Exp Brain Res (2015) 233:691–699 DOI 10.1007/s00221-014-4192-6
MINI-REVIEW
How does high‑frequency sound or vibration activate vestibular receptors? I. S. Curthoys · J. W. Grant
Received: 7 October 2014 / Accepted: 22 December 2014 / Published online: 8 January 2015 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Abstract The mechanism by which vestibular neural phase locking occurs and how it relates to classical otolith mechanics is unclear. Here, we put forward the hypothesis that sound and vibration both cause fluid pressure waves in the inner ear and that it is these pressure waves which displace the hair bundles on vestibular receptor hair cells and result in activation of type I receptor hair cells and phase locking of the action potentials in the irregular vestibular afferents, which synapse on type I receptors. This idea has been suggested since the early neural recordings and recent results give it greater credibility. Keywords Otolith · Utricular · Saccular · VEMP · Hair cell Abbreviations ACS Air-conducted sound BCV Bone-conducted vibration EMG Electromyogram Fz The location on the forehead in the midline at the hairline Fz BCV Bone-conducted vibration delivered to Fz HCB Hair cell bundle cVEMP Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential oVEMP Ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential n10 The initial negative potential of the oVEMP response at a latency of around 10 ms I. S. Curthoys (*) Vestibular Research Laboratory, School of Psychology A 18, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia e-mail: [email protected] J. W. Grant Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Introduction The usual stimuli for studying the responses of the gravity sensing organs of the inner ears, the otoliths (the utricular and saccular maculae), are prolonged linear accelerations from tilts or centrifuges or linear sleds, and there is now a great deal of neural evidence and modelling of the response of otolithic afferents to maintained or low-frequency (
MINI-REVIEW
How does high‑frequency sound or vibration activate vestibular receptors? I. S. Curthoys · J. W. Grant
Received: 7 October 2014 / Accepted: 22 December 2014 / Published online: 8 January 2015 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Abstract The mechanism by which vestibular neural phase locking occurs and how it relates to classical otolith mechanics is unclear. Here, we put forward the hypothesis that sound and vibration both cause fluid pressure waves in the inner ear and that it is these pressure waves which displace the hair bundles on vestibular receptor hair cells and result in activation of type I receptor hair cells and phase locking of the action potentials in the irregular vestibular afferents, which synapse on type I receptors. This idea has been suggested since the early neural recordings and recent results give it greater credibility. Keywords Otolith · Utricular · Saccular · VEMP · Hair cell Abbreviations ACS Air-conducted sound BCV Bone-conducted vibration EMG Electromyogram Fz The location on the forehead in the midline at the hairline Fz BCV Bone-conducted vibration delivered to Fz HCB Hair cell bundle cVEMP Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential oVEMP Ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential n10 The initial negative potential of the oVEMP response at a latency of around 10 ms I. S. Curthoys (*) Vestibular Research Laboratory, School of Psychology A 18, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia e-mail: [email protected] J. W. Grant Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Introduction The usual stimuli for studying the responses of the gravity sensing organs of the inner ears, the otoliths (the utricular and saccular maculae), are prolonged linear accelerations from tilts or centrifuges or linear sleds, and there is now a great deal of neural evidence and modelling of the response of otolithic afferents to maintained or low-frequency (
