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Increased Energy Drink Use as a Predictor of Illicit Prescription Stimulant Use a
b
Conrad L. Woolsey PhD CHES CC-AASP USOC-SPR , Ronald D. Williams Jr. PhD CHES , Bert H. c
d
e
Jacobson PhD , Jeff M. Housman PhD MCHES , Jason D. McDonald DC MS , Julie H. Swartz f
a
g
MSN RN CFN , Marion W. Evans Jr DC PhD MCHES , Thomas E. Sather MSC USN CAsP , Adam E. h
Barry PhD & Robert T. Davidson PhD a
Click for updates
i
University of Western States, Portland, OR, USA
b
Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
c
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
d
Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
e
Private Practice/Independent Researcher, Phoenix, AZ, USA
f
George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
g
Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, FL, USA
h
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
i
Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, USA Accepted author version posted online: 13 Oct 2014.
To cite this article: Conrad L. Woolsey PhD CHES CC-AASP USOC-SPR, Ronald D. Williams Jr. PhD CHES, Bert H. Jacobson PhD, Jeff M. Housman PhD MCHES, Jason D. McDonald DC MS, Julie H. Swartz MSN RN CFN, Marion W. Evans Jr DC PhD MCHES, Thomas E. Sather MSC USN CAsP, Adam E. Barry PhD & Robert T. Davidson PhD (2014): Increased Energy Drink Use as a Predictor of Illicit Prescription Stimulant Use, Substance Abuse, DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2014.969470 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2014.969470
Disclaimer: This is a version of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of the accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to this version also.
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 06:30 19 August 2015
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Increased Energy Drink Use as a Predictor of Illicit Prescription Stimulant Use
Conrad L. Woolsey1, PhD, CHES, CC-AASP, USOC-SPR; Ronald D. Williams, Jr. 2, PhD, CHES; Bert H. Jacobson3, PhD; Jeff M. Housman4, PhD, MCHES; Jason D. McDonald5, DC, MS; Julie H. Swartz6, MSN, RN, CFN; Marion W. Evans, Jr. 1, DC, PhD, MCHES; Thomas E.
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 06:30 19 August 2015
Sather7, MSC, USN, CAsP; Adam E. Barry8, PhD; Robert T. Davidson9, PhD
1. University of Western States, Portland, OR, USA. 2. Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA. 3. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA. 4. Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA. 5. Private Practice/Independent Researcher, Phoenix, AZ, USA. 6. George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA. 7. Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, FL, USA. 8. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. 9. Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, USA.
Correspondence should be addressed to Conrad L. Woolsey, PhD, University of Western States, Portland, OR, USA. Email: [email protected].
1
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
ABSTRACT. Background: The purpose of this study was to examine energy drink usage patterns and to investigate the relationship between energy drink use and illicit use of prescription stimulants among college students. Methods: A sample of 605 undergraduate and graduate students (mean age 21.96 ± SD 4.216) from a large Midwestern university voluntarily
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 06:30 19 August 2015
participated in the study. Results: 48.9% of participants (n=296) reported using energy drinks in the past 30 days, while 25.3% of participants (n=153) reported using prescription stimulant drugs in the past 30 days. Among prescription stimulant users without a valid medical prescription, Mann-Whitney U tests and logistic regression analysis revealed that the frequency of energy drink consumption was a significant predictor of illicit prescription stimulant use, with the odds for using increasing by 14% with each additional day of energy drink use (odds ratio for using = 1.143, P ≤0.001). Analyses revealed statistically significant differences (p
Substance Abuse Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wsub20
Increased Energy Drink Use as a Predictor of Illicit Prescription Stimulant Use a
b
Conrad L. Woolsey PhD CHES CC-AASP USOC-SPR , Ronald D. Williams Jr. PhD CHES , Bert H. c
d
e
Jacobson PhD , Jeff M. Housman PhD MCHES , Jason D. McDonald DC MS , Julie H. Swartz f
a
g
MSN RN CFN , Marion W. Evans Jr DC PhD MCHES , Thomas E. Sather MSC USN CAsP , Adam E. h
Barry PhD & Robert T. Davidson PhD a
Click for updates
i
University of Western States, Portland, OR, USA
b
Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
c
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
d
Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
e
Private Practice/Independent Researcher, Phoenix, AZ, USA
f
George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
g
Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, FL, USA
h
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
i
Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, USA Accepted author version posted online: 13 Oct 2014.
To cite this article: Conrad L. Woolsey PhD CHES CC-AASP USOC-SPR, Ronald D. Williams Jr. PhD CHES, Bert H. Jacobson PhD, Jeff M. Housman PhD MCHES, Jason D. McDonald DC MS, Julie H. Swartz MSN RN CFN, Marion W. Evans Jr DC PhD MCHES, Thomas E. Sather MSC USN CAsP, Adam E. Barry PhD & Robert T. Davidson PhD (2014): Increased Energy Drink Use as a Predictor of Illicit Prescription Stimulant Use, Substance Abuse, DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2014.969470 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2014.969470
Disclaimer: This is a version of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of the accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to this version also.
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 06:30 19 August 2015
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Increased Energy Drink Use as a Predictor of Illicit Prescription Stimulant Use
Conrad L. Woolsey1, PhD, CHES, CC-AASP, USOC-SPR; Ronald D. Williams, Jr. 2, PhD, CHES; Bert H. Jacobson3, PhD; Jeff M. Housman4, PhD, MCHES; Jason D. McDonald5, DC, MS; Julie H. Swartz6, MSN, RN, CFN; Marion W. Evans, Jr. 1, DC, PhD, MCHES; Thomas E.
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 06:30 19 August 2015
Sather7, MSC, USN, CAsP; Adam E. Barry8, PhD; Robert T. Davidson9, PhD
1. University of Western States, Portland, OR, USA. 2. Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA. 3. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA. 4. Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA. 5. Private Practice/Independent Researcher, Phoenix, AZ, USA. 6. George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA. 7. Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, FL, USA. 8. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. 9. Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, USA.
Correspondence should be addressed to Conrad L. Woolsey, PhD, University of Western States, Portland, OR, USA. Email: [email protected].
1
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
ABSTRACT. Background: The purpose of this study was to examine energy drink usage patterns and to investigate the relationship between energy drink use and illicit use of prescription stimulants among college students. Methods: A sample of 605 undergraduate and graduate students (mean age 21.96 ± SD 4.216) from a large Midwestern university voluntarily
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 06:30 19 August 2015
participated in the study. Results: 48.9% of participants (n=296) reported using energy drinks in the past 30 days, while 25.3% of participants (n=153) reported using prescription stimulant drugs in the past 30 days. Among prescription stimulant users without a valid medical prescription, Mann-Whitney U tests and logistic regression analysis revealed that the frequency of energy drink consumption was a significant predictor of illicit prescription stimulant use, with the odds for using increasing by 14% with each additional day of energy drink use (odds ratio for using = 1.143, P ≤0.001). Analyses revealed statistically significant differences (p
