Folia phoniat. 27: 1-6(1975)
Influence of Reverberation on Stuttering B. Adamczyk, E. Sadowska and W. Kuniszyk-Jozkowiak Institute of Physics. Marii Curie-Skfodowska University. Lublin
The effect of delayed auditory feedback (DAF) on speech of stutterers has been the object of many investigations (4 10). DAF is of importance in treat ment of speech correction of stutterers by the ‘echo’ method (1, 2) which is being widely used in Poland. Reverberation is related to the echo phenomenon. It can be produced in a simple way. The authors of the present paper tried to use the reverberation effect on speech correction of stuttering people. The first results were reported in 1971 (3).
Reverberation Apparatus Figure 1 presents a schema of the apparatus used for the experiment. Speech sounds are transformed in a microphone M into electric vibrations. Next, the vibrations are am plified by amplifier A, and changed in adapter P, into mechanical vibrations which stimu late spring S. Adapter P, receives vibrations from spring S and transforms them into electric
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Fig. 1. Reverberation system. M = Microphone: T = telephone. A ,, A, = amplifiers, S = metal spring, P ,, P; = adapters.
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Received: August 28, 1974; accepted: December 4, 1974.
■>
Adamczyk/SadowskalKuniszyk-Joikowiak
Fig. 2. Decrease of vibrations in reverberation system (oscillogram).
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Downloaded by: Univ. of California Santa Barbara 128.111.121.42 - 3/6/2018 6:45:10 AM
Fig. 3c, b. Individual reaction of 16 stutterers to reverberation and echo. 1 = Indepen dent speaking; 1= speaking with echo; • = speaking with reverberation.
Influence of Reverberation on Stuttering
3
vibrations which are amplified and changed into speech sounds in telephone T. A mechani cal wave in the spring is subject to repeated reflections until it gradually wanes. Thus reverberation effects are obtained.
Results
Downloaded by: Univ. of California Santa Barbara 128.111.121.42 - 3/6/2018 6:45:10 AM
32 stutterers were examined. The influence of reverberation on speech of stutterers was compared with an analogous effect of echo. For each subject the intensity of stuttering and speech velocity were evaluated in three successive stages: (a) individual describing a drawing (no help); (b) describing a drawing with the help of reverberation (time of reverberation of 1.4 sec, and (c) de scribing a drawing with the help of echo (delay of 0.2 sec).
Adantczyk/Sadowska/Kuniszyk-Jozkowiak
4
A series of drawings were described. Prior to each test marked with a, b and c, each drawing was described by the person supervising the experiment. In tests b and c, a stutterer was instructed how to speak with the help of reverberation or echo. Before test b the subject was asked to speak in chorus with reverbera tion sounds, and before test c, simultaneously with echo sounds. Prior to tests b and c, chorus speaking was demonstrated by the person who supervised the experiment. For each stutterer in stages a, b and c, the number of errors charac teristic of stuttering and velocity speaking were estimated. In all cases where reverberation and echo were applied, a decrease in stuttering intensity and speech velocity were observed. The results are presented in figure 3a, b. The ordinate shows stuttering intensity (the number of errors characteristic of stuttering per 100 syllables of text). The abscissa shows the speech velocity in syllables per second. The length and direction of the section on a diagram mark a decrease in stuttering intensity and a decrease in speech velocity due to reverber ation and echo. The position of a given section informs about individual speech characteristics of a person under examination. The results of the examinations are given as average values in figure 4.
Downloaded by: Univ. of California Santa Barbara 128.111.121.42 - 3/6/2018 6:45:10 AM
Fig. 4. Average reaction of 32 stutterers to reverberation and echo. 1= Independent speaking: = speaking with echo; • = speaking with reverberation.
5
Influence of Reverberation on Stuttering
Table 1. t-test of mean differences between item 1 and item 2 Experiment items 1
2
a b a
b c c
Intensity of
Velocity of speaking
p
Influence of Reverberation on Stuttering B. Adamczyk, E. Sadowska and W. Kuniszyk-Jozkowiak Institute of Physics. Marii Curie-Skfodowska University. Lublin
The effect of delayed auditory feedback (DAF) on speech of stutterers has been the object of many investigations (4 10). DAF is of importance in treat ment of speech correction of stutterers by the ‘echo’ method (1, 2) which is being widely used in Poland. Reverberation is related to the echo phenomenon. It can be produced in a simple way. The authors of the present paper tried to use the reverberation effect on speech correction of stuttering people. The first results were reported in 1971 (3).
Reverberation Apparatus Figure 1 presents a schema of the apparatus used for the experiment. Speech sounds are transformed in a microphone M into electric vibrations. Next, the vibrations are am plified by amplifier A, and changed in adapter P, into mechanical vibrations which stimu late spring S. Adapter P, receives vibrations from spring S and transforms them into electric
L
-Q a
m m a a w a
| } | >> - 1
Fig. 1. Reverberation system. M = Microphone: T = telephone. A ,, A, = amplifiers, S = metal spring, P ,, P; = adapters.
Downloaded by: Univ. of California Santa Barbara 128.111.121.42 - 3/6/2018 6:45:10 AM
Received: August 28, 1974; accepted: December 4, 1974.
■>
Adamczyk/SadowskalKuniszyk-Joikowiak
Fig. 2. Decrease of vibrations in reverberation system (oscillogram).
30
2
1
3
*
*
2 3
*
4
?
3
•
4
II
1
*
2 J
III
IV
20
?0 r-
p
to
30
tTJ >
0» t*.
_
.—
^
VI
/
*°
30
S E 3
20
c
10
%
.
.
VII 20
f *>
«T t
Ï
to
11 *
XI
1
fl
til
30
L
1
XIV
"
1• 3
XVI
XV
20 • /
/
?
t
20 to
t
s
30
30
Ï
10
J>
ll
.
90
80
/
.
r
20
0
o
.
IX
o
Of c C «
d
20
o ° V) o
y V
•o
to
/,
J
0 *
30
4
_
.
♦ ?
1 4
V e lo c it y o f s p e a k in g ,
.
num b er
/ >7 / / • 1 ? 3 4
f
1C
/f s
«
2 3 4
o f s y lla b le s / sec
Downloaded by: Univ. of California Santa Barbara 128.111.121.42 - 3/6/2018 6:45:10 AM
Fig. 3c, b. Individual reaction of 16 stutterers to reverberation and echo. 1 = Indepen dent speaking; 1= speaking with echo; • = speaking with reverberation.
Influence of Reverberation on Stuttering
3
vibrations which are amplified and changed into speech sounds in telephone T. A mechani cal wave in the spring is subject to repeated reflections until it gradually wanes. Thus reverberation effects are obtained.
Results
Downloaded by: Univ. of California Santa Barbara 128.111.121.42 - 3/6/2018 6:45:10 AM
32 stutterers were examined. The influence of reverberation on speech of stutterers was compared with an analogous effect of echo. For each subject the intensity of stuttering and speech velocity were evaluated in three successive stages: (a) individual describing a drawing (no help); (b) describing a drawing with the help of reverberation (time of reverberation of 1.4 sec, and (c) de scribing a drawing with the help of echo (delay of 0.2 sec).
Adantczyk/Sadowska/Kuniszyk-Jozkowiak
4
A series of drawings were described. Prior to each test marked with a, b and c, each drawing was described by the person supervising the experiment. In tests b and c, a stutterer was instructed how to speak with the help of reverberation or echo. Before test b the subject was asked to speak in chorus with reverbera tion sounds, and before test c, simultaneously with echo sounds. Prior to tests b and c, chorus speaking was demonstrated by the person who supervised the experiment. For each stutterer in stages a, b and c, the number of errors charac teristic of stuttering and velocity speaking were estimated. In all cases where reverberation and echo were applied, a decrease in stuttering intensity and speech velocity were observed. The results are presented in figure 3a, b. The ordinate shows stuttering intensity (the number of errors characteristic of stuttering per 100 syllables of text). The abscissa shows the speech velocity in syllables per second. The length and direction of the section on a diagram mark a decrease in stuttering intensity and a decrease in speech velocity due to reverber ation and echo. The position of a given section informs about individual speech characteristics of a person under examination. The results of the examinations are given as average values in figure 4.
Downloaded by: Univ. of California Santa Barbara 128.111.121.42 - 3/6/2018 6:45:10 AM
Fig. 4. Average reaction of 32 stutterers to reverberation and echo. 1= Independent speaking: = speaking with echo; • = speaking with reverberation.
5
Influence of Reverberation on Stuttering
Table 1. t-test of mean differences between item 1 and item 2 Experiment items 1
2
a b a
b c c
Intensity of
Velocity of speaking
p
