Hydrogen Sulfide: A New Regulator of Osteoclastogenesis? Masahiko Kurabayashi Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34:471-473 doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303072 Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Copyright © 2014 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 1079-5642. Online ISSN: 1524-4636
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/34/3/471
Permissions: Requests for permissions to reproduce figures, tables, or portions of articles originally published in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology can be obtained via RightsLink, a service of the Copyright Clearance Center, not the Editorial Office. Once the online version of the published article for which permission is being requested is located, click Request Permissions in the middle column of the Web page under Services. Further information about this process is available in the Permissions and Rights Question and Answer document. Reprints: Information about reprints can be found online at: http://www.lww.com/reprints Subscriptions: Information about subscribing to Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology is online at: http://atvb.ahajournals.org//subscriptions/
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Editorial Hydrogen Sulfide A New Regulator of Osteoclastogenesis? Masahiko Kurabayashi
V
ascular calcification is the major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and in aging patients.1 Considerable progress has been made in the past 2 decades in understanding the molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification.2–4 Regardless of the morphology and location, most evidence indicates that vascular calcification involves an organized process recapitulating many cellular and molecular events that govern skeletal bone formation. Although a large body of evidence shows that osteoblastic and osteochonrocytic cells contribute to vascular calcification, it remains unclear how osteoclasts are differentiated from their precursors and how osteoclasts play a role in calcium reabsorption in calcifying arteries. Osteoclasts develop from monocytic precursors of the hematopoietic lineage, and 2 distinct signaling systems are both necessary and sufficient for the early differentiation into multinucleated osteoclasts as demonstrated by osteopetrotic mice models with loss-of-function mutation of either gene.5–7 One is a signaling system that involves macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) and its receptor c-fms, and the other involves receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) ligand (RANKL), RANK, and osteoprotegerin (OPG), a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL.8–10 MCSF and RANKL induce osteoclast differentiation, fusion, and maturation on binding to its specific receptors, c-fms and RANK, respectively, on the surface of preosteoclastic monocytes. Increased production of RANKL in atherosclerotic lesions, particularly in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), has been well documented.11–13
See accompanying article on page 626 Studies of OPG-deficient mice provided compelling evidence for the presence of functional osteoclasts in calcified arteries.12,14 OPG-deficient mice develop extensive arterial medial calcification coinciding with multinucleated cells, which are cathepsin K–positive and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive, but F4/80-negative, which is typical of osteoclasts. However, immunohistochemistry of calcifying atherosclerotic lesion from humans and mice show abundant osteoblasts and relatively fewer ostoclasts. Consistent with this, RANKL expression increases, whereas
From Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan. Correspondence to Masahiko Kurabayashi, MD, PhD, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showamachi, Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture 371-8511, Japan. E-mail [email protected] (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34:471-473.) © 2014 American Heart Association, Inc. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol is available at http://atvb.ahajournals.org DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303072
OPG expression remains unchanged or reduces in calcified lesion.11,12 OPG treatment reduces vascular calcification without affecting atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient mice fed a high-fat diet.15 These results are consistent with previous findings that RANKL can directly promote osteogenic differentiation of vascular SMC and exacerbate vascular calcification and inflammation, and exogenous OPG serves a protective role against vascular calcification. Thus, it is conceivable that RANKL/RANK signaling is not sufficiently antagonized by OPG in calcifying vasculopathies, and RANKL/RANK signaling in vascular SMC is more prominent than that in preosteoclast precursors under specific conditions where atherosclerotic process progresses. Then, an important question would be which molecular mechanisms are responsible for the attenuated response of preosteoclast precursors to RANKL/RANK signaling. In this issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Itou et al16 have identified novel regulators of RANKL-induced osteoclast-like cells differentiated from murine macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7 by using a novel proteomics technology for relative quantification of proteins with liquid chromatography tandem mass tagging–based mass spectrometry analysis. Among 4244 proteins analyzed, beside several authentic osteoclast-associated markers such as cathepsin K, osteoclast-associated receptor, and TRAP 5 or acid phosphatase 5, they showed 5 novel proteins to be more abundantly expressed in mouse bone marrow–derived osteoclasts as well as in RANKL-induced osteoclasts compared with those expressed in control cells (macrophages). Among the 5 selected proteins, namely, Edil3, ltfg3, Serpinb6b, Adseverin, and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), the expression of Adseverin and CSE, but not others, was measurably increased at protein levels as well as at mRNA levels during osteoclastogenesis. With regard to CSE, Itou et al pursued its physiological role in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. By using silencing RNA or DL-propargylglycine, a pharmacological inhibitor for CSE, the authors showed that CSE accelerates the RANKL-induced differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into TRAP-positive, cathepsin K–positive, multinucleated osteoclast-like cells with bone resorption activity. In addition, they showed the strong expression of CSE in CD68-positive macrophages and osteoclast-associated receptor–positive osteoclast-like cells in atherosclerotic lesion in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice fed a high-fat diet. The principal finding of this article is that the H2S-generating enzyme CSE seems to play a significant role in osteoclastogenesis. The results in this study showed that the addition of GYY4137, an H2S donor, promotes RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation as demonstrated by an increase in TRAPpositive multinucleate cells with pit resorption activity in vitro.
Downloaded from http://atvb.ahajournals.org/ by guest on October 2, 2014 471
472 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol March 2014 These results represent a potential breakthrough in the understanding of the modulation of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. However, it is not clear how H2S exerts its osteoclestogenic effects on RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that H2S is an important endogenous vasoactive factor that protects arteries from atherosclerotic damage, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vascular SMC proliferation, and migration.17,18 The antiatherogenic effects of H2S have been ascribed to its antioxidant effect because treatment of CSE-deficient, atherogenic diet–fed mice with an H2S donor resulted in decreased oxidative stress.19 Taking these data into consideration, Itou et al alluded that the vasoprotective effect of H2S contributes to the acceleration of osteoclast differentiation in response to the H2S donor GYY4137. The finding of Itou et al of the effects of H2S on osteoclast differentiation seems to be supported by several previous studies demonstrating that increased intracellular levels of the antioxidant glutathione enhance osteoclast development and bone pit formation, and glutathione depletion by l-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, inhibits osteoclastogenesis in RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.20 Nevertheless, there have been several studies challenging this hypothesis; reactive oxygen species produced in macrophages are essential for osteoclast differentiation21; the administration of antioxidants completely prevented bone loss in ovariectomized mice22; and several signaling components essential for RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation are activated by reactive oxygen species, including tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 6, nuclear factor κB, c-Fos, nuclear factor of activated cells, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and NADPH oxidase.23 These controversies would be reconciled by the notion that redox shift caused by the change in oxidative stress or antioxidant defense exerts its bimodal effects on cellular function depending on the cellular redox status. Thus, it is intriguing to speculate that the robustness of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation is dependent on the redox state of precursor cells that is regulated by H2S generated by CSE. What are the potential clinical implications of this study? Clearly, additional work is required to determine whether H2S production or CSE activity is implicated in osteoclast differentiation in vivo. Moreover, it is yet to be determined whether osteoclast response to H2S is differentially regulated between bone and vasculature. Although the relationship between osteoporosis and vascular calcification has long been known as calcification paradox, its precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. It is reassuring that calcium paradox is not merely because of calcium shift from bone to artery wall but is likely because of the differential response of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts to oxidative stress between bone and artery.24 In the past, many studies have highlighted the important role for RANK/RANKL/OPG axis for the apparently opposite regulation of calcification between 2 tissues.8–15 The report by Itou et al brings a new perspective to the regulatory mechanisms of osteoclast differentiation and may open new avenues to the identification of a promising target for the prevention and treatment of vascular calcification.
Sources of Funding This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Technology of Japan (MEXT) and by a grant from the Japan Heart Foundation.
Disclosures None.
References 1. Doherty TM, Asotra K, Fitzpatrick LA, Qiao JH, Wilkin DJ, Detrano RC, Dunstan CR, Shah PK, Rajavashisth TB. Calcification in atherosclerosis: bone biology and chronic inflammation at the arterial crossroads. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:11201–11206. 2. Sage AP, Tintut Y, Demer LL. Regulatory mechanisms in vascular calcification. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7:528–536. 3. Boström KI, Rajamannan NM, Towler DA. The regulation of valvular and vascular sclerosis by osteogenic morphogens. Circ Res. 2011;109:564–577. 4. Vattikuti R, Towler DA. Osteogenic regulation of vascular calcification: an early perspective. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;286:E686–E696. 5. Qiao JH, Tripathi J, Mishra NK, Cai Y, Tripathi S, Wang XP, Imes S, Fishbein MC, Clinton SK, Libby P, Lusis AJ, Rajavashisth TB. Role of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in atherosclerosis: studies of osteopetrotic mice. Am J Pathol. 1997;150:1687–1699. 6. Doherty TM, Uzui H, Fitzpatrick LA, Tripathi PV, Dunstan CR, Asotra K, Rajavashisth TB. Rationale for the role of osteoclast-like cells in arterial calcification. FASEB J. 2002;16:577–582. 7. Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature. 2003;423:337–342. 8. Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, et al. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell. 1997;89:309–319. 9. Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, et al. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell. 1998;93:165–176. 10. Collin-Osdoby P. Regulation of vascular calcification by osteoclast regulatory factors RANKL and osteoprotegerin. Circ Res. 2004;95:1046–1057. 11. Dhore CR, Cleutjens JP, Lutgens E, Cleutjens KB, Geusens PP, Kitslaar PJ, Tordoir JH, Spronk HM, Vermeer C, Daemen MJ. Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:1998–2003. 12. Min H, Morony S, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, Capparelli C, Scully S, Van G, Kaufman S, Kostenuik PJ, Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Simonet WS. Osteoprotegerin reverses osteoporosis by inhibiting endosteal osteoclasts and prevents vascular calcification by blocking a process resembling osteoclastogenesis. J Exp Med. 2000;192:463–474. 13. Collin-Osdoby P, Rothe L, Anderson F, Nelson M, Maloney W, Osdoby P. Receptor activator of NF-kappa B and osteoprotegerin expression by human microvascular endothelial cells, regulation by inflammatory cytokines, and role in human osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:20659–20672. 14. Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, Morony S, Tarpley J, Capparelli C, Scully S, Tan HL, Xu W, Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Simonet WS. Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev. 1998;12:1260–1268. 15. Morony S, Tintut Y, Zhang Z, Cattley RC, Van G, Dwyer D, Stolina M, Kostenuik PJ, Demer LL. Osteoprotegerin inhibits vascular calcification without affecting atherosclerosis in ldlr(-/-) mice. Circulation. 2008;117:411–420. 16. Itou T, Maldonado N, Yamada I, Goettsch C, Matsumoto J, Aikawa M, Singh S, Aikawa E. Cystathionine γ-lyase accelerates osteoclast differentiation: identification of a novel regulator of osteoclastogenesis by proteomic analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34:626–634. 17. Yang G, Wu L, Jiang B, Yang W, Qi J, Cao K, Meng Q, Mustafa AK, Mu W, Zhang S, Snyder SH, Wang R. H2S as a physiologic vasorelaxant: hypertension in mice with deletion of cystathionine gamma-lyase. Science. 2008;322:587–590. 18. Wang Y, Zhao X, Jin H, Wei H, Li W, Bu D, Tang X, Ren Y, Tang C, Du J. Role of hydrogen sulfide in the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:173–179.
Downloaded from http://atvb.ahajournals.org/ by guest on October 2, 2014
Kurabayashi H2S: A Regulator of Osteoclastogenesis 473 19. Mani S, Li H, Untereiner A, Wu L, Yang G, Austin RC, Dickhout JG, Lhoták Š, Meng QH, Wang R. Decreased endogenous production of hydrogen sulfide accelerates atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2013; 127:2523–2534. 20. Huh YJ, Kim JM, Kim H, Song H, So H, Lee SY, Kwon SB, Kim HJ, Kim HH, Lee SH, Choi Y, Chung SC, Jeong DW, Min BM. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by the redox-dependent modulation of nuclear import of transcription factors. Cell Death Differ. 2006;13:1138–1146. 21. Garrett IR, Boyce BF, Oreffo RO, Bonewald L, Poser J, Mundy GR. Oxygen-derived free radicals stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption in rodent bone in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:632–639.
22. Lean JM, Davies JT, Fuller K, Jagger CJ, Kirstein B, Partington GA, Urry ZL, Chambers TJ. A crucial role for thiol antioxidants in estrogen-deficiency bone loss. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:915–923. 23. Lee NK, Choi YG, Baik JY, Han SY, Jeong DW, Bae YS, Kim N, Lee SY. A crucial role for reactive oxygen species in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Blood. 2005;106:852–859. 24. Persy V, D’Haese P. Vascular calcification and bone disease: the calcification paradox. Trends Mol Med. 2009;15:405–416. Key Words: Editorials ◼ hydrogen sulfide ◼ macrophage ◼ osteoclast ◼ osteoporosis ◼ vascular calcification
Downloaded from http://atvb.ahajournals.org/ by guest on October 2, 2014
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/34/3/471
Permissions: Requests for permissions to reproduce figures, tables, or portions of articles originally published in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology can be obtained via RightsLink, a service of the Copyright Clearance Center, not the Editorial Office. Once the online version of the published article for which permission is being requested is located, click Request Permissions in the middle column of the Web page under Services. Further information about this process is available in the Permissions and Rights Question and Answer document. Reprints: Information about reprints can be found online at: http://www.lww.com/reprints Subscriptions: Information about subscribing to Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology is online at: http://atvb.ahajournals.org//subscriptions/
Downloaded from http://atvb.ahajournals.org/ by guest on October 2, 2014
Editorial Hydrogen Sulfide A New Regulator of Osteoclastogenesis? Masahiko Kurabayashi
V
ascular calcification is the major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and in aging patients.1 Considerable progress has been made in the past 2 decades in understanding the molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification.2–4 Regardless of the morphology and location, most evidence indicates that vascular calcification involves an organized process recapitulating many cellular and molecular events that govern skeletal bone formation. Although a large body of evidence shows that osteoblastic and osteochonrocytic cells contribute to vascular calcification, it remains unclear how osteoclasts are differentiated from their precursors and how osteoclasts play a role in calcium reabsorption in calcifying arteries. Osteoclasts develop from monocytic precursors of the hematopoietic lineage, and 2 distinct signaling systems are both necessary and sufficient for the early differentiation into multinucleated osteoclasts as demonstrated by osteopetrotic mice models with loss-of-function mutation of either gene.5–7 One is a signaling system that involves macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) and its receptor c-fms, and the other involves receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) ligand (RANKL), RANK, and osteoprotegerin (OPG), a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL.8–10 MCSF and RANKL induce osteoclast differentiation, fusion, and maturation on binding to its specific receptors, c-fms and RANK, respectively, on the surface of preosteoclastic monocytes. Increased production of RANKL in atherosclerotic lesions, particularly in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), has been well documented.11–13
See accompanying article on page 626 Studies of OPG-deficient mice provided compelling evidence for the presence of functional osteoclasts in calcified arteries.12,14 OPG-deficient mice develop extensive arterial medial calcification coinciding with multinucleated cells, which are cathepsin K–positive and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive, but F4/80-negative, which is typical of osteoclasts. However, immunohistochemistry of calcifying atherosclerotic lesion from humans and mice show abundant osteoblasts and relatively fewer ostoclasts. Consistent with this, RANKL expression increases, whereas
From Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan. Correspondence to Masahiko Kurabayashi, MD, PhD, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showamachi, Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture 371-8511, Japan. E-mail [email protected] (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34:471-473.) © 2014 American Heart Association, Inc. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol is available at http://atvb.ahajournals.org DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303072
OPG expression remains unchanged or reduces in calcified lesion.11,12 OPG treatment reduces vascular calcification without affecting atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient mice fed a high-fat diet.15 These results are consistent with previous findings that RANKL can directly promote osteogenic differentiation of vascular SMC and exacerbate vascular calcification and inflammation, and exogenous OPG serves a protective role against vascular calcification. Thus, it is conceivable that RANKL/RANK signaling is not sufficiently antagonized by OPG in calcifying vasculopathies, and RANKL/RANK signaling in vascular SMC is more prominent than that in preosteoclast precursors under specific conditions where atherosclerotic process progresses. Then, an important question would be which molecular mechanisms are responsible for the attenuated response of preosteoclast precursors to RANKL/RANK signaling. In this issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Itou et al16 have identified novel regulators of RANKL-induced osteoclast-like cells differentiated from murine macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7 by using a novel proteomics technology for relative quantification of proteins with liquid chromatography tandem mass tagging–based mass spectrometry analysis. Among 4244 proteins analyzed, beside several authentic osteoclast-associated markers such as cathepsin K, osteoclast-associated receptor, and TRAP 5 or acid phosphatase 5, they showed 5 novel proteins to be more abundantly expressed in mouse bone marrow–derived osteoclasts as well as in RANKL-induced osteoclasts compared with those expressed in control cells (macrophages). Among the 5 selected proteins, namely, Edil3, ltfg3, Serpinb6b, Adseverin, and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), the expression of Adseverin and CSE, but not others, was measurably increased at protein levels as well as at mRNA levels during osteoclastogenesis. With regard to CSE, Itou et al pursued its physiological role in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. By using silencing RNA or DL-propargylglycine, a pharmacological inhibitor for CSE, the authors showed that CSE accelerates the RANKL-induced differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into TRAP-positive, cathepsin K–positive, multinucleated osteoclast-like cells with bone resorption activity. In addition, they showed the strong expression of CSE in CD68-positive macrophages and osteoclast-associated receptor–positive osteoclast-like cells in atherosclerotic lesion in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice fed a high-fat diet. The principal finding of this article is that the H2S-generating enzyme CSE seems to play a significant role in osteoclastogenesis. The results in this study showed that the addition of GYY4137, an H2S donor, promotes RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation as demonstrated by an increase in TRAPpositive multinucleate cells with pit resorption activity in vitro.
Downloaded from http://atvb.ahajournals.org/ by guest on October 2, 2014 471
472 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol March 2014 These results represent a potential breakthrough in the understanding of the modulation of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. However, it is not clear how H2S exerts its osteoclestogenic effects on RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that H2S is an important endogenous vasoactive factor that protects arteries from atherosclerotic damage, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vascular SMC proliferation, and migration.17,18 The antiatherogenic effects of H2S have been ascribed to its antioxidant effect because treatment of CSE-deficient, atherogenic diet–fed mice with an H2S donor resulted in decreased oxidative stress.19 Taking these data into consideration, Itou et al alluded that the vasoprotective effect of H2S contributes to the acceleration of osteoclast differentiation in response to the H2S donor GYY4137. The finding of Itou et al of the effects of H2S on osteoclast differentiation seems to be supported by several previous studies demonstrating that increased intracellular levels of the antioxidant glutathione enhance osteoclast development and bone pit formation, and glutathione depletion by l-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, inhibits osteoclastogenesis in RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.20 Nevertheless, there have been several studies challenging this hypothesis; reactive oxygen species produced in macrophages are essential for osteoclast differentiation21; the administration of antioxidants completely prevented bone loss in ovariectomized mice22; and several signaling components essential for RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation are activated by reactive oxygen species, including tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 6, nuclear factor κB, c-Fos, nuclear factor of activated cells, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and NADPH oxidase.23 These controversies would be reconciled by the notion that redox shift caused by the change in oxidative stress or antioxidant defense exerts its bimodal effects on cellular function depending on the cellular redox status. Thus, it is intriguing to speculate that the robustness of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation is dependent on the redox state of precursor cells that is regulated by H2S generated by CSE. What are the potential clinical implications of this study? Clearly, additional work is required to determine whether H2S production or CSE activity is implicated in osteoclast differentiation in vivo. Moreover, it is yet to be determined whether osteoclast response to H2S is differentially regulated between bone and vasculature. Although the relationship between osteoporosis and vascular calcification has long been known as calcification paradox, its precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. It is reassuring that calcium paradox is not merely because of calcium shift from bone to artery wall but is likely because of the differential response of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts to oxidative stress between bone and artery.24 In the past, many studies have highlighted the important role for RANK/RANKL/OPG axis for the apparently opposite regulation of calcification between 2 tissues.8–15 The report by Itou et al brings a new perspective to the regulatory mechanisms of osteoclast differentiation and may open new avenues to the identification of a promising target for the prevention and treatment of vascular calcification.
Sources of Funding This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Technology of Japan (MEXT) and by a grant from the Japan Heart Foundation.
Disclosures None.
References 1. Doherty TM, Asotra K, Fitzpatrick LA, Qiao JH, Wilkin DJ, Detrano RC, Dunstan CR, Shah PK, Rajavashisth TB. Calcification in atherosclerosis: bone biology and chronic inflammation at the arterial crossroads. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:11201–11206. 2. Sage AP, Tintut Y, Demer LL. Regulatory mechanisms in vascular calcification. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7:528–536. 3. Boström KI, Rajamannan NM, Towler DA. The regulation of valvular and vascular sclerosis by osteogenic morphogens. Circ Res. 2011;109:564–577. 4. Vattikuti R, Towler DA. Osteogenic regulation of vascular calcification: an early perspective. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;286:E686–E696. 5. Qiao JH, Tripathi J, Mishra NK, Cai Y, Tripathi S, Wang XP, Imes S, Fishbein MC, Clinton SK, Libby P, Lusis AJ, Rajavashisth TB. Role of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in atherosclerosis: studies of osteopetrotic mice. Am J Pathol. 1997;150:1687–1699. 6. Doherty TM, Uzui H, Fitzpatrick LA, Tripathi PV, Dunstan CR, Asotra K, Rajavashisth TB. Rationale for the role of osteoclast-like cells in arterial calcification. FASEB J. 2002;16:577–582. 7. Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature. 2003;423:337–342. 8. Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, et al. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell. 1997;89:309–319. 9. Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, et al. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell. 1998;93:165–176. 10. Collin-Osdoby P. Regulation of vascular calcification by osteoclast regulatory factors RANKL and osteoprotegerin. Circ Res. 2004;95:1046–1057. 11. Dhore CR, Cleutjens JP, Lutgens E, Cleutjens KB, Geusens PP, Kitslaar PJ, Tordoir JH, Spronk HM, Vermeer C, Daemen MJ. Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:1998–2003. 12. Min H, Morony S, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, Capparelli C, Scully S, Van G, Kaufman S, Kostenuik PJ, Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Simonet WS. Osteoprotegerin reverses osteoporosis by inhibiting endosteal osteoclasts and prevents vascular calcification by blocking a process resembling osteoclastogenesis. J Exp Med. 2000;192:463–474. 13. Collin-Osdoby P, Rothe L, Anderson F, Nelson M, Maloney W, Osdoby P. Receptor activator of NF-kappa B and osteoprotegerin expression by human microvascular endothelial cells, regulation by inflammatory cytokines, and role in human osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:20659–20672. 14. Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, Morony S, Tarpley J, Capparelli C, Scully S, Tan HL, Xu W, Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Simonet WS. Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev. 1998;12:1260–1268. 15. Morony S, Tintut Y, Zhang Z, Cattley RC, Van G, Dwyer D, Stolina M, Kostenuik PJ, Demer LL. Osteoprotegerin inhibits vascular calcification without affecting atherosclerosis in ldlr(-/-) mice. Circulation. 2008;117:411–420. 16. Itou T, Maldonado N, Yamada I, Goettsch C, Matsumoto J, Aikawa M, Singh S, Aikawa E. Cystathionine γ-lyase accelerates osteoclast differentiation: identification of a novel regulator of osteoclastogenesis by proteomic analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34:626–634. 17. Yang G, Wu L, Jiang B, Yang W, Qi J, Cao K, Meng Q, Mustafa AK, Mu W, Zhang S, Snyder SH, Wang R. H2S as a physiologic vasorelaxant: hypertension in mice with deletion of cystathionine gamma-lyase. Science. 2008;322:587–590. 18. Wang Y, Zhao X, Jin H, Wei H, Li W, Bu D, Tang X, Ren Y, Tang C, Du J. Role of hydrogen sulfide in the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:173–179.
Downloaded from http://atvb.ahajournals.org/ by guest on October 2, 2014
Kurabayashi H2S: A Regulator of Osteoclastogenesis 473 19. Mani S, Li H, Untereiner A, Wu L, Yang G, Austin RC, Dickhout JG, Lhoták Š, Meng QH, Wang R. Decreased endogenous production of hydrogen sulfide accelerates atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2013; 127:2523–2534. 20. Huh YJ, Kim JM, Kim H, Song H, So H, Lee SY, Kwon SB, Kim HJ, Kim HH, Lee SH, Choi Y, Chung SC, Jeong DW, Min BM. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by the redox-dependent modulation of nuclear import of transcription factors. Cell Death Differ. 2006;13:1138–1146. 21. Garrett IR, Boyce BF, Oreffo RO, Bonewald L, Poser J, Mundy GR. Oxygen-derived free radicals stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption in rodent bone in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:632–639.
22. Lean JM, Davies JT, Fuller K, Jagger CJ, Kirstein B, Partington GA, Urry ZL, Chambers TJ. A crucial role for thiol antioxidants in estrogen-deficiency bone loss. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:915–923. 23. Lee NK, Choi YG, Baik JY, Han SY, Jeong DW, Bae YS, Kim N, Lee SY. A crucial role for reactive oxygen species in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Blood. 2005;106:852–859. 24. Persy V, D’Haese P. Vascular calcification and bone disease: the calcification paradox. Trends Mol Med. 2009;15:405–416. Key Words: Editorials ◼ hydrogen sulfide ◼ macrophage ◼ osteoclast ◼ osteoporosis ◼ vascular calcification
Downloaded from http://atvb.ahajournals.org/ by guest on October 2, 2014
