IMMUNISATION AGAINST BOVINE VIBRIOSIS DUE TO CAMPYLOBACTER FETUS SUBSP. FETUS BIOTYPE INTERMEDIUS B. L. CLARK,B.V.Sc., Dip.Bact., J. H. DUFTY,B.V.Sc., R.D.A., MARYJ. MQNSBOURGH, B.Sc. and I. M. PARSONSON, B.V.Sc., Ph.D. CSIRO Division o f Animal Heulth, Animal Health Research Laboratory, Private Bug N o . I , P.O., Purkville, Victoriu, 3052 Introduction
Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus (Smibert 19741, the cause of the venereal disease bovine vibriosis, can be differentiated into 2 biotypes (Bryner et a1 1962; Mohanty et ul 1962; VCron and Chatelain 1973). Both biotypes [hereafter referred to as biotype venerealis (Florent 1959) and biotype intermedius (Elazhary 1968)l occur in Australian cattle (Donaldson and Clark 1970; Rogers et a1 1972; Ladds et a1 1973), biotype venerealis being distributed more widely than biotype intermedius which to date, has been found only in Queensland, the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia (Clark and Monsbourgh unpublished data). Biotype intermedius produces hydrogen sulphide in semi-solid media containing 0.02% cysteine hydrochloride and grows more profusely than biotype venerealis (Bryner et a1 1962; Mohanty et a1 1962). Although heat stable antigens are identical, there are minor differences in heat labile antigens (Kramer 1965; Berg et a1 1971). Vaccines produced from biotype intermedius (Hoerlein and Kramer 1963, 1964; Kramer 1965), and biotype venerealis (Plastridge et a1 1966; Frank et a1 1967; Clark et a1 1967), have been shown to protect cattle against the effects of challenge with homologous organisms. However, it remains to be determined whether vaccines prepared from either biotype venerealis or biotype intermedius give adequate protection against the effects of heterologous infection. This paper presents evidence that vaccines prepared from biotype venerealis only partly protect cattle against biotype intermedius whereas vaccines prepared from biotype intermedius adequately protect heifers and bulls against challenge with homologous organisms. Materials and Methods Experimental Animals Hereford heifers and bulls that were born on a CSIRO experimental station or purchased when 6 to 8 months of age were used. None had ever been infected with either biotype although the bulls vaccinated with biotype 362
verierc,a'is had previously been exposzd to infection with homologous organisms in an earlier experiment (Clark et a1 1974b). Vuccines Vaccines were prepared from cells grown in liquid medium by the method described by Clark et nl (1972b) and contained 40 mg dry weight of cells in 5 ml. Vaccination was by the subcutaneous injection of 5 ml of vaccine. ClialEenge Artificial challenge with biotype intermedim was by the intra-cervical or intra-uterine deposition in heifers of 1 ml of culture containing from 2 x lo7 to 1 x 10" motile organisms, or by the deposition of 3 ml of culture containing 2 x lo8 motile cells into the posterior region of the preputial sac of the bulls. Bacteriology Samples of vaginal mucus and preputial secretions were collected by pipette and examined for the presence of biotype iritermedius by the methods described by Clark et a1 (1968; 1974a). Experimental Design Heifers vaccinated wit11 biorype venerealis arid challenged witli biotype intermedius - Forty heifers 20 to 28 months old were distributed at random into 2 equal groups (A and B). Those in group A were each given a single injection of a vaccine prepared from biotype venerealis.
Observations of oestrus were made twice daily and mating and challenge commenced 8 weeks after vaccination. Any heifer showing oestrus was mated with a 5-year-old bull that for the past 4 years had been given annually a single injection of the vaccine prepared from biotype venerealis. At first service each heifer was challenged artificially with biotype intermedius. After the first service, return services were continued for a further 4 months. Heifers were palpated per rectum for the diagnosis of pregnancy. Samples of vaginal mucus were collected from each heifer at weekly intervals for 3 months after mating and exanlined for the presence of biotype intermedius. Samples of preputial secretions from the bull were collected at weekly intervals, before and during the mating season and examined for the presence of biotype intermedius. Bulls vaccinated with biotype venerealis and challenged with biotype intermedius - Thirteen 4- to 6-year-old bulls that had been given 2 injections of the biotype venerealis vaccine 8 weeks apart at 14 to 18 months of age and single injections annually thereafter, and three Australian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 52, August, 1976
4- to 6-year-old non-vaccinated bulls were each artificially challenged with biotype intermediits. Samples of preputial secretions were collected from each bull a t weekly intervals after challenge and examined for the presence of biotype intermedius. Heifers voccinated arid challenged with biotype intermedius - Forty heifers 21 t o 23 months old were distributed at random into 2 equal groups (C and D). Each heifer in group C was given 2 injections of a vaccine prepared from biotype i/iterniediit.s. There was an interval of 7 weeks between the injections. Mating commenced 4 weeks after the second administration of vaccine. Heifers showing oestrus were mated with either oE two 7-year-old bulls that had previously been given subcutaneous injections of the biotype inter~nediris vaccine. The bulls were used in rotation and return services were continued for 3 months from the comrnencemcnt of mating. At first service each heifer wr;s challenged artificially with biotype i/rrermedius. Samples of vaginal mucus were collected from each heifer at weekly intervals for 3 months after mating and examined for the presence of biotype irirermedius. Samples of preputial secretions were collected from the 2 bulls at weekly intervals, before and during mating, and examined for the presence of biotype intermedius. Bu1i.Y vaccinated arid clicillriigrd with biorypc, intermedius - Fourteen 3-year-old bulls were distributed at random into 2 equal groups. The bulls in 1 group were given 2 injections of the biotype intermedius vaccine 6 wzeks apart. The bulls in the other group were not vaccinated. Four weeks after the second administration of vaccine each of the 14 bulls was artificially challenged with biotype irrfermediits. Those bulls that did not become infected, or that remained infected for less than 3 months, were challenged again 6 months later. Samples of preputial secretions were collected from each bull at weekly intervals before and after each challenge and examined for thz presence of biotype inrerriiediits.
Results
Heifers Vaccinated with Biotype venerealis and Challenged with Biotype intermedius Following challengc, 12 (60%) of thc vaccinated heifers in group A and the 20 (100% ) non-vaccinated heifers in group B became infected with biotype intermedius. There were differences between the 2 groups both in the incidence of infection ( p < O.Ol), and in the proportions that conceived and calved to first servicc ( p < 0.05) (Table 1 ) . Six of the 8 vaccinated heifers that resisted challenge conccived and calved to first service, compared with only 1 of the 32 vaccinated and control heifers that became infected. There were no differences in conception rates between infected vaccinated and nonvaccinated heifers. Better breeding results were achieved in group A in comparison with group B due to the normal fertility of the non-infected heifers. Biotype intermedius was isolated from the bull used for mating on 1 occasion only, the bull having mated with an infected heifer within the previous 24 hours. Australian Vcteririary Journal, Vol. 5 2 , August, 1976
Bulls Vaccinated with Biotype venerealis and Challenged with Biotype intermedius Six of the 13 vaccinated bulls and all 3 nonvaccinated bulls became infected following challenge with biotype intermedius. Infection persisted from 3 to 14 weeks in the vaccinated bulls and from 1 to 15 weeks in non-vaccinated bulls. Heifers Vaccinuted and Challenged with Biotype intermedius Results of mating and challenge were obtained from 17 vaccinated heifers in group C and 20 non-vaccinated heifers in group D. Three of the original heifers in group C were deleted, 1 being found to have a developmental abnormality of the reproductive tract and 2 failing to show oestrus during the mating season. Following challengc, 2 ( 1 2% ) of 17 vaccinated heifers in group C and 19 (95%) of the 20 nonvaccinated heifers in group D became infected with biotype intermedius, the difference between the 2 groups being significant ( p < 0.001) . There was a significant difference in the proportions that conceived and calved to first service between the vaccinated heifers (59%) and nonvaccinated heifers (0%) ( p < 0.001). The results of mating in the 2 groups are presented in Table 2. During the experiment, biotype intermedius was not isolated from the 2 bulls used in mating. Bulls Vaccinated and Challenged with Biotype in termedius Biotype intermedirrs was not isolated from any of the 7 vaccinated bulls. The organism was recovered from 6 of the 7 non-vaccinated bulls after either the first or second challenge. Although TABLE 1 Ferlility mid Incidc/rce of Cenitnl Vihriosis irr Vnccinrrtc,t/ t unrl Coritrol HcifrrJ Non-
Item
Vaccinated? Heifers (group A )
vaccinated Hzifers (group B )
20 20 Number in group Number pregnant after I szrvice 6 (30%) 1 (5%) 1 or 2 services 9 (45%) 5 (25%) I.. 2 or 3 services 13 ( 6 5 % ) 7 (35%) Number that became pregnant 15 ( 7 5 % ) 9 (45%) Average number of services/ conception 2.1 2.6 Average number of days from Is! service to conception 34 45 Incidence of genital infection 12 ( 6 0 % ) 20 (loo%,)
*
All heifers were challenged with C. ferris suhsp. fetus hiotype
i n fermedirrs.
t Heifers that received 1 suhcutaneous injection of a vaccine prcpared from cells of C . fetus suhsp. t e r m biotype venerealis.
363
TABLE 2 Fertiliiy u r t d lriciderrce of Geriitcd Vibriosis iri VNCciriu/edt and Control Hc~ifers*:
NonVaccinated? vaccinated Heifers Heifers (group C) (group D)
Item Number in group Number pregnant after 1 service 1 or 2 services 1, 2 or 3 services Number that became pregnant Average number of services/ conception Average number of days from 1 st service to conception lncidence of genital infection
17
20
10 ( 5 9 % ) 13 ( 8 2 % ) 1.5 ( 8 8 % ) 15 (88% )
0 11 14 16
1 .s
21
2 (12% 1
(0%) (55%) (70%) (80%)
2.6 53 19 (95%) )
and challenged with biotype venerealis. The possibility that biotype intermedius vaccines can give adequate protection against both biotypes still remains to be examined. Although additional observations upon immunisation of bulls against biotypc internzedius are required, we conclude that heifers and bulls can be effectively immunised against both biotype venerealis and biotype intermedius by the administration of appropriate vaccines. In those areas of Australia where both biotypes occur, control of bovine vibriosis may require the use of bivalent vaccines. Summary
present for only 1 or 2 weeks in 2 bulls, infection persisted in 4 bulls for periods ranging from 6 weeks to 12 months.
A vaccine prepared from Cumpylobacter fetus subsp. fetus biotype venereulis gave only partial protection to heifers and bulls against genital infection with C . feFus subsp. fetus biotype intermedius. Heifers and bulls were fully immunised against C . fetus subsp. venerealis biotype intermedius by administration of a vaccine prepared from homologous organisms.
Discussion
Acknowledgments
*
All heifers were challenged with L'. jefirs subsp. feflrs biotype infrrmedius. ? Heifers that received 2 subcutaneous injections of a vaccine prepared from cells of C. retits subsp. fefirs biotype intermcdiirs.
The able technical assistance of Miss J. Single subcutaneous injections of biotype venereulis vaccine similar to that used in this Vaughan and Messrs G . Donovan, J. Fitzpatrick, experiment have been shown to give 18-month- E. Neilson, A. Semmler and P. Staples is grateold heifers substantial protection against chal- f u I1y acknowledged. lcnge with homologous organisms (Clark et ul References 1972a). Two subcutaneous injections given 8 wceks apart at 14 to 18 months of age, followed Berg, R. L., Jutila, J . W. and Firehammer, €3. D. (1971) --,4n1. J . v e f . Res. 32: 1 I . by annual single booster injections, gave comJ. H.. Frank, A. H . and O'Berry, P. A. (1962)plete protection to 16 bulls against infection with Brvner. Am..I vet. , Res. 23: 32. biotype venereulis (Clark et al 1974b). Thirteen Clark, B. L., Newsam, I. D. B., Monsbourgh, Mary 1 . of these vaccinated bulls were subsequently used and Dufty, J . H. (1967)-Ai&\/. \'e/. J . 43: 341. in the present experiment and shown to have only Clark, B. L., Dufty, J. H. and Monsbourgh, Mary J . (1968)-Ait.\t. * ' P / . J . 44: 110. partial protection against biotype intermedius. Clark, B. L., Dufty, J. H. and Monsbourgh, Mary J . Furthermore, heifers given single subcutaneous (1972a)-Aust. i v f . J . 48: 376. injections of the same biotype venerealis vaccine Clark, B. L., Dufty, J. H . and Monsbourgh, Mary J . (1972b)--Ai{st. vet. J . 48: 382. a5 the bulls were only partially protected against B. L., Monsbourgh, Mary J . and Dufty, J . H . biotype intermedius. Because heat labile antigens Clark, (1974a)-Aiist. w/. J . 50: 324. appear to be responsible for the induction of Clark, B. L., Dufty, J. H., Monsbourgh. Mary J. and immunity to bovine vibriosis (Clark et ul 1975), Parsonson, I. M. (1974b)--Air\r. vet. 1. 50: 407. the incomplete protection may have been due to Clark, B. L., Dufty, J. H. and Monsbourgh, Mary J. (1975)--Ar~.st. vet. J . 51: 333. minor differences between antigens of this class L. E. and Clark, B. L. (1970)-,4~1~r.vet. J . in the venererrlis and intermedius biotypes Donaldson, 46: 500. (Kramer 1965; Berg et a1 1971). Elazhary, M. A. S . Y . (1968)--M~~dr~d.Veearts S c h . Rijksrrriiv. Getit. 12(no. 1-4): 1-80. The administration of 2 subcutaneous iniections of the biotype intermedicts vaccine to heifers Florent, A. (1959)-Meded. Veearls Sch. RijLcuriiv. Getif. 3(no.3): 1-60. and bulls gave satisfactory protection against Frank, A. H., Bryner, J. H . and OBerry, P. A. (1967)challenge with homologous organisms. These Am. J . vet. Res. 28: 1237. results confirm and extend the observations in Hoerlein, A. B. and Krarner, T. (1963)-Anr. 1. vet. Res. 24: 951. heifers by Hoerlein and Kramer (1963, 1964). A. B. and Krarner, T. (1964)-Am. 1. vet. Res. Because intermedius appears to be the minor Hoerlein, 25: 371. biotype in Australia, observations were not made Kramer, T. (1965)--Ph.D. the\is, State University, Colorado. upon cattle vaccinatcd with biotype intermedius 364
Austruliun Veterinary Journul, Vol. 52, August, 1976
Ladds, P. W., Dennett, D. P. and Glazebrook, J. S. (1973)--Arrst. vet. J . 49: 335. Mohanty, S. B., Plumer, G. J . and Faber, J. E. (1962)A m . J . vet. Res. 23: 554. Plastridge, W. N., Kersting, E. J. and Williams, L. F. (1966&Ani. J . vet. Res. 27: 186. Rogers. R. J.. Flanaean. - . M.- and Hill. M. W. M. (19721 ZAi;.sr. vet: 1. 48: 203. ,
Smibert, R. M. (1974)-1n “Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology”. Eds. R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons, Williams & Wilkins; 8th edn. Baltimore. 0.207. V&on, h;. and Chatelain, R. (1973)--I/rt. J . syst. Bncteriol. 23: 122.
I
f Kccciiwl f o r pirhlicntiorr 2 0
Jiirrr
1975)
BOOK REVIEW THE OVARY AND REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE DOG (BEAGLE)
Of all the domesticated species, the domestic dog
(Cariis familiaris) displays the greatest range of physical, behavioural and physiological characteristics. Several hundreds of breeds are recognised by Kennel Clubs throughout the world and all have arisen by deliberate selection by man for animals suitable for hunting, racing o r just plain novelty in the case of the toy breeds. Rightly or wrongly, the Beagle was widely accepted as an experimental animal and many thousands have been used in radiation and pharmacological research. On the grounds of size, coat, behaviour and temperament toward man, it was a relatively simple choice, but now, with the information accumulated from lifetime studies of dogs of this breed, the wisdom of its use has been questioned. The Beagle appears to be relatively more prone to several types of cancer and is highly sensitive to oestrogens and progestagens. Such comments, however, cannot detract from the xientific merit and general excellence of this book“. as a most comprehensive study of the canine ovary and reproductive performance of the bitch. There are numerous references in the book t o breeds other than the Beagle and much of what has been recorded for the Beagle should also be true for other breeds. In 1951, the US Atomic Energy Commission sponsored the University of California at Davis to undertake long-term studies of the effects of whole-body X-irradiation on reproduction and lifespan of the bitch. This book was written 22 years later after the accumulation of an abundance of information and is almost completely restricted to an account of the characteristics of the non-irradiated, control animals. It contains 6 parts: introduction and review; embryonic and foetal development of the gonads; ovarian development from birth t o puberty; puberty and the first oestrous’ cycle in pregnant and non-pregnant beagles; the *The Ovary and Reproductive Cycle of the Dog (Beagle). Andersen A. C.. and Simpson. Miriam E. 1973. Geron-X Inc. Los ‘Altos. California USA 1973. 290p. $30.00 U.S.
Airstralian Veterinary Jortrnal, Vol. 5 2 ,
August, 1976
genital system during maturity and senescence; and pathology of the ovary and genital tract. Each part is divided into 3 or 4 sub-sections forming a well organised sequence based on the whole lifespan from conception to death. The book is handsomely produced and liberally illustrated with 105 half-tone plates, each composed of 3 or 4 photographs and most of them are light micrographs of sections stained with Harris haematoxylin and eosin or Mallory azan. Regrettably, none of the plates are in colour. N o doubt costs of colour plates would have been prohibitive, but it is a great pity that one or two of the most important sections are not illustrated in colour. Nevertheless the illustrations complement the text particularly well. There are also 17 tables summarising data throughout the book which enhance it as a reference manual. In less than 2 years after publication, it has become a major text in its field and has been frequently cited in research papers. Because of the quality and volume of research which has bee-n condensed into it, I expect it will remain a valuable, and often used, book for many years. It should be in the libraries of anatomists, embryologists and physiologists and, indeed, readily accessible for anyone using dogs as experimental animals. Pathologists might find part 6 on the pathology of the ovary and genital tract to be too restricted in the topics covered. The authors have not claimed that this is an exhaustive review of derangements of the genital tract, but present their findings as a summary of the senile and disease changes observed in a total of 216 bitches whose complete life histories were known. I also believe that this book could be a valuable acquisition for a veterinarian in a practice where consultations on dog breeding are frequent. The price is high but not excessive for the quality of production and, more importantly, the information the book contains. I. C. A. Martin 365
Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus (Smibert 19741, the cause of the venereal disease bovine vibriosis, can be differentiated into 2 biotypes (Bryner et a1 1962; Mohanty et ul 1962; VCron and Chatelain 1973). Both biotypes [hereafter referred to as biotype venerealis (Florent 1959) and biotype intermedius (Elazhary 1968)l occur in Australian cattle (Donaldson and Clark 1970; Rogers et a1 1972; Ladds et a1 1973), biotype venerealis being distributed more widely than biotype intermedius which to date, has been found only in Queensland, the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia (Clark and Monsbourgh unpublished data). Biotype intermedius produces hydrogen sulphide in semi-solid media containing 0.02% cysteine hydrochloride and grows more profusely than biotype venerealis (Bryner et a1 1962; Mohanty et a1 1962). Although heat stable antigens are identical, there are minor differences in heat labile antigens (Kramer 1965; Berg et a1 1971). Vaccines produced from biotype intermedius (Hoerlein and Kramer 1963, 1964; Kramer 1965), and biotype venerealis (Plastridge et a1 1966; Frank et a1 1967; Clark et a1 1967), have been shown to protect cattle against the effects of challenge with homologous organisms. However, it remains to be determined whether vaccines prepared from either biotype venerealis or biotype intermedius give adequate protection against the effects of heterologous infection. This paper presents evidence that vaccines prepared from biotype venerealis only partly protect cattle against biotype intermedius whereas vaccines prepared from biotype intermedius adequately protect heifers and bulls against challenge with homologous organisms. Materials and Methods Experimental Animals Hereford heifers and bulls that were born on a CSIRO experimental station or purchased when 6 to 8 months of age were used. None had ever been infected with either biotype although the bulls vaccinated with biotype 362
verierc,a'is had previously been exposzd to infection with homologous organisms in an earlier experiment (Clark et a1 1974b). Vuccines Vaccines were prepared from cells grown in liquid medium by the method described by Clark et nl (1972b) and contained 40 mg dry weight of cells in 5 ml. Vaccination was by the subcutaneous injection of 5 ml of vaccine. ClialEenge Artificial challenge with biotype intermedim was by the intra-cervical or intra-uterine deposition in heifers of 1 ml of culture containing from 2 x lo7 to 1 x 10" motile organisms, or by the deposition of 3 ml of culture containing 2 x lo8 motile cells into the posterior region of the preputial sac of the bulls. Bacteriology Samples of vaginal mucus and preputial secretions were collected by pipette and examined for the presence of biotype iritermedius by the methods described by Clark et a1 (1968; 1974a). Experimental Design Heifers vaccinated wit11 biorype venerealis arid challenged witli biotype intermedius - Forty heifers 20 to 28 months old were distributed at random into 2 equal groups (A and B). Those in group A were each given a single injection of a vaccine prepared from biotype venerealis.
Observations of oestrus were made twice daily and mating and challenge commenced 8 weeks after vaccination. Any heifer showing oestrus was mated with a 5-year-old bull that for the past 4 years had been given annually a single injection of the vaccine prepared from biotype venerealis. At first service each heifer was challenged artificially with biotype intermedius. After the first service, return services were continued for a further 4 months. Heifers were palpated per rectum for the diagnosis of pregnancy. Samples of vaginal mucus were collected from each heifer at weekly intervals for 3 months after mating and exanlined for the presence of biotype intermedius. Samples of preputial secretions from the bull were collected at weekly intervals, before and during the mating season and examined for the presence of biotype intermedius. Bulls vaccinated with biotype venerealis and challenged with biotype intermedius - Thirteen 4- to 6-year-old bulls that had been given 2 injections of the biotype venerealis vaccine 8 weeks apart at 14 to 18 months of age and single injections annually thereafter, and three Australian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 52, August, 1976
4- to 6-year-old non-vaccinated bulls were each artificially challenged with biotype intermediits. Samples of preputial secretions were collected from each bull a t weekly intervals after challenge and examined for the presence of biotype intermedius. Heifers voccinated arid challenged with biotype intermedius - Forty heifers 21 t o 23 months old were distributed at random into 2 equal groups (C and D). Each heifer in group C was given 2 injections of a vaccine prepared from biotype i/iterniediit.s. There was an interval of 7 weeks between the injections. Mating commenced 4 weeks after the second administration of vaccine. Heifers showing oestrus were mated with either oE two 7-year-old bulls that had previously been given subcutaneous injections of the biotype inter~nediris vaccine. The bulls were used in rotation and return services were continued for 3 months from the comrnencemcnt of mating. At first service each heifer wr;s challenged artificially with biotype i/rrermedius. Samples of vaginal mucus were collected from each heifer at weekly intervals for 3 months after mating and examined for the presence of biotype irirermedius. Samples of preputial secretions were collected from the 2 bulls at weekly intervals, before and during mating, and examined for the presence of biotype intermedius. Bu1i.Y vaccinated arid clicillriigrd with biorypc, intermedius - Fourteen 3-year-old bulls were distributed at random into 2 equal groups. The bulls in 1 group were given 2 injections of the biotype intermedius vaccine 6 wzeks apart. The bulls in the other group were not vaccinated. Four weeks after the second administration of vaccine each of the 14 bulls was artificially challenged with biotype irrfermediits. Those bulls that did not become infected, or that remained infected for less than 3 months, were challenged again 6 months later. Samples of preputial secretions were collected from each bull at weekly intervals before and after each challenge and examined for thz presence of biotype inrerriiediits.
Results
Heifers Vaccinated with Biotype venerealis and Challenged with Biotype intermedius Following challengc, 12 (60%) of thc vaccinated heifers in group A and the 20 (100% ) non-vaccinated heifers in group B became infected with biotype intermedius. There were differences between the 2 groups both in the incidence of infection ( p < O.Ol), and in the proportions that conceived and calved to first servicc ( p < 0.05) (Table 1 ) . Six of the 8 vaccinated heifers that resisted challenge conccived and calved to first service, compared with only 1 of the 32 vaccinated and control heifers that became infected. There were no differences in conception rates between infected vaccinated and nonvaccinated heifers. Better breeding results were achieved in group A in comparison with group B due to the normal fertility of the non-infected heifers. Biotype intermedius was isolated from the bull used for mating on 1 occasion only, the bull having mated with an infected heifer within the previous 24 hours. Australian Vcteririary Journal, Vol. 5 2 , August, 1976
Bulls Vaccinated with Biotype venerealis and Challenged with Biotype intermedius Six of the 13 vaccinated bulls and all 3 nonvaccinated bulls became infected following challenge with biotype intermedius. Infection persisted from 3 to 14 weeks in the vaccinated bulls and from 1 to 15 weeks in non-vaccinated bulls. Heifers Vaccinuted and Challenged with Biotype intermedius Results of mating and challenge were obtained from 17 vaccinated heifers in group C and 20 non-vaccinated heifers in group D. Three of the original heifers in group C were deleted, 1 being found to have a developmental abnormality of the reproductive tract and 2 failing to show oestrus during the mating season. Following challengc, 2 ( 1 2% ) of 17 vaccinated heifers in group C and 19 (95%) of the 20 nonvaccinated heifers in group D became infected with biotype intermedius, the difference between the 2 groups being significant ( p < 0.001) . There was a significant difference in the proportions that conceived and calved to first service between the vaccinated heifers (59%) and nonvaccinated heifers (0%) ( p < 0.001). The results of mating in the 2 groups are presented in Table 2. During the experiment, biotype intermedius was not isolated from the 2 bulls used in mating. Bulls Vaccinated and Challenged with Biotype in termedius Biotype intermedirrs was not isolated from any of the 7 vaccinated bulls. The organism was recovered from 6 of the 7 non-vaccinated bulls after either the first or second challenge. Although TABLE 1 Ferlility mid Incidc/rce of Cenitnl Vihriosis irr Vnccinrrtc,t/ t unrl Coritrol HcifrrJ Non-
Item
Vaccinated? Heifers (group A )
vaccinated Hzifers (group B )
20 20 Number in group Number pregnant after I szrvice 6 (30%) 1 (5%) 1 or 2 services 9 (45%) 5 (25%) I.. 2 or 3 services 13 ( 6 5 % ) 7 (35%) Number that became pregnant 15 ( 7 5 % ) 9 (45%) Average number of services/ conception 2.1 2.6 Average number of days from Is! service to conception 34 45 Incidence of genital infection 12 ( 6 0 % ) 20 (loo%,)
*
All heifers were challenged with C. ferris suhsp. fetus hiotype
i n fermedirrs.
t Heifers that received 1 suhcutaneous injection of a vaccine prcpared from cells of C . fetus suhsp. t e r m biotype venerealis.
363
TABLE 2 Fertiliiy u r t d lriciderrce of Geriitcd Vibriosis iri VNCciriu/edt and Control Hc~ifers*:
NonVaccinated? vaccinated Heifers Heifers (group C) (group D)
Item Number in group Number pregnant after 1 service 1 or 2 services 1, 2 or 3 services Number that became pregnant Average number of services/ conception Average number of days from 1 st service to conception lncidence of genital infection
17
20
10 ( 5 9 % ) 13 ( 8 2 % ) 1.5 ( 8 8 % ) 15 (88% )
0 11 14 16
1 .s
21
2 (12% 1
(0%) (55%) (70%) (80%)
2.6 53 19 (95%) )
and challenged with biotype venerealis. The possibility that biotype intermedius vaccines can give adequate protection against both biotypes still remains to be examined. Although additional observations upon immunisation of bulls against biotypc internzedius are required, we conclude that heifers and bulls can be effectively immunised against both biotype venerealis and biotype intermedius by the administration of appropriate vaccines. In those areas of Australia where both biotypes occur, control of bovine vibriosis may require the use of bivalent vaccines. Summary
present for only 1 or 2 weeks in 2 bulls, infection persisted in 4 bulls for periods ranging from 6 weeks to 12 months.
A vaccine prepared from Cumpylobacter fetus subsp. fetus biotype venereulis gave only partial protection to heifers and bulls against genital infection with C . feFus subsp. fetus biotype intermedius. Heifers and bulls were fully immunised against C . fetus subsp. venerealis biotype intermedius by administration of a vaccine prepared from homologous organisms.
Discussion
Acknowledgments
*
All heifers were challenged with L'. jefirs subsp. feflrs biotype infrrmedius. ? Heifers that received 2 subcutaneous injections of a vaccine prepared from cells of C. retits subsp. fefirs biotype intermcdiirs.
The able technical assistance of Miss J. Single subcutaneous injections of biotype venereulis vaccine similar to that used in this Vaughan and Messrs G . Donovan, J. Fitzpatrick, experiment have been shown to give 18-month- E. Neilson, A. Semmler and P. Staples is grateold heifers substantial protection against chal- f u I1y acknowledged. lcnge with homologous organisms (Clark et ul References 1972a). Two subcutaneous injections given 8 wceks apart at 14 to 18 months of age, followed Berg, R. L., Jutila, J . W. and Firehammer, €3. D. (1971) --,4n1. J . v e f . Res. 32: 1 I . by annual single booster injections, gave comJ. H.. Frank, A. H . and O'Berry, P. A. (1962)plete protection to 16 bulls against infection with Brvner. Am..I vet. , Res. 23: 32. biotype venereulis (Clark et al 1974b). Thirteen Clark, B. L., Newsam, I. D. B., Monsbourgh, Mary 1 . of these vaccinated bulls were subsequently used and Dufty, J . H. (1967)-Ai&\/. \'e/. J . 43: 341. in the present experiment and shown to have only Clark, B. L., Dufty, J. H. and Monsbourgh, Mary J . (1968)-Ait.\t. * ' P / . J . 44: 110. partial protection against biotype intermedius. Clark, B. L., Dufty, J. H. and Monsbourgh, Mary J . Furthermore, heifers given single subcutaneous (1972a)-Aust. i v f . J . 48: 376. injections of the same biotype venerealis vaccine Clark, B. L., Dufty, J. H . and Monsbourgh, Mary J . (1972b)--Ai{st. vet. J . 48: 382. a5 the bulls were only partially protected against B. L., Monsbourgh, Mary J . and Dufty, J . H . biotype intermedius. Because heat labile antigens Clark, (1974a)-Aiist. w/. J . 50: 324. appear to be responsible for the induction of Clark, B. L., Dufty, J. H., Monsbourgh. Mary J. and immunity to bovine vibriosis (Clark et ul 1975), Parsonson, I. M. (1974b)--Air\r. vet. 1. 50: 407. the incomplete protection may have been due to Clark, B. L., Dufty, J. H. and Monsbourgh, Mary J. (1975)--Ar~.st. vet. J . 51: 333. minor differences between antigens of this class L. E. and Clark, B. L. (1970)-,4~1~r.vet. J . in the venererrlis and intermedius biotypes Donaldson, 46: 500. (Kramer 1965; Berg et a1 1971). Elazhary, M. A. S . Y . (1968)--M~~dr~d.Veearts S c h . Rijksrrriiv. Getit. 12(no. 1-4): 1-80. The administration of 2 subcutaneous iniections of the biotype intermedicts vaccine to heifers Florent, A. (1959)-Meded. Veearls Sch. RijLcuriiv. Getif. 3(no.3): 1-60. and bulls gave satisfactory protection against Frank, A. H., Bryner, J. H . and OBerry, P. A. (1967)challenge with homologous organisms. These Am. J . vet. Res. 28: 1237. results confirm and extend the observations in Hoerlein, A. B. and Krarner, T. (1963)-Anr. 1. vet. Res. 24: 951. heifers by Hoerlein and Kramer (1963, 1964). A. B. and Krarner, T. (1964)-Am. 1. vet. Res. Because intermedius appears to be the minor Hoerlein, 25: 371. biotype in Australia, observations were not made Kramer, T. (1965)--Ph.D. the\is, State University, Colorado. upon cattle vaccinatcd with biotype intermedius 364
Austruliun Veterinary Journul, Vol. 52, August, 1976
Ladds, P. W., Dennett, D. P. and Glazebrook, J. S. (1973)--Arrst. vet. J . 49: 335. Mohanty, S. B., Plumer, G. J . and Faber, J. E. (1962)A m . J . vet. Res. 23: 554. Plastridge, W. N., Kersting, E. J. and Williams, L. F. (1966&Ani. J . vet. Res. 27: 186. Rogers. R. J.. Flanaean. - . M.- and Hill. M. W. M. (19721 ZAi;.sr. vet: 1. 48: 203. ,
Smibert, R. M. (1974)-1n “Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology”. Eds. R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons, Williams & Wilkins; 8th edn. Baltimore. 0.207. V&on, h;. and Chatelain, R. (1973)--I/rt. J . syst. Bncteriol. 23: 122.
I
f Kccciiwl f o r pirhlicntiorr 2 0
Jiirrr
1975)
BOOK REVIEW THE OVARY AND REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE DOG (BEAGLE)
Of all the domesticated species, the domestic dog
(Cariis familiaris) displays the greatest range of physical, behavioural and physiological characteristics. Several hundreds of breeds are recognised by Kennel Clubs throughout the world and all have arisen by deliberate selection by man for animals suitable for hunting, racing o r just plain novelty in the case of the toy breeds. Rightly or wrongly, the Beagle was widely accepted as an experimental animal and many thousands have been used in radiation and pharmacological research. On the grounds of size, coat, behaviour and temperament toward man, it was a relatively simple choice, but now, with the information accumulated from lifetime studies of dogs of this breed, the wisdom of its use has been questioned. The Beagle appears to be relatively more prone to several types of cancer and is highly sensitive to oestrogens and progestagens. Such comments, however, cannot detract from the xientific merit and general excellence of this book“. as a most comprehensive study of the canine ovary and reproductive performance of the bitch. There are numerous references in the book t o breeds other than the Beagle and much of what has been recorded for the Beagle should also be true for other breeds. In 1951, the US Atomic Energy Commission sponsored the University of California at Davis to undertake long-term studies of the effects of whole-body X-irradiation on reproduction and lifespan of the bitch. This book was written 22 years later after the accumulation of an abundance of information and is almost completely restricted to an account of the characteristics of the non-irradiated, control animals. It contains 6 parts: introduction and review; embryonic and foetal development of the gonads; ovarian development from birth t o puberty; puberty and the first oestrous’ cycle in pregnant and non-pregnant beagles; the *The Ovary and Reproductive Cycle of the Dog (Beagle). Andersen A. C.. and Simpson. Miriam E. 1973. Geron-X Inc. Los ‘Altos. California USA 1973. 290p. $30.00 U.S.
Airstralian Veterinary Jortrnal, Vol. 5 2 ,
August, 1976
genital system during maturity and senescence; and pathology of the ovary and genital tract. Each part is divided into 3 or 4 sub-sections forming a well organised sequence based on the whole lifespan from conception to death. The book is handsomely produced and liberally illustrated with 105 half-tone plates, each composed of 3 or 4 photographs and most of them are light micrographs of sections stained with Harris haematoxylin and eosin or Mallory azan. Regrettably, none of the plates are in colour. N o doubt costs of colour plates would have been prohibitive, but it is a great pity that one or two of the most important sections are not illustrated in colour. Nevertheless the illustrations complement the text particularly well. There are also 17 tables summarising data throughout the book which enhance it as a reference manual. In less than 2 years after publication, it has become a major text in its field and has been frequently cited in research papers. Because of the quality and volume of research which has bee-n condensed into it, I expect it will remain a valuable, and often used, book for many years. It should be in the libraries of anatomists, embryologists and physiologists and, indeed, readily accessible for anyone using dogs as experimental animals. Pathologists might find part 6 on the pathology of the ovary and genital tract to be too restricted in the topics covered. The authors have not claimed that this is an exhaustive review of derangements of the genital tract, but present their findings as a summary of the senile and disease changes observed in a total of 216 bitches whose complete life histories were known. I also believe that this book could be a valuable acquisition for a veterinarian in a practice where consultations on dog breeding are frequent. The price is high but not excessive for the quality of production and, more importantly, the information the book contains. I. C. A. Martin 365
