Editorial 917
Authors
M. M. Malagón1, H. Vaudry2, 3, 4, 5
Affiliations
Affiliation addresses are listed at the end of the article
received 10.10.2013 accepted 15.10.2013 Bibliography DOI http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1055/s-0033-1358696 Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 917–918 © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York ISSN 0018-5043 Correspondence Prof. M. M. Malagón Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba 14014 Cordoba Spain Tel.: + 34/957/218594 Fax: + 34/957/218634 [email protected] Prof. H. Vaudry Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U982 Research Institute for Biomedicine (IRIB) International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain University of Rouen 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan France Tel.: + 33/23/5146 624 Fax: + 33/23/5146 946 [email protected]
The hypothalamus has long been known to be involved in the control of energy homeostasis and metabolism by acting as a key integrator and transducer of central and peripheral hormonal and nutritional inputs [1, 2]. The 12 articles in this Special Issue review and discuss different aspects of the central regulation of whole-body energy metabolism, from the hypothalamic circuitries and molecular pathways involved in the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis, to the increasing number of peripheral metabolic signals that inform the central nervous system (CNS) on the body energy status, and the emerging role of novel actors mediating the hypothalamic response to metabolic challenges. Dr. Tena-Sempere examines the impact of the metabolic state of the organism on reproductive maturation and function, using 2 key peripheral metabolic players, leptin and ghrelin, as model molecules [3]. He reviews the current knowledge on the direct and indirect effects of these hormones on the activity of central GnRH and Kiss1 neurons and their hypothalamic intracellular effectors, such as the mTORC1 pathway [3]. Another key intracellular sensor and transducer of the cell metabolic status, which has been recently shown to exert central metabolic actions, is Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) [4]. The paper by Dr. Nogueiras’ group summarizes the main actions and molecular pathways triggered by brain Sirt1 to control feeding behavior, energy expenditure, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity [5]. Special attention has been paid in this Special Issue to present data on novel peripheral or central mediators with emerging roles in the control of metabolism. Thus, Dr. Valet and collaborators discuss the biology of the apelin/APJ system, from the identification of apelin as a novel adipokine by this group in 2005 [6], to its central and peripheral actions, the characterization of APJ activated pathways, and its relevance as a promising target for treating metabolic disorders [7]. Similar interest as therapeutic
potentials for metabolic diseases has been raised for the secretin family of brain-gut peptides and their receptors, which are presented in the thorough review by Drs. Sekar and Chow, who provide new avenues for research on hypothalamic secretin-related peptides [8]. Likewise, the role of nesfatin-1 and its precursor, NUCB2, which are produced both in adipocytes and in the brain [9], on food intake and body weight are discussed by Drs. Stengel and Taché [10]. These authors also describe the current evidence on the signaling pathways activated by nesfatin through its binding to an as yet unknown, putative Gi/o protein-coupled receptor. Centrally produced peptides, including the RFamide-related peptide family member, QRFP, are also reviewed in this Special Issue. In their paper on QRFP, Dr. Primeaux and co-workers provide a complete overview on the hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic distribution, receptors, intracellular signaling pathways and mediators (i. e., leptin and hypothalamic NPY and POMC-producing neurons), and orexigenic effects, especially on fat intake, exhibited by this peptide [11]. The current data on the adipokine obestatin are discussed by Dr. Granata [12]. Although the activity of obestatin on the orphan receptor GPR39 and its role on food intake are a matter of controversy, the regulatory effects of this peptide on glucose and lipid metabolism together with its anti-inflammatory action make obestatin a promising candidate in the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance. Two articles in this Special Issue debate the effects of neonatal nutrition on hypothalamic mechanisms controlling energy balance, introducing the concept of metabolic programming and its relevance in the development of obesity and associated metabolic diseases. Specifically, the paper by Dr. López and his group review the current state-of-knowledge on the impact of perinatal overfeeding on the hypothalamic circuits regulating food intake and body weight homeostasis, paying special attention to the
Malagón MM, Vaudry H. Hypothalamic Control of Energy … Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 917–918
Downloaded by: University of Pittsburgh. Copyrighted material.
Hypothalamic Control of Energy Homeostasis
918 Editorial
Affiliations Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain 2 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France 3 Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France 4 Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France 5 International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, MontSaint-Aignan, France 1
References 1 Abizaid A, Gao Q, Horvath TL. Thoughts for food: brain mechanisms and peripheral energy balance. Neuron 2006; 51: 691–702 2 Morton GJ, Cummings DE, Baskin DG, Barsh GS, Schwartz MW. Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight. Nature 2006; 443: 289–295 3 Tena-Sempere M. Interaction between energy homeostasis and reproduction: central effects of leptin and ghrelin on the reproductive axis. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 919–927 4 Ramadori G, Lee CE, Bookout AL, Lee S, Williams KW, Anderson J, Elmquist JK, Coppari R. Brain SIRT1: anatomical distribution and regulation by energy availability. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 9989–9996 5 Al Massadi O, Quiñones M, Lear P, Dieguez C, Nogueiras R. The brain: a new organ for the metabolic actions of SIRT1. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 960–966 6 Boucher J, Masri B, Daviaud D, Gesta S, Guigné C, Mazzucotelli A, CastanLaurell I, Tack I, Knibiehler B, Carpéné C, Audigier Y, Saulnier-Blache JS, Valet P. Apelin, a newly identified adipokine up-regulated by insulin and obesity. Endocrinology 2005; 146: 1764–1771 7 Knauf C, Drougard A, Fournel A, Duparc T, Valet P. Hypothalamic actions of apelin on energy metabolism: new insight on glucose homeostasis and metabolic disorders. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 928–934 8 Sekar R, Chow BK. Role of secretin peptide family and their receptors in the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 945–954 9 Oh-I S, Shimizu H, Satoh T, Okada S, Adachi S, Inoue K, Eguchi H, Yamamoto M, Imaki T, Hashimoto K, Tsuchiya T, Monden T, Horiguchi K, Yamada M, Mori M. Identification of nesfatin-1 as a satiety molecule in the hypothalamus. Nature 2006; 443: 709–712 10 Stengel A, Taché Y. Role of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 975–979 11 Primeaux SD, Barnes MJ, Braymer HD. Hypothalamic QRFP: regulation of food intake and fat selection. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 967–974 12 Gargantini E, Grande C, Trovato L, Ghigo E, Granata R. The Role of obestatin in glucose and lipid metabolism. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 1002–1008 13 Contreras C, Novelle MG, Leis R, Diéguez C, Skrede S, López M. Effects of neonatal programming on hypothalamic mechanisms controlling energy balance. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 935–944 14 Wattez JS, Delahaye F, Lukaszewski MA, Risold PY, Eberlé D, Vieau D, Breton C. Perinatal nutrition programs the hypothalamic melanocortin system in offspring. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 980–990 15 Langlet F, Levin BE, Luquet S, Mazzone M, Messina A, Dunn-Meynell AA, Balland E, Lacombe A, Mazur D, Carmeliet P, Bouret SG, Prevot V, Dehouck B. Tanycytic VEGF-A boosts blood-hypothalamus barrier plasticity and access of metabolic signals to the arcuate nucleus in response to fasting. Cell Metab 2013; 17: 607–617 16 Tonon MC, Lanfray D, Castel H, Vaudry H, Morin F. Hypothalamic glucose-sensing: role of glia-to-neuron signaling. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 955–959 17 Ortega FJ, Fernández-Real JM. Inflammation in adipose tissue and energy homeostasis: when enough is enough. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 1009–1019 18 Gaborit B, Abdesselam I, Dutour A. Epicardial fat: more than just an “Epi” phenomenon? Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 991–1001
Malagón MM, Vaudry H. Hypothalamic Control of Energy … Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 917–918
Downloaded by: University of Pittsburgh. Copyrighted material.
peripheral signals that convey the nutritional information to the hypothalamus [13]. On the other hand, Dr. Wattez’s review is focused on the short-term and long-lasting alterations evoked by maternal or perinatal malnutrition on the hypothalamic melanocortin system [14]. One of the most exciting discoveries on the CNS mechanisms that regulate systemic metabolism is the recently demonstrated role of glial cells in central glucose sensing [15]. These novel findings are discussed by Drs. Tonon, Morin, and co-workers, who provide an updated overview of the functional interplay between glial cells and neurons, including their own data on the hypothalamic glial-derived endozepine, ODN [16]. We have included 2 reviews, written by Dr. Fernandez-Real’s and Dr. Dutour’s groups, which summarize the contribution of adipose tissue depots to the regulation of energy homeostasis under both physiological conditions and in response to increased fat mass [17, 18]. Understanding adipose tissue function, both as a source and as a target of metabolic signals, is essential to gain an integrative view on the metabolic control of energy homeostasis. We wish to express our gratitude to the authors and the reviewers for their excellent and valuable contributions to this Issue, Mrs Catherine Beau, and the HMR staff for their continuous support. We hope and trust that you will enjoy this Special Issue of Hormone and Metabolic Research – Hypothalamic Control of Energy Homeostasis.
Authors
M. M. Malagón1, H. Vaudry2, 3, 4, 5
Affiliations
Affiliation addresses are listed at the end of the article
received 10.10.2013 accepted 15.10.2013 Bibliography DOI http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1055/s-0033-1358696 Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 917–918 © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York ISSN 0018-5043 Correspondence Prof. M. M. Malagón Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba 14014 Cordoba Spain Tel.: + 34/957/218594 Fax: + 34/957/218634 [email protected] Prof. H. Vaudry Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U982 Research Institute for Biomedicine (IRIB) International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain University of Rouen 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan France Tel.: + 33/23/5146 624 Fax: + 33/23/5146 946 [email protected]
The hypothalamus has long been known to be involved in the control of energy homeostasis and metabolism by acting as a key integrator and transducer of central and peripheral hormonal and nutritional inputs [1, 2]. The 12 articles in this Special Issue review and discuss different aspects of the central regulation of whole-body energy metabolism, from the hypothalamic circuitries and molecular pathways involved in the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis, to the increasing number of peripheral metabolic signals that inform the central nervous system (CNS) on the body energy status, and the emerging role of novel actors mediating the hypothalamic response to metabolic challenges. Dr. Tena-Sempere examines the impact of the metabolic state of the organism on reproductive maturation and function, using 2 key peripheral metabolic players, leptin and ghrelin, as model molecules [3]. He reviews the current knowledge on the direct and indirect effects of these hormones on the activity of central GnRH and Kiss1 neurons and their hypothalamic intracellular effectors, such as the mTORC1 pathway [3]. Another key intracellular sensor and transducer of the cell metabolic status, which has been recently shown to exert central metabolic actions, is Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) [4]. The paper by Dr. Nogueiras’ group summarizes the main actions and molecular pathways triggered by brain Sirt1 to control feeding behavior, energy expenditure, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity [5]. Special attention has been paid in this Special Issue to present data on novel peripheral or central mediators with emerging roles in the control of metabolism. Thus, Dr. Valet and collaborators discuss the biology of the apelin/APJ system, from the identification of apelin as a novel adipokine by this group in 2005 [6], to its central and peripheral actions, the characterization of APJ activated pathways, and its relevance as a promising target for treating metabolic disorders [7]. Similar interest as therapeutic
potentials for metabolic diseases has been raised for the secretin family of brain-gut peptides and their receptors, which are presented in the thorough review by Drs. Sekar and Chow, who provide new avenues for research on hypothalamic secretin-related peptides [8]. Likewise, the role of nesfatin-1 and its precursor, NUCB2, which are produced both in adipocytes and in the brain [9], on food intake and body weight are discussed by Drs. Stengel and Taché [10]. These authors also describe the current evidence on the signaling pathways activated by nesfatin through its binding to an as yet unknown, putative Gi/o protein-coupled receptor. Centrally produced peptides, including the RFamide-related peptide family member, QRFP, are also reviewed in this Special Issue. In their paper on QRFP, Dr. Primeaux and co-workers provide a complete overview on the hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic distribution, receptors, intracellular signaling pathways and mediators (i. e., leptin and hypothalamic NPY and POMC-producing neurons), and orexigenic effects, especially on fat intake, exhibited by this peptide [11]. The current data on the adipokine obestatin are discussed by Dr. Granata [12]. Although the activity of obestatin on the orphan receptor GPR39 and its role on food intake are a matter of controversy, the regulatory effects of this peptide on glucose and lipid metabolism together with its anti-inflammatory action make obestatin a promising candidate in the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance. Two articles in this Special Issue debate the effects of neonatal nutrition on hypothalamic mechanisms controlling energy balance, introducing the concept of metabolic programming and its relevance in the development of obesity and associated metabolic diseases. Specifically, the paper by Dr. López and his group review the current state-of-knowledge on the impact of perinatal overfeeding on the hypothalamic circuits regulating food intake and body weight homeostasis, paying special attention to the
Malagón MM, Vaudry H. Hypothalamic Control of Energy … Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 917–918
Downloaded by: University of Pittsburgh. Copyrighted material.
Hypothalamic Control of Energy Homeostasis
918 Editorial
Affiliations Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain 2 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France 3 Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France 4 Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France 5 International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, MontSaint-Aignan, France 1
References 1 Abizaid A, Gao Q, Horvath TL. Thoughts for food: brain mechanisms and peripheral energy balance. Neuron 2006; 51: 691–702 2 Morton GJ, Cummings DE, Baskin DG, Barsh GS, Schwartz MW. Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight. Nature 2006; 443: 289–295 3 Tena-Sempere M. Interaction between energy homeostasis and reproduction: central effects of leptin and ghrelin on the reproductive axis. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 919–927 4 Ramadori G, Lee CE, Bookout AL, Lee S, Williams KW, Anderson J, Elmquist JK, Coppari R. Brain SIRT1: anatomical distribution and regulation by energy availability. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 9989–9996 5 Al Massadi O, Quiñones M, Lear P, Dieguez C, Nogueiras R. The brain: a new organ for the metabolic actions of SIRT1. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 960–966 6 Boucher J, Masri B, Daviaud D, Gesta S, Guigné C, Mazzucotelli A, CastanLaurell I, Tack I, Knibiehler B, Carpéné C, Audigier Y, Saulnier-Blache JS, Valet P. Apelin, a newly identified adipokine up-regulated by insulin and obesity. Endocrinology 2005; 146: 1764–1771 7 Knauf C, Drougard A, Fournel A, Duparc T, Valet P. Hypothalamic actions of apelin on energy metabolism: new insight on glucose homeostasis and metabolic disorders. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 928–934 8 Sekar R, Chow BK. Role of secretin peptide family and their receptors in the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 945–954 9 Oh-I S, Shimizu H, Satoh T, Okada S, Adachi S, Inoue K, Eguchi H, Yamamoto M, Imaki T, Hashimoto K, Tsuchiya T, Monden T, Horiguchi K, Yamada M, Mori M. Identification of nesfatin-1 as a satiety molecule in the hypothalamus. Nature 2006; 443: 709–712 10 Stengel A, Taché Y. Role of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 975–979 11 Primeaux SD, Barnes MJ, Braymer HD. Hypothalamic QRFP: regulation of food intake and fat selection. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 967–974 12 Gargantini E, Grande C, Trovato L, Ghigo E, Granata R. The Role of obestatin in glucose and lipid metabolism. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 1002–1008 13 Contreras C, Novelle MG, Leis R, Diéguez C, Skrede S, López M. Effects of neonatal programming on hypothalamic mechanisms controlling energy balance. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 935–944 14 Wattez JS, Delahaye F, Lukaszewski MA, Risold PY, Eberlé D, Vieau D, Breton C. Perinatal nutrition programs the hypothalamic melanocortin system in offspring. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 980–990 15 Langlet F, Levin BE, Luquet S, Mazzone M, Messina A, Dunn-Meynell AA, Balland E, Lacombe A, Mazur D, Carmeliet P, Bouret SG, Prevot V, Dehouck B. Tanycytic VEGF-A boosts blood-hypothalamus barrier plasticity and access of metabolic signals to the arcuate nucleus in response to fasting. Cell Metab 2013; 17: 607–617 16 Tonon MC, Lanfray D, Castel H, Vaudry H, Morin F. Hypothalamic glucose-sensing: role of glia-to-neuron signaling. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 955–959 17 Ortega FJ, Fernández-Real JM. Inflammation in adipose tissue and energy homeostasis: when enough is enough. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 1009–1019 18 Gaborit B, Abdesselam I, Dutour A. Epicardial fat: more than just an “Epi” phenomenon? Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 991–1001
Malagón MM, Vaudry H. Hypothalamic Control of Energy … Horm Metab Res 2013; 45: 917–918
Downloaded by: University of Pittsburgh. Copyrighted material.
peripheral signals that convey the nutritional information to the hypothalamus [13]. On the other hand, Dr. Wattez’s review is focused on the short-term and long-lasting alterations evoked by maternal or perinatal malnutrition on the hypothalamic melanocortin system [14]. One of the most exciting discoveries on the CNS mechanisms that regulate systemic metabolism is the recently demonstrated role of glial cells in central glucose sensing [15]. These novel findings are discussed by Drs. Tonon, Morin, and co-workers, who provide an updated overview of the functional interplay between glial cells and neurons, including their own data on the hypothalamic glial-derived endozepine, ODN [16]. We have included 2 reviews, written by Dr. Fernandez-Real’s and Dr. Dutour’s groups, which summarize the contribution of adipose tissue depots to the regulation of energy homeostasis under both physiological conditions and in response to increased fat mass [17, 18]. Understanding adipose tissue function, both as a source and as a target of metabolic signals, is essential to gain an integrative view on the metabolic control of energy homeostasis. We wish to express our gratitude to the authors and the reviewers for their excellent and valuable contributions to this Issue, Mrs Catherine Beau, and the HMR staff for their continuous support. We hope and trust that you will enjoy this Special Issue of Hormone and Metabolic Research – Hypothalamic Control of Energy Homeostasis.
