-
efficiently shown
in this
levamisole
however,
at pH 7.6, at pH 9 (15).
K-pNPPase present and
medium Slices from
our
inhiblowered
both present,
abolished;
preincubated
found
SrCl, inhibited with ouabain abpNPPase activity after
virtually
was formed stable even
inhibited mM SrC12 the
When were
did not inhibit enzymatic and it may have been that
routinely
activity.
specifically activity3 and
was
ouabain pletely
II).
ouabain
Accordingly,
formalde-
pNPPase of 1 or
(Table
mM
activity
was did
(Table I). The activity remaining was about 60-100% of control levels. Nearly 64-88% of K -pNPPase activity remained after perfusion with formaldehyde. These results are similar to
carried
10
complex relatively
activity
those reported by Ernst (7). Initial studies of K-pNPPase
values
and
enzyme complex pH 9 (15). It was
biochemi-
or cacodylate-buffered with formaldehyde
blank
assays enzymatic
and
Vibratome
satisfactory
and histochemical activity measured
activity
were
sections. proved
In to
sections
be
in that
was better and Vibratome in the parallel biochemical studies. The in Vibratome
assay conditions used here the presence of levamisole.
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
cryostat
were
K-pNPPase
Vibratome sections
than
morphology were used
levamisole of
K-stimulated sections
in the absence
but
was not
in
734 nearly
linear
and 60 present inhibited (10 mM
incubation
was
of ouabain
of K-pNPPse
the
cortex identify
had
reaction
the
in the
of
the
vertically
not
general
deposits cortical
of cortex
at low magnification was oriented striations.
in
located (Fig.
areas
of reaction
ditionally,
there
were
amidst There
3).
sections
having
the
product
(Fig.
numerous
incubated
in media
(Fig.
4) or containing dramatic
10 mM
difference
3).
(Fig. tissue
stained it was of the
ented
structures
groups areas (Figs.
or large fibers, and the pale, unreactive were identified as neuronal perikarya 6 and 9). The large diameter fibers could
were
At
be
pNPPase rat.
feature
the presence These were
Activity
higher
the
through
layers were
superficial
part
of
be
as
(Figs.
5 (Fig.
to ori-
bundles
the
or
outer
arborizations
in
3, 6, and
reactive fibers to cell bodies not detectable
layer
control
vertically
to
2, 3, 4 and
seen layers
These large, highly convincingly traced scription and were outer
seen
the
3 is compared the
were
of 5 and more
Figure
magnification
followed
portion
when
and
5). incu-
is apparent 4 and 5.
9).
8).
could not be of any debeyond the
Other
reactive
II
of Rat
Somatosensory
Cortical
Preincubat
ion 20mM
Slices#{176} Concentrati on pNP#{176} formed /mg protein) 10mM
0
None
Noouabain
152
160
258
KC1
No ouabain
275
276
517
Levamisole
No ouabain
124
130
KC1
+ levamisole
Noouabain
219
279
217 373
KC1 KCI KC1 KC1
+
No ouabain
90
84
128
Noouabain
79
82
110
75
109
132
KC1
+
KC1 KC1
+ 10 mMouabain + levamisole
+
KCI
+ levamisole
+
1 mM
ouabain
10 mM + levamisole +
ouabain
+ levamisole
+
1 mMouabain
Noouabain
+
l0mMouabain
Noouabain
1 mMouabain
1 mMouabain 10 mMouabain
in
potassium
ouabain
medium
Adareas
reactivity product
between
complete
greatest pale
lacking
SrCI, (nmoles Additions
oval,
regions of highest was no reaction
The
TABLE
p-Nitrophenylphosphatase
apparent
in the
of the
3). A second
most
concentration
media Figures
im-
of re#{233}#{232}tion product were laminae, layers 2, 3, 4 and
of 5 (Fig.
BRODERSON
bated
features
distribution
somatosensory
portion
observed
activ-
methods, portions
which
Several of
outer
detec-
highest pNPPase activity and to elements associated with the
product.
The heaviest in the middle
maximum
of preparations
neurocytologic determine
characteristic activity
15
histochemical localizations: in interpretation were
nature
the cortical
between
by at least 90% the addition of
inhibition
posed
by classical possible to
activity Again, for
of the restrictions
AND
10 or 20 mM SrC1, of 10 mMouabain
essential
Results Although by
times
at 30#{176}Cwith 2). The addition
K-pNPPase SrCh, present).
levamisole tion ity.
for
mm (Fig.
STAHL
5
0
2 mMouabain
42
122
2 mMouabain
26
173
4
31
0
0
2 mMouabain 2 mMouabain
Rats were Methods.
66
perfused with 3% formaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, as described under Materials The cortex was frozen and 20-zm cryostat sections were prepared. Sections were washed three times in ice cold 0.1 MTris-HC1 buffer, pH 7.4 (about 20mm total), and were preincubated for 0.5 hr at 37#{176}C in a medium consisting of 1 mM P, 20 mM imidazole, 10 mM MgC1,, 0.25 M sucrose (PIMS buffer, pH 7.4) ± 2 mM ouabain. Sections were washed in ice cold 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 7.4, and were transferred to reaction tubes containing: 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 8.7, 20 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate (ditris salt), 10 mM MgCl, and the concentration of SrCl, indicated. Usually, two slices of tissue were present in each tube and the final volume was 500 Ml. When indicated, 10 mM KC1, 1.7 mM levamisole and ouabain were also present. Incubation was for 0.5 hr at 30#{176}C. p-Nitrophenol formed and protein content were determined as described under Materials and Methods. The results were derived from two experiments and represented three to six individual reaction tubes for each experimental condition. #{176}
and
b
pNP,
p-nitrophenol.
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
P-NITROPHENYLPHOSPHATASE
IN
800-
SOMATOSENSORY
tase #{149} KCI,
0mM
monitored
Sr24
leased
IOmMSr21’
zyme earlier tions
o KCI,2OmM #{149} -KCI,
activity
Sr24
c 600
o -KCI,2OmM
0
A
Sr24
Ouobain,
0mM
Sr2’
,2OmM
Sr24
/
of
/
})
/ .,
I’m
. ,
200
levels
-i
30
45
FIG.
m mM
2. p-Nitrophenylphosphatase
Vibratome
slices.
60
(mm)
Slices
were
activity
of 50-
preincubated
±2
ouabain in 1 mM P,, 20 mM imidazole, 10 mM MgCl,, 0.25 M sucrose (PIMS buffer), washed and transferred to a medium consisting of 20 mM pNPP, 10 mM KC1, 1.7 mM levamisole and 10 mM SrCI, in 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 9. Ouabain concentration was 10 mM when present. The mean values are shown for two to five individual experiments, each using three to six tissue slices. S.E.M. is shown for selected points. pNP, p-nitrophenol.
fibers of frequently. planes
smaller These
throughout
density
was
reactive
fibers and
the
greatest
Fewer reactive and 3 and the Nuclei
diameter were
already
in layer
4 (Figs.
were portion
were
found
but 7 and
9).
in also
not found but was
layers
1 and
positive
(Fig.
in areas restricted
6. 9).
poputo the
described.
Results morphologic
of
these studies
parallel strongly
biochemical suggested
that
and the
10
to
20
described
Ernst
(7,
mM
8).
enzymatic in the
In
buffer,
presence
of levamisole
finding nonspecific
that
SrCl,
our
was
and
of
the
Philpott
studies,
(10)
the
and
20 mM
total tissue was
did not reduce pNPPase sory cortex was especially reasons. First, blank preparations containing
from
values were levamisole
our
rat
and
that
much and,
determinations
incubation
diameter layer was
of
reaction
fibers
activity was cortex of medium
confidence in joint and histochemical
tions of K4-pNPPase activity. In reference to K-pNPPase prominence
arising
5 and arborizing an especially
in the
preparations.
in outer
It was
in
surface
with
high
cut
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
Hess and tangencortex
of ATPase in humans middle
possible as axRegard-
of somatosensory
ours
of
layers of the
not
ing enzymatic Pope (16, 17)
dendrites, sections
large
portion
these structures present study.
to the
the the
superficial feature
to identify definitively onal or dendritic in the
describe a stratification this region. Their findings
could
biochemilocaliza-
localization,
product
in more interesting
activity employed
lower in second,
is abolished in the (3, 11, 12). The
analytical
the
be employed with cal determinations
The
inhibited activity but
activity in somatosenimportant for two
alkaline phosphatase activity histochemical preparations evidence
SrCl,.
levamisole selectively alkaline phosphatase
in the
mi-
in-
about 40% of the original level. Reaction product was not seen in sections incubated in media containing 10 mM ouabain, which inhibited pNPPase activity 100% in the
ATPase
light
in
64-88%
activity surviving in histochemical medium
coincided
and
with
by Ernst
ized
analysis
p-Nitrophenylphospha-
was
by
precisely
biochemical
ex-
activity
random
examination.
our activity
that this enzyme survived brief formfixation quite well. Strontium also the enzyme. Inhibition of pNPPase
tially
for
Under
perfused
reaction product seen in tissue section represented the sites of Na,K-ATPase-associated K-pNPPase activity. Sections were selected at croscopic
(25).
formaldehyde
tissue
histochemical
DISCUSSION
reen-
dicating aldehyde inhibits
the
their
apparent in layers 2 of 5 and still fewer
were
Reaction product was lated by ghial elements fibers
layers
closely
Regarding
clearly indicated that K-pNPPase specifically detected in somatosensory
encountered in different
cortical
fibers inner
nucleoli
were oriented
was
p-nitrophenol
pNPPase
with
in
average incubated
TIME
media.
perfused
and
5
incubation
activity
magnitude
,..,,,
sections the
conditions,
cortex
/
400
tissue
inhibition by formaldehyde fixation, studies have shown that lengthy fixawith formaldehyde dramatically inhibit
perimental
/
ci.
the
all
measuring
Na4,KtATPase
0
‘Ouabain
in by
in
735
CORTEX
in that
activity and they
cortical
to in rats
locallayers.
736
STAHL
AND
BRODERSON
#{149}
..-‘#{149}.
1
$ ‘
“
$.#{149}
,
‘.
.
#{149}
#{149}
.‘#{149}
‘I
,
,,. -
.
..,
:
:‘
#{149}:..,
..
5 .
.;
#{149}#{149} I’
1
I 2
4
J’
3
I.
1.
C
&
4
#{174} :
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
P-NITROPHENYLPHOSPHATASE
IN
SOMATOSENSORY
737
CORTEX
.,
L-’:’T -
i
1. r .1 i)
-3 FIG. 8. Section absent. The large was counterstained FIG. 9. Section
incubated in the pNPPase diameter, positive fibers with thionin. x350. incubated in the pNPPase
absent. Large diameter fibers with xiter portion of layer 5. Numerous, neuron perikarya (open arrows) counterstained.
study
Lewin
and
stratification
FIG.
arrows)
FIG.
4.
potassium. FIG.
ouabain. FIG.
absent.
able.
5.
medium
described
legend of Figure 2, with ouabain in layers 2 and 3. The section
in the
cortex
would
suggest
similar
neuron
perikaryah
activity. peaks of Na, in layers that
From
legend
of Figure
2, with
ouabain
running vertically in the orientations. Unreactive The section was not
are photomicrographs of Vibratome layers. in the pNPPase reaction medium is heaviest in layers 2, 3, 4 and the
section
counterstained with thionin. x50. in the pNPPase reaction medium fibers (solid arrows) and unreactive
was counterstained
with
thionin.
in the pNPPase diameter fibers
axon
terminal
and
involvement. of
bundles
sections
of the
described
in the
viewpoint, the of
somatosensory legend
in the
of Figure
legend
of Figure
legend (open
of Figure arrows)
described neuron
in the perikarya
described (solid
in the legend arows) in layers
students
somatosensory large diameter
outer part of 5. Vertical striations was counterstained with thionin. described in the legend of
areas (open arrows). The section in pNPPase reaction medium The section was counterstained with thionin. x50. Section incubated in pNPPase reaction medium described incubated
dendritic,
a morphologic
the architecture report that
as are negative
Section
The section was 6. Section incubated Vertically oriented
The
a
Na,KtATPase
7. Section incubated absent. Highly reactive, large not counterstained. x 560. FIG.
showed
Hess concluded that activity occurred
These figures refer to cortical 3. Section incubated Reaction product
absent.
described in the seen as arborizations
---
associated reaction product (solid arrows) are seen smaller reactive fibers are easily seen in various and positive nuclei and nucleoli are present.
somatosensory
(21)
3-9.
FIGS.
(solid
of rat
Hess of
Lewin and KtATPase
Numbers
reaction
..‘
x 560.
A subsequent
by
reaction medium (solid arrows) are
..
of cortex apical
cortex
of the
2, with are
rat.
ouabain
apparent
x 50.
Figure 2 plus
2 minus 10 mM
2, with ouabain are distinguish-
x 140.
reaction medium are demonstrated
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
of Figure 2, with ouabain 4 and 5. The section was
738
STAHL
dendrites
from
the
pyramidal
ascend layers
and (13,
so-called Some
barrels found have suggested
oriented
columns
structural functional Mountcastle by
It
is
Fleischhauer
cells
K4 at between has
et al. to
and
be able
a high rate, Na4,K-ATPase
been
since
established
(1, 33).
the
most activity
matic
preparations,
and
cells
in this
High enzy4 in our are
known
principle recipients of thalamic somaprojection to the cortex (35). One predict that these cells are especially
might important
in
input
and
more actively engaged in synaptic events electrical transmission than other neurons. It was suggested earlier that the highly
and
tive bundles layers 2, 3, ascending
monitoring
of large diameter 4 and 5 may be from
layers
other possibility unmyehinated
axons
ers
in more
may lem
or vice
versa.
high It
In fact
of small reactive
various
high
cortex.
and
appeared
planes
in Anare lay-
4 and
to
the
seen
oriented
in
and
were not by data ghial
highly obtained
preparations
with
brain
the
and
been
high
found
in
membranes
assay
combined
activthat
synaptoso-
(34)
has
a biochemical localization (5).
and
a
histo-
biochemical
experiments
outer
and
indicated
that
K4-
portion
of 5. Vertically
diameter
fibers
was cor2, 3,
oriented
were
identified
5 and 2, apparently arborizing to 5. Other reactive fibers were
found
in of
throughout
of the appeared
fibers was not determined, to be axons and dendrites.
bodies
and
reactive. sumed
If Na4,K-ATPase to be related to
terms
glial
of ion
elements
flux
it may are the in this
the
and
but Neuron
were
not
they cell
obviously
activity physiologic
is
asin
activity
generation
of membrane
be that certain most important
neuronal cortical
cell ele-
respect.
We
thank
State
Dr.
reactive from (32)
R.
University
Janssen
B.
and
Research levamisohe.
Thomas assistance.
Loomis Special
A. Ernst
for
his
Wescott
of Washington
Dr.
Borgers
Ms. provided thanks valuable
LITERATURE 1. Bonting
SL:
M.
Foundation
of
or
activity. that glia in part
to further
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
numerous
axonal
In
synaptosomal
diameter
ments
be
with
appeared
reactivity.
and
of large
fibers
were
Na,K4-
is consistent bodies
activity
the
of these
consistently
or dendrites low
pNPPase-related Na,K4-ATPase activity specifically detected in rat somatosensory tex. The activity appeared highest in layers
of the
in
clear that composed
finding of high enzymatic processes, it is known
histochemical
portions
It may be that dendrites axons, large and small, have
Na,K-ATPase
neuronal
employing chemical
seems are
possess
K4-pNPPase
of our neuronal
potential, processes
that
were These
The finding is supported isolated
found dendrites
resides
stressed
elements.
dendritic in nature. and unmyelinated
low
gifts
be
cell
(14)
cortex and these were oriented in transverse, horizontal and vertical planes. The exact nature
a population of fibers having
activity
diameter
that
dendrites. This proband requires further
it is clear that large diameter
also
finding
have
Albers K-pNPPase
axons
This
observation
smaller
reac-
processes from inner
some
without
activity.
between layers layers superficial
cortex.
should
fibers
in the
superficial
Na,K-ATPase
somatosensory
fibers apical
that these ascending
be axons and others is not yet resolved
study; however, vertically oriented
as
deep
is
to synapse
cortex
thalamic
It also fractions
fractions
our
bundles
to be the tosensory
bodies
and
glial
these
In conclusion,
physiocortex, it cortical layers
hamina
of cell
Guth low
cord. cell
synaptosomes
and
correlation and ion flux
layer
in spinal neuronal and
by
showed
Na,K4-ATPase
of the
active physiologically. was seen in
study
they
ATPase activity is associated mal fractions obtained from
If Na,K-ATPase
activity is considered a measure logic activity in the somatosensory may well be that the middle are
high their
Na
a direct activity
a recent
support ity in
Presumably,
to transport
which
ATPase and re-
having with
processes.
by
in
(24)
physiologic
of cells associated
and
rrostly
the
organized,
the
BRODERSON
activity isolated
(13).
consider
axonal
would
5
provide
vertically
of populations activity
dendritic
layer cortical to the
described by Powell This aspect has been
interesting
significance Na4,K-ATPase these
dendrites
for the
units (27).
in
superficial be related
in sensory cortex (35). further that vertically
of apical
substrate
viewed
cells
branch in more 26). These may
AND
Sodium-potassium
of
the
(Belgium)
Kathy
King
excellent are due
Dr.
and
for Mr.
technical Stephen
advice. CITED activated
adeno-
sinetriphosphatase and cation transport, Membranes and Ion Transport. Edited by EE Bittar. Vol I. John Wiley and Sons mc, New York, 1970, 257-263 2. Bonting SL, Simon KA, Hawkins NM: Studies on sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphos-
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
P-NITROPHENYLPHOSPHATASE
phatase. tissues 1961 3.
4.
. Quantitative of the cat. Arch
IN
distribution in several Biochem Biophys 95:416,
M: The cytochemical application of new potent inhibitors of alkaline phosphatases. J Histochem Cytochem 21:812, 1973 Dahl JL, Hokin LE: The sodium-potassium adenosinetriphosphatase. Ann Rev Biochem 43:327,
6.
A, Guth
L: Histochemical
the desert 180:285,
20.
demonstration
iguana
Dipsosaurus
dorsalis.
Anat
Rec
1974
7. Ernst SA: Transport adenosine triphosphatase cytochemistry. I. Biochemical characterization of a cytochemical medium for the ultrastructural localization of ouabain-sensitive, potassiumdependent phosphatase activity in the secretory epithelium of the avian salt gland. J Histochem 8.
Cytochem 20:13, 1972 Ernst SA: Transport adenosine cytochemistry. II Cytochemical ouabain-sensitive, potassium-dependent phatase activity in the secretory
avian
salt
gland.
SA:
Transport
J Histochem
triphosphatase localization
of phos-
epithelium
of
Cytochem
20:23,
1972
9. Ernst
trastructural
ATPase
localization
and potassium-independent ties in rat kidney cortex. 10.
Ernst SA, K-activated
cytochemistry:
ul-
of potassium-dependent
phosphatase J Cell Biol 66:586,
Philpott CW: and Mg-activated
Preservation adenosine
activi1975 of Na, triphos-
phatase activities of avian salt gland and teleost gill with formaldehyde as fixative. J Histochem Cytochem 11.
12.
18:251,
tor-resistant
alkaline
21.
22.
phosphatase
in
the
cyto-
demonstration of transport adenosine triphosphatase. J Histochem Cytochem 23:571, 1975
13. Fleischhauer K, Petsche H, Wittkowski W: Vertical bundles of dendrites in neocortex. Z Anat Entwicklungsgesch 136:213, 1972 14. Guth L, Albers RW: Histochemical demonstration of (Na4 - Ki-activated adenosine triphosphatase. J Histochem Cytochem 22:320, 1974 15. Harris WE, Swanson PD, Stahl WL: Ouabain binding sites and the (Na4, Ki-ATPase of brain microsomal membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 298:680, 1973 16. Hess HH, Pope A: Intralaminar distribution of adenosinetriphosphatase activity in rat cerebral cortex. J Neurochem 3:287, 1959 17. Hess HH, Pope A: Intralaminar distribution of adenosinetriphosphatase activity in human fron-
8:299, of the
1961
cerebral
Leuenberger PM, Novikoff AB: transport adenosinetriphosphatase J Cell Biol 60:721, 1974 Lewin E, Hess HH: Intralaminar Na4 K4 adenosine triphosphatase J Neurochem 11:473, 1964 Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Fan
cortex.
I.
areas. for the glyco-
Localization of in rat cornea. distribution of in rat cortex. AL,
Randall
phenol
Ri:
rea-
of inorganic
phosphate. Anal Chem 21:965, 1949 24. Medzihradsky F, Nandhasri PS, Idoyagao-Vargas V, Sellinger OZ: A comparison of ATPase activity of the glial cell fraction and the neuronal penkaryal fraction isolated in bulk from rat cerebral cortex. J Neurochem 18:1599, 1971 25. Moses, HL, Rosenthal AS, Beaver DL, Schuff-
man SS: Lead ion and phosphatase hisochemistry. II. Effect of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by lead ion on the histochemical localization of adenosine triphosphatase activity. J Histochem Cytochem 14:702, 1966 26. Peters A, Walsh TM: A study of the organization of apical dendrites in the somatic sensory cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurol 144:253, 1972 27. Powell TPS, Mountcastle VB: Some aspects of the functional organization of the cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: a correlation of findings obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 105:133, 1959 28. Rosenthal AS, Moses HL, Beaver DL, Schuffman
SS:
chemical
J Neurochem Connections
Protein measurement with the Folin gent. J Biol Chem 193:265, 1951 23. Martin JB, Doty DM: Determination
1970
Fmrth JA: Problems of specificity in the use of a strontium capture technique for the cytochemical localization of ouabain-sensitive, potassiumdependent phosphatase in mammalian renal tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 22:1163, 1974 Firth JA, Marland BY: The significance of inhibi-
WJS:
The albino rat. A topography of the cortical J Comp Neurol 84:221, 1946 19. Lee KS, Klaus W: The subcellular basis mechanism of inotropic action of cardiac sides. Pharmacol Rev 23:193, 1971
1974 of (Na + Ki-activated ATPase activity of synaptosomes and synaptosomal membranes. Exp Neurol 47:181, 1975 Ellis RA, Goertemiller CC Jr: Cytological effects of salt-stress and localization of transport adenosine triphosphatase in the lateral nasal glands of
Krieg
739
CORTEX
tal isocortex. 18.
Borgers
5. Daniel
SOMATOSENSORY
Lead
ion and
Nonenzymatic
phates
by lead
phosphatase
histochemistry.
hydrolysis of ion. J Histochem
I. phos-
nucleoside Cytochem
14:698,
1966
29.
Shepard GM: The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. An Introduction. Oxford University Press Inc, New York, 1974 30. Skou JC: The influence of some cations on an adenosine triphosphatase from peripheral nerves. Biochim Biophys Acta 23:394, 1957 31. Stahl, WL: Role of phospholipids in the Na4, K4-stimulated ATPase system of brain microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 154:56, 1973 32. Stahl, WL, Broderson SH: Localization of Na4, K4-adenosinetniphosphatase in brain. Fed Proc. in press 33. Swanson
PD,
Stahl
Neurochemistry.
man,
B Agranoff,
WL:
Edited
Ion by
G Siegel.
W
Ed
transport, Albers,
2. Little
Basic R
KatzBrown
and Co, Boston, in press 34. Whittaker VP: Membrane phenomena at the synapse. Neurosci Res Program Bull 9:387, 1971 35. Woolsey TA, van der Laos H: The structural organization of layer IV in the somatosensory region (51) of mouse cerebral cortex. Brain Res 17:205, 1970
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
o
JOURNAL
Copyright
HISTOCHEMISTR
© 1976
by The
Vol.
AND CYTOCHEMISTRY
Histochemical
Society,
HISTOCHEMICAL
LOCALIZATION
OF
CORTEX
Neurochemistry
Laboratory,
Biophysics
and
Received
for
OF
STAHL’
(Neurology)
Washington
School
publication
September
and
of Medicine, 20,
SOMATOSENSORY
(8099-01),
Biological
Departments
Structure
Seattle,
1975,
THE
H. BRODERSON
Hospital
L. S.)
1976
U.S.A.
in
RAT’
STEVAN
AND
(W.
IN
THE
Administration
Veterans
Medicine
731-739.
POTASSIUM-STIMULATED
ACTIVITY
L.
6. pp.
No.
Printed
P-NITROPHENYLPHOSPHATASE
WILLIAM
24,
Inc.
(S.
Washington
and
in revised
of Physiology H.
B.),
and
University
of
98195
form
February
20,
1976
Potassium-stimulated p-nitrophenylphosphatase (K-pNPPase) activity was investigated in rat somatosensory cortex where 64-88% of enzymatic activity survived 5-10 min of fixation with 3% formaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4. Potassium-stimulated activity was inhibited by 1-10 mM ouabain. Levamisole (1.7 mM) inhibited brain alkaline phosphatase activity, facilitating the detection of K-pNPPase activity. Strontium (10-20 mM) inhibited enzymatic activity by 38-75%. In parallel histochemical studies reaction product was found in strata, with cortical layers 2, 3, 4 and the outer portion of 5 containing the heaviest deposits. Highly reactive, vertically oriented, large diameter fibers were seen as groups between the outer portion of layer 5 and the pial surface. These fibers apparently arborize in the superficial layers. Smaller fibers were also positive and were oriented in various planes. The highest density of smaller, positive fibers occurred in layers 2 through 5. All positive fibers appeared to be axons or dendrites. Reaction product was not heavily concentrated in neuron perikarya or in glial elements. Sections did not contain reaction product when incubated in media lacking K#{247} or containing ouabain. The convergence of data from parallel bistochemical and biochemical approaches supports the conclusion that the reactivity localized in the cerebral cortex represented the site of K-pNPPase, a known component of the Na,K-adenosine triphosphatase complex. Neuronal processes demonstrated the highest enzymatic activity and may be most important in the active transport of Na and K in somatosensory cortex.
Evidence indicates
from
a large Na,K-adenosine
that
(Na,K-ATPase)
tase
ing active 4, 33).
is
transport
This
and
requires
for
K
Mg’,
Na
is inhibited (4, 15,
now
that
excellent
evidence
is in that
of
(1,
4).
a
In this
ouabain-inhibited
sidered ATPase
reflect activity.
bain-inhibited
and
K
by cardiac 19). There is
.nation level
phosphatase
tially
inter-
activity
is
con-
due
related
ouathe
Supported
Grant
NS05424
in part from
by U.S. the
Public National
Health
which reactions
by-
Service
Institutes
general
However,
including
When the latthe enzymatic
to
of
lizing
NeuroWash-
histochemical
as to capture
in
matically
released studies
731
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
and phosphate by
Ernst
techniques
capture
a procedure of
substrate
data
phosphate
developed
a
about
neuronal to problems
localization
ion
localization
pNPP
is known
of “enriched” (24, 32) and
employ lead (7, 25, 28).
strontium biochemical
little
and various
in interpreting
studies fractions
Ernst
distribution activity in
of the enzyme, particusystem (32). This is par-
to uncertainties from cell
cytochemical
Health. 2 Requests for reprints to this author at chemistry Laboratory, V.A. Hospital, Seattle, ington 98108.
esters
(pNPP). a substrate,
as
(1, 2, 4).
Recently, 1
phosphate
concerning the Na,K-ATPase
derived and glial
Na,Kt
catalyzes
several
the cellular localization larly in the nervous
K-stimulated,
a component of The K-stimulated,
of
tissues
Na,K-ATPase
system,
of
activity is referred to as K-pNPPase activity. Biochemical studies provide abundant infor-
a K-stimulated
phosphatase
to
(1, 2,
part of the Na,K-ATPase it catalyzes the K-dependent
dephosphorylation mediate
drolysis
p-nitrophenyhphosphate ter is employed
achiev-
in cells
for activation (4, 30) and glycosides such as ouabain phosphatase complex,
of studies triphospha-
essential
of Na
enzyme
number
for
K-pNPPase
and
employing
precipitate (7, showed
the uti-
the 8).
enzy-
Thorough that
stron-
732
STAHL
tium
was
enzyme the
a
enzyme
Figure localize the
noncompetitive
which
had for K
effect
The
reaction
1. This method K-stimulated
secretory
(7, 8), in the
in cells
We
have
the
ouabain-sensitive cortex.
those
of the
In
elements
the
tubule
we the
in to in gland
of the
rat
(9,
in a study
of
of rat hoped
to
cere-
identify .activity
of K and Na, in the mainte(1, 4, 29, 33) and
function. MATERIALS
Fixation: in
salt
enzymatic
required for the active transport a process especially important nance of membrane potential cell
avian
technique
way
having
of
utilized activity
K-pNPPase this
the
of the rat cornea (20), of the desert iguana
renal
applied
of affinity
is illustrated
of the
endothehium nasal gland
11).
inhibitor on the
has been phosphatase
epithehium
in the lateral
(6) and
bral
little
AND
these
Adult studies.
AND
METHODS
Sprague-Dawley Animals
rats were
anesthetized
utilized
with
ether
were perfused with cold 3% formaldehyde buffered with 0.1 M cacodylate, pH 7.4 (7, 8, 10). Animals for control experiments were perfused with cacodylate buffer alone. Brains were excised after a 5-mm perfusion and blocks of tsue were taken from somatosensory cortical areas 1, 2 and 3 (18). These were rinsed in cold 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, and 50-tm Vibratome (Oxford Laboratories) sections were prepared using cold buffer (5-8#{176}C)in the Vibratome bath. The sections were washed three times in cold 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 7.4. Fixed tissue was also frozen in Freon-12, cooled with liquid nitrogen and sectioned at 20 m in a cryostat. Preincubation to form ouabain-enzyme complex at pH 7.6: When indicated, sections were preincubated for 0.5 hr at 37#{176}Cin a medium containing 1 mM P,, 20 mM or 28 mM imidazole, 10 mM MgCl, and 0.25 M sucrose adjusted to pH 7.6 with 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer (15) (PIMS buffer). The preincubation was carried out ±2 mM ouabain. Sections were then washed three times in cold 0.1 M Tris-HCI N02
NO2
BRODERSON
buffer, pH 7.4, and transferred to beakers containing the incubation medium for the assay of pNPPase activity. Incubation for assay of pNPPase activity in tissue slices: Incubations were carried out at 30#{176}C in beakers placed in a Dubanoff water bath. The total volume of the incubation medium was 0.5-1.0 ml. The reaction mixture contained 20 mM pNPP, 10 mM MgC1,, 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 9, SrC1, (either 10 or 20 mM), 10 mM KC1 and 1.7 mM levamisole (3). Each beaker contained 1-2 slices of somatosensory cortex. Ouabain (1 or 10 mM) was included or KC1 was omitted in control experiments. At the end of the incubation (generally 30 mm), a 300-l aliquot of incubation medium was withdrawn and added to an equal volume of cold 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). This was used for subsequent determinations of p-nitrophenol and P. p-Nitrophenol was determined by adding a 300-al ahiquot of the medium-TCA mixture to 800 l of 1 M KOH and comparing the optical density of this solution at 420 nm to that of standard concentrations of p-nitrophenol. Inorganic phosphate levels in the TCA-treated media were determined by a modification of the method of Martin and Doty (23). The reaction was halted in samples intended for biochemical determination of protein concentration by adding 0.5-1.0 ml cold 10% TCA to the beakers. Fluid
was
decanted
ml
slices
Sequence of pNPPase reaction. p-Nitrophenylphosphate is hydrolyzed to p-nitrophenol and inorganic phosphate. The reaction requires Mg’ and K and is inhibited by ouabain. FIG.
1.
was
covered
with
of fixed
cortex
or cortex
from
animals
perfused
0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, were washed cold 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 7.4, then rinsed with cold 0.32 M sucrose to remove the buffer. These slices were homogenized in cold 0.32 M sucrose for assay of ATPase and pNPPase activities as previously described (31). Histochemical localization of K -pNPPase activity: Vibratome slices were incubated as described above in the section on methodology for the of K-pNPPase
activity
conditions
figures
OO
tissue
with with
incubation
Pi
the
0.1
assay
+
and
N NaOH containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and digested for about 16 hr at 37#{176}C. The solution was analyzed for protein concentration by the method of Lowry et al. (22). Na,K-ATPase and K-pNPPase levels in brain homogenates: In these experiments freehand 0.5
showing
are the
in tissue
slices.
in the
legends
found
histochemical
Exact of the
distribution
of
reactivity.
These slices were rinsed three to four times in 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 9.0, and placed in 2% Pb(N0,), for 10 mm. The buffer and Pb(NO,), solutions contained 0.25 M sucrose. Treatment with lead was followed by two thorough rinses with 0.25 M sucrose.
The
distilled
water,
2-3
and
on tore,
mm
albuminized passed
slices treated washed glass through
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
were
then
with with
washed
water.
slides, a
for
1% ammonium dried graded
Slices at series
5 mm sulfide
were room of
mounted temperaalcohols,
in for
P-NITROPHENYLPHOSPHATASE
IN
TABLE Effect
Experiment
of Fixation
on
Cacodylate
2
3
and
K-pNPPase
N a’ ,K-ATPase (Mm oles P formed/ protein/hr)
(control)
3%HCHO Cacodylate 3%HCHO
(control)
Cacodylate
(control)
3% HCHO
733
CORTEX
I
Na,K-ATPase
Perfusate
1
SOMATOSENSORY
jjy0
mg
(Mmoles
-Na’
+Na#{176}
.1
8.29
13.39
5.10
7.20
12.27
5.07
6.89
14.47
8.13
12.39
7.93 6.89
K’ -pNPPase pNP#{176} form ed/mg protein/bri
K
+K’
.1
0.85
4.09
3.24
1.36
3.48
2.12
7.58
0.98
3.99
3.01
4.26
1.28
3.95
2.67
20.52
12.59
1.44
6.18
4.74
14.47
7.58
1.62
4.64
3.02
#{176} Each experiment represents data from two animals, a control animal perfused with 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, and an animal perfused wth 3% formaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4. Brains were sliced freehand with a razor blade, washed in cold 0.1 MTris-HCI buffer, pH 7.4, and rinsed in 0.32 Msucrose. Slices were stored at -80#{176}Cand subsequently homogenized and assayed for enzymatic activities at pH 7.4 as described under Materials and Methods. pNP, p-nitrophenol.
cleared
in
xylene
and
mounted
in
Permount.
Some
air-dried sections were hydrated and counterstained for 5 mm in 0.025% thionin in 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 4.7, before dehydration, clearing and mounting. RESULTS
Biochemical
studies:
Preliminary
cal studies were carried sections from somatosensory perfused with formaldehyde. not
cacodylate Perfusion
drastically
inhibit
out
with freehand cortex of animals
Na,K-ATPase
activity from
out
perfused
hyde
with with
(Table
frozen
cacodylate-buffered
II).
In the
tion of K stimulated two-fold and addition dramatically
sections
inhibited
absence
this
more
easily
demonstrated
dition of levamisole, ited alkaline phosphatase
which
of SrCl,, activity 10 mM
enzymatic
Addition of 10 or 20 mM pNPPase activity by 38-75% sent. Ouabain inhibition of was
were animals addinearly ouabain
‘-Glycerophosphate (10-20 mM), which substrate for K-pNPPase, was hydrolyzed
the
ad-
is not a under
was less previously
buffer
were
more tissue sections
at the
it remained When tissue
1 mM
ouabain
80% 20 mM
with SrC1,
10 in
present). cacodylate
homogenized
and
for
assayed
K-
Na,K-ATPase activities. AdmM levamisole did not inhibit activities (data not shown). media
containing in
levels
of
cryostat
hands,
formed once
that
II, levamisole perfused with
utilized
in
1 mM
(Table brain
pNPPase and dition of 1.7-3 these enzymatic
activity. Similar
way,
activity 99% with
pNPPase activity comthe ouabain-
efficiently shown
in this
levamisole
however,
at pH 7.6, at pH 9 (15).
K-pNPPase present and
medium Slices from
our
inhiblowered
both present,
abolished;
preincubated
found
SrCl, inhibited with ouabain abpNPPase activity after
virtually
was formed stable even
inhibited mM SrC12 the
When were
did not inhibit enzymatic and it may have been that
routinely
activity.
specifically activity3 and
was
ouabain pletely
II).
ouabain
Accordingly,
formalde-
pNPPase of 1 or
(Table
mM
activity
was did
(Table I). The activity remaining was about 60-100% of control levels. Nearly 64-88% of K -pNPPase activity remained after perfusion with formaldehyde. These results are similar to
carried
10
complex relatively
activity
those reported by Ernst (7). Initial studies of K-pNPPase
values
and
enzyme complex pH 9 (15). It was
biochemi-
or cacodylate-buffered with formaldehyde
blank
assays enzymatic
and
Vibratome
satisfactory
and histochemical activity measured
activity
were
sections. proved
In to
sections
be
in that
was better and Vibratome in the parallel biochemical studies. The in Vibratome
assay conditions used here the presence of levamisole.
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
cryostat
were
K-pNPPase
Vibratome sections
than
morphology were used
levamisole of
K-stimulated sections
in the absence
but
was not
in
734 nearly
linear
and 60 present inhibited (10 mM
incubation
was
of ouabain
of K-pNPPse
the
cortex identify
had
reaction
the
in the
of
the
vertically
not
general
deposits cortical
of cortex
at low magnification was oriented striations.
in
located (Fig.
areas
of reaction
ditionally,
there
were
amidst There
3).
sections
having
the
product
(Fig.
numerous
incubated
in media
(Fig.
4) or containing dramatic
10 mM
difference
3).
(Fig. tissue
stained it was of the
ented
structures
groups areas (Figs.
or large fibers, and the pale, unreactive were identified as neuronal perikarya 6 and 9). The large diameter fibers could
were
At
be
pNPPase rat.
feature
the presence These were
Activity
higher
the
through
layers were
superficial
part
of
be
as
(Figs.
5 (Fig.
to ori-
bundles
the
or
outer
arborizations
in
3, 6, and
reactive fibers to cell bodies not detectable
layer
control
vertically
to
2, 3, 4 and
seen layers
These large, highly convincingly traced scription and were outer
seen
the
3 is compared the
were
of 5 and more
Figure
magnification
followed
portion
when
and
5). incu-
is apparent 4 and 5.
9).
8).
could not be of any debeyond the
Other
reactive
II
of Rat
Somatosensory
Cortical
Preincubat
ion 20mM
Slices#{176} Concentrati on pNP#{176} formed /mg protein) 10mM
0
None
Noouabain
152
160
258
KC1
No ouabain
275
276
517
Levamisole
No ouabain
124
130
KC1
+ levamisole
Noouabain
219
279
217 373
KC1 KCI KC1 KC1
+
No ouabain
90
84
128
Noouabain
79
82
110
75
109
132
KC1
+
KC1 KC1
+ 10 mMouabain + levamisole
+
KCI
+ levamisole
+
1 mM
ouabain
10 mM + levamisole +
ouabain
+ levamisole
+
1 mMouabain
Noouabain
+
l0mMouabain
Noouabain
1 mMouabain
1 mMouabain 10 mMouabain
in
potassium
ouabain
medium
Adareas
reactivity product
between
complete
greatest pale
lacking
SrCI, (nmoles Additions
oval,
regions of highest was no reaction
The
TABLE
p-Nitrophenylphosphatase
apparent
in the
of the
3). A second
most
concentration
media Figures
im-
of re#{233}#{232}tion product were laminae, layers 2, 3, 4 and
of 5 (Fig.
BRODERSON
bated
features
distribution
somatosensory
portion
observed
activ-
methods, portions
which
Several of
outer
detec-
highest pNPPase activity and to elements associated with the
product.
The heaviest in the middle
maximum
of preparations
neurocytologic determine
characteristic activity
15
histochemical localizations: in interpretation were
nature
the cortical
between
by at least 90% the addition of
inhibition
posed
by classical possible to
activity Again, for
of the restrictions
AND
10 or 20 mM SrC1, of 10 mMouabain
essential
Results Although by
times
at 30#{176}Cwith 2). The addition
K-pNPPase SrCh, present).
levamisole tion ity.
for
mm (Fig.
STAHL
5
0
2 mMouabain
42
122
2 mMouabain
26
173
4
31
0
0
2 mMouabain 2 mMouabain
Rats were Methods.
66
perfused with 3% formaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, as described under Materials The cortex was frozen and 20-zm cryostat sections were prepared. Sections were washed three times in ice cold 0.1 MTris-HC1 buffer, pH 7.4 (about 20mm total), and were preincubated for 0.5 hr at 37#{176}C in a medium consisting of 1 mM P, 20 mM imidazole, 10 mM MgC1,, 0.25 M sucrose (PIMS buffer, pH 7.4) ± 2 mM ouabain. Sections were washed in ice cold 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 7.4, and were transferred to reaction tubes containing: 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 8.7, 20 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate (ditris salt), 10 mM MgCl, and the concentration of SrCl, indicated. Usually, two slices of tissue were present in each tube and the final volume was 500 Ml. When indicated, 10 mM KC1, 1.7 mM levamisole and ouabain were also present. Incubation was for 0.5 hr at 30#{176}C. p-Nitrophenol formed and protein content were determined as described under Materials and Methods. The results were derived from two experiments and represented three to six individual reaction tubes for each experimental condition. #{176}
and
b
pNP,
p-nitrophenol.
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
P-NITROPHENYLPHOSPHATASE
IN
800-
SOMATOSENSORY
tase #{149} KCI,
0mM
monitored
Sr24
leased
IOmMSr21’
zyme earlier tions
o KCI,2OmM #{149} -KCI,
activity
Sr24
c 600
o -KCI,2OmM
0
A
Sr24
Ouobain,
0mM
Sr2’
,2OmM
Sr24
/
of
/
})
/ .,
I’m
. ,
200
levels
-i
30
45
FIG.
m mM
2. p-Nitrophenylphosphatase
Vibratome
slices.
60
(mm)
Slices
were
activity
of 50-
preincubated
±2
ouabain in 1 mM P,, 20 mM imidazole, 10 mM MgCl,, 0.25 M sucrose (PIMS buffer), washed and transferred to a medium consisting of 20 mM pNPP, 10 mM KC1, 1.7 mM levamisole and 10 mM SrCI, in 0.1 M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 9. Ouabain concentration was 10 mM when present. The mean values are shown for two to five individual experiments, each using three to six tissue slices. S.E.M. is shown for selected points. pNP, p-nitrophenol.
fibers of frequently. planes
smaller These
throughout
density
was
reactive
fibers and
the
greatest
Fewer reactive and 3 and the Nuclei
diameter were
already
in layer
4 (Figs.
were portion
were
found
but 7 and
9).
in also
not found but was
layers
1 and
positive
(Fig.
in areas restricted
6. 9).
poputo the
described.
Results morphologic
of
these studies
parallel strongly
biochemical suggested
that
and the
10
to
20
described
Ernst
(7,
mM
8).
enzymatic in the
In
buffer,
presence
of levamisole
finding nonspecific
that
SrCl,
our
was
and
of
the
Philpott
studies,
(10)
the
and
20 mM
total tissue was
did not reduce pNPPase sory cortex was especially reasons. First, blank preparations containing
from
values were levamisole
our
rat
and
that
much and,
determinations
incubation
diameter layer was
of
reaction
fibers
activity was cortex of medium
confidence in joint and histochemical
tions of K4-pNPPase activity. In reference to K-pNPPase prominence
arising
5 and arborizing an especially
in the
preparations.
in outer
It was
in
surface
with
high
cut
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
Hess and tangencortex
of ATPase in humans middle
possible as axRegard-
of somatosensory
ours
of
layers of the
not
ing enzymatic Pope (16, 17)
dendrites, sections
large
portion
these structures present study.
to the
the the
superficial feature
to identify definitively onal or dendritic in the
describe a stratification this region. Their findings
could
biochemilocaliza-
localization,
product
in more interesting
activity employed
lower in second,
is abolished in the (3, 11, 12). The
analytical
the
be employed with cal determinations
The
inhibited activity but
activity in somatosenimportant for two
alkaline phosphatase activity histochemical preparations evidence
SrCl,.
levamisole selectively alkaline phosphatase
in the
mi-
in-
about 40% of the original level. Reaction product was not seen in sections incubated in media containing 10 mM ouabain, which inhibited pNPPase activity 100% in the
ATPase
light
in
64-88%
activity surviving in histochemical medium
coincided
and
with
by Ernst
ized
analysis
p-Nitrophenylphospha-
was
by
precisely
biochemical
ex-
activity
random
examination.
our activity
that this enzyme survived brief formfixation quite well. Strontium also the enzyme. Inhibition of pNPPase
tially
for
Under
perfused
reaction product seen in tissue section represented the sites of Na,K-ATPase-associated K-pNPPase activity. Sections were selected at croscopic
(25).
formaldehyde
tissue
histochemical
DISCUSSION
reen-
dicating aldehyde inhibits
the
their
apparent in layers 2 of 5 and still fewer
were
Reaction product was lated by ghial elements fibers
layers
closely
Regarding
clearly indicated that K-pNPPase specifically detected in somatosensory
encountered in different
cortical
fibers inner
nucleoli
were oriented
was
p-nitrophenol
pNPPase
with
in
average incubated
TIME
media.
perfused
and
5
incubation
activity
magnitude
,..,,,
sections the
conditions,
cortex
/
400
tissue
inhibition by formaldehyde fixation, studies have shown that lengthy fixawith formaldehyde dramatically inhibit
perimental
/
ci.
the
all
measuring
Na4,KtATPase
0
‘Ouabain
in by
in
735
CORTEX
in that
activity and they
cortical
to in rats
locallayers.
736
STAHL
AND
BRODERSON
#{149}
..-‘#{149}.
1
$ ‘
“
$.#{149}
,
‘.
.
#{149}
#{149}
.‘#{149}
‘I
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,,. -
.
..,
:
:‘
#{149}:..,
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5 .
.;
#{149}#{149} I’
1
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4
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3
I.
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&
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Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
P-NITROPHENYLPHOSPHATASE
IN
SOMATOSENSORY
737
CORTEX
.,
L-’:’T -
i
1. r .1 i)
-3 FIG. 8. Section absent. The large was counterstained FIG. 9. Section
incubated in the pNPPase diameter, positive fibers with thionin. x350. incubated in the pNPPase
absent. Large diameter fibers with xiter portion of layer 5. Numerous, neuron perikarya (open arrows) counterstained.
study
Lewin
and
stratification
FIG.
arrows)
FIG.
4.
potassium. FIG.
ouabain. FIG.
absent.
able.
5.
medium
described
legend of Figure 2, with ouabain in layers 2 and 3. The section
in the
cortex
would
suggest
similar
neuron
perikaryah
activity. peaks of Na, in layers that
From
legend
of Figure
2, with
ouabain
running vertically in the orientations. Unreactive The section was not
are photomicrographs of Vibratome layers. in the pNPPase reaction medium is heaviest in layers 2, 3, 4 and the
section
counterstained with thionin. x50. in the pNPPase reaction medium fibers (solid arrows) and unreactive
was counterstained
with
thionin.
in the pNPPase diameter fibers
axon
terminal
and
involvement. of
bundles
sections
of the
described
in the
viewpoint, the of
somatosensory legend
in the
of Figure
legend
of Figure
legend (open
of Figure arrows)
described neuron
in the perikarya
described (solid
in the legend arows) in layers
students
somatosensory large diameter
outer part of 5. Vertical striations was counterstained with thionin. described in the legend of
areas (open arrows). The section in pNPPase reaction medium The section was counterstained with thionin. x50. Section incubated in pNPPase reaction medium described incubated
dendritic,
a morphologic
the architecture report that
as are negative
Section
The section was 6. Section incubated Vertically oriented
The
a
Na,KtATPase
7. Section incubated absent. Highly reactive, large not counterstained. x 560. FIG.
showed
Hess concluded that activity occurred
These figures refer to cortical 3. Section incubated Reaction product
absent.
described in the seen as arborizations
---
associated reaction product (solid arrows) are seen smaller reactive fibers are easily seen in various and positive nuclei and nucleoli are present.
somatosensory
(21)
3-9.
FIGS.
(solid
of rat
Hess of
Lewin and KtATPase
Numbers
reaction
..‘
x 560.
A subsequent
by
reaction medium (solid arrows) are
..
of cortex apical
cortex
of the
2, with are
rat.
ouabain
apparent
x 50.
Figure 2 plus
2 minus 10 mM
2, with ouabain are distinguish-
x 140.
reaction medium are demonstrated
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
of Figure 2, with ouabain 4 and 5. The section was
738
STAHL
dendrites
from
the
pyramidal
ascend layers
and (13,
so-called Some
barrels found have suggested
oriented
columns
structural functional Mountcastle by
It
is
Fleischhauer
cells
K4 at between has
et al. to
and
be able
a high rate, Na4,K-ATPase
been
since
established
(1, 33).
the
most activity
matic
preparations,
and
cells
in this
High enzy4 in our are
known
principle recipients of thalamic somaprojection to the cortex (35). One predict that these cells are especially
might important
in
input
and
more actively engaged in synaptic events electrical transmission than other neurons. It was suggested earlier that the highly
and
tive bundles layers 2, 3, ascending
monitoring
of large diameter 4 and 5 may be from
layers
other possibility unmyehinated
axons
ers
in more
may lem
or vice
versa.
high It
In fact
of small reactive
various
high
cortex.
and
appeared
planes
in Anare lay-
4 and
to
the
seen
oriented
in
and
were not by data ghial
highly obtained
preparations
with
brain
the
and
been
high
found
in
membranes
assay
combined
activthat
synaptoso-
(34)
has
a biochemical localization (5).
and
a
histo-
biochemical
experiments
outer
and
indicated
that
K4-
portion
of 5. Vertically
diameter
fibers
was cor2, 3,
oriented
were
identified
5 and 2, apparently arborizing to 5. Other reactive fibers were
found
in of
throughout
of the appeared
fibers was not determined, to be axons and dendrites.
bodies
and
reactive. sumed
If Na4,K-ATPase to be related to
terms
glial
of ion
elements
flux
it may are the in this
the
and
but Neuron
were
not
they cell
obviously
activity physiologic
is
asin
activity
generation
of membrane
be that certain most important
neuronal cortical
cell ele-
respect.
We
thank
State
Dr.
reactive from (32)
R.
University
Janssen
B.
and
Research levamisohe.
Thomas assistance.
Loomis Special
A. Ernst
for
his
Wescott
of Washington
Dr.
Borgers
Ms. provided thanks valuable
LITERATURE 1. Bonting
SL:
M.
Foundation
of
or
activity. that glia in part
to further
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
numerous
axonal
In
synaptosomal
diameter
ments
be
with
appeared
reactivity.
and
of large
fibers
were
Na,K4-
is consistent bodies
activity
the
of these
consistently
or dendrites low
pNPPase-related Na,K4-ATPase activity specifically detected in rat somatosensory tex. The activity appeared highest in layers
of the
in
clear that composed
finding of high enzymatic processes, it is known
histochemical
portions
It may be that dendrites axons, large and small, have
Na,K-ATPase
neuronal
employing chemical
seems are
possess
K4-pNPPase
of our neuronal
potential, processes
that
were These
The finding is supported isolated
found dendrites
resides
stressed
elements.
dendritic in nature. and unmyelinated
low
gifts
be
cell
(14)
cortex and these were oriented in transverse, horizontal and vertical planes. The exact nature
a population of fibers having
activity
diameter
that
dendrites. This proband requires further
it is clear that large diameter
also
finding
have
Albers K-pNPPase
axons
This
observation
smaller
reac-
processes from inner
some
without
activity.
between layers layers superficial
cortex.
should
fibers
in the
superficial
Na,K-ATPase
somatosensory
fibers apical
that these ascending
be axons and others is not yet resolved
study; however, vertically oriented
as
deep
is
to synapse
cortex
thalamic
It also fractions
fractions
our
bundles
to be the tosensory
bodies
and
glial
these
In conclusion,
physiocortex, it cortical layers
hamina
of cell
Guth low
cord. cell
synaptosomes
and
correlation and ion flux
layer
in spinal neuronal and
by
showed
Na,K4-ATPase
of the
active physiologically. was seen in
study
they
ATPase activity is associated mal fractions obtained from
If Na,K-ATPase
activity is considered a measure logic activity in the somatosensory may well be that the middle are
high their
Na
a direct activity
a recent
support ity in
Presumably,
to transport
which
ATPase and re-
having with
processes.
by
in
(24)
physiologic
of cells associated
and
rrostly
the
organized,
the
BRODERSON
activity isolated
(13).
consider
axonal
would
5
provide
vertically
of populations activity
dendritic
layer cortical to the
described by Powell This aspect has been
interesting
significance Na4,K-ATPase these
dendrites
for the
units (27).
in
superficial be related
in sensory cortex (35). further that vertically
of apical
substrate
viewed
cells
branch in more 26). These may
AND
Sodium-potassium
of
the
(Belgium)
Kathy
King
excellent are due
Dr.
and
for Mr.
technical Stephen
advice. CITED activated
adeno-
sinetriphosphatase and cation transport, Membranes and Ion Transport. Edited by EE Bittar. Vol I. John Wiley and Sons mc, New York, 1970, 257-263 2. Bonting SL, Simon KA, Hawkins NM: Studies on sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphos-
Downloaded from jhc.sagepub.com at FUDAN UNIV LIB on May 16, 2015
P-NITROPHENYLPHOSPHATASE
phatase. tissues 1961 3.
4.
. Quantitative of the cat. Arch
IN
distribution in several Biochem Biophys 95:416,
M: The cytochemical application of new potent inhibitors of alkaline phosphatases. J Histochem Cytochem 21:812, 1973 Dahl JL, Hokin LE: The sodium-potassium adenosinetriphosphatase. Ann Rev Biochem 43:327,
6.
A, Guth
L: Histochemical
the desert 180:285,
20.
demonstration
iguana
Dipsosaurus
dorsalis.
Anat
Rec
1974
7. Ernst SA: Transport adenosine triphosphatase cytochemistry. I. Biochemical characterization of a cytochemical medium for the ultrastructural localization of ouabain-sensitive, potassiumdependent phosphatase activity in the secretory epithelium of the avian salt gland. J Histochem 8.
Cytochem 20:13, 1972 Ernst SA: Transport adenosine cytochemistry. II Cytochemical ouabain-sensitive, potassium-dependent phatase activity in the secretory
avian
salt
gland.
SA:
Transport
J Histochem
triphosphatase localization
of phos-
epithelium
of
Cytochem
20:23,
1972
9. Ernst
trastructural
ATPase
localization
and potassium-independent ties in rat kidney cortex. 10.
Ernst SA, K-activated
cytochemistry:
ul-
of potassium-dependent
phosphatase J Cell Biol 66:586,
Philpott CW: and Mg-activated
Preservation adenosine
activi1975 of Na, triphos-
phatase activities of avian salt gland and teleost gill with formaldehyde as fixative. J Histochem Cytochem 11.
12.
18:251,
tor-resistant
alkaline
21.
22.
phosphatase
in
the
cyto-
demonstration of transport adenosine triphosphatase. J Histochem Cytochem 23:571, 1975
13. Fleischhauer K, Petsche H, Wittkowski W: Vertical bundles of dendrites in neocortex. Z Anat Entwicklungsgesch 136:213, 1972 14. Guth L, Albers RW: Histochemical demonstration of (Na4 - Ki-activated adenosine triphosphatase. J Histochem Cytochem 22:320, 1974 15. Harris WE, Swanson PD, Stahl WL: Ouabain binding sites and the (Na4, Ki-ATPase of brain microsomal membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 298:680, 1973 16. Hess HH, Pope A: Intralaminar distribution of adenosinetriphosphatase activity in rat cerebral cortex. J Neurochem 3:287, 1959 17. Hess HH, Pope A: Intralaminar distribution of adenosinetriphosphatase activity in human fron-
8:299, of the
1961
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Leuenberger PM, Novikoff AB: transport adenosinetriphosphatase J Cell Biol 60:721, 1974 Lewin E, Hess HH: Intralaminar Na4 K4 adenosine triphosphatase J Neurochem 11:473, 1964 Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Fan
cortex.
I.
areas. for the glyco-
Localization of in rat cornea. distribution of in rat cortex. AL,
Randall
phenol
Ri:
rea-
of inorganic
phosphate. Anal Chem 21:965, 1949 24. Medzihradsky F, Nandhasri PS, Idoyagao-Vargas V, Sellinger OZ: A comparison of ATPase activity of the glial cell fraction and the neuronal penkaryal fraction isolated in bulk from rat cerebral cortex. J Neurochem 18:1599, 1971 25. Moses, HL, Rosenthal AS, Beaver DL, Schuff-
man SS: Lead ion and phosphatase hisochemistry. II. Effect of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by lead ion on the histochemical localization of adenosine triphosphatase activity. J Histochem Cytochem 14:702, 1966 26. Peters A, Walsh TM: A study of the organization of apical dendrites in the somatic sensory cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurol 144:253, 1972 27. Powell TPS, Mountcastle VB: Some aspects of the functional organization of the cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: a correlation of findings obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 105:133, 1959 28. Rosenthal AS, Moses HL, Beaver DL, Schuffman
SS:
chemical
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Protein measurement with the Folin gent. J Biol Chem 193:265, 1951 23. Martin JB, Doty DM: Determination
1970
Fmrth JA: Problems of specificity in the use of a strontium capture technique for the cytochemical localization of ouabain-sensitive, potassiumdependent phosphatase in mammalian renal tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 22:1163, 1974 Firth JA, Marland BY: The significance of inhibi-
WJS:
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