PsychologicalReports, 1991, 68, 1107-1112
@ Psychological Reports 1991
INTERPERSONAL DEPENDENCY AND LOCUS O F CONTROL AS PERSONALITY CORRELATES AMONG ADULT MALE ALCOHOLICS UNDERGOING RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT ' JON K. MILLS
Illinois School of Professional Psychology
AND
PATRICK F. TARICONE
Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Summary.-The Interpersonal Dependency Inventory and the I-E Control Scale were administered to 22 male alcoholics in residential treatment. Contrary to prediction, subjects had normal dependency scores and external locus of control orientation. These findings contradict currently held assumptions about levels of dependence and the directionality of control orientation among inpatient alcoholics. Subjects were further examined for the influence of previous inpatient alcoholism treatment. Significant correlations were found between interpersonal dependency and control orientation scores for 14 alcoholics who were in residential treatment for the first time. Clinical implications for treatment concerning dependency factors and locus of control in inpatient populations are also discussed.
Personality theories have long characterized alcoholics as harboring feelings of dependency which influence emotive and behavioral manifestations of personality. Dependency as a personality characteristic has been explained as conditioned behavior, biological vulnerability, and intrapsychic conflict due to early developmental disturbance (Cohen, 1983; Estes & Heinemann, 1977) while psychological and emotional dependency are seen as prevalent characteristics of alcoholic populations (Spero, 1984; Kirkpatrick, 1984). Alcoholism has also been correlated with passive-dependent personality traits in alcoholic persons (Cloninger, Sigvardsson, Gilligan, & von Knorring, 1988; Cork, 1987; Morey & Blashfield, 1981). Evans (1984) has also indicated that alcoholic and psychiatric populations seem to have similar dependency needs. According to Hirschfeld, Klerman, Gough, Barrett, and Korchin (1977), high interpersonal dependency is strongly associated with the psychogenesis of alcoholism, depression, and other psychiatric disorders. Hirschfeld, et al. devised the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory and explain its constructs refer to a myriad of thoughts, behaviors, beliefs, and feelings concomitant with the need to associate, interact, and rely highly upon valued other people. The concept of interpersonal dependency encompasses social learning theories of dependency, the psychoanalytic theory of object relations, and the ethological theory of attachment. It was hypothesized the present inpatient alcoholic sample would score higher on dependency as measured by this inventory than Hirschfeld, et al.'s (1977) normative sample. 'Address correspondence to Author Jon K. Mills, Illinois School of Professional Psychology, One Quincy Court, 220 South State Street, Chicago, IL 60604.
1108
J. K. MILLS & l? F. TARICONE
Also important are the dynamics of locus of control orientation. The notion of internal-external locus of control can be explicated as the belief individuals have in the amount of perceived control they have over their own destiny. Rotter (1966) contends the more an individual perceives reinforcement to be contingent upon personal actions, the greater belief in internal control one maintains. A belief in external control would be indicative of an individual who sees reinforcement as noncontingent upon personal behavior but rather influenced by luck, chance, or the control of some powerful outside force. A person's control orientation can influence one's emotional state and behavior and also be an important influence in the way one interacts in society. The intrinsic value of a person's perceived control over his life may strongly influence interpersonal dependency and ability to fulfill dependency yearnings. One would typically surmise that, since alcoholics characteristically show dependent behavior, they would have little belief in their ability to govern their own lives. Also, they may exhibit more external locus of control. However, numerous studies indicate that alcoholics manifest an internal control orientation (Natera, Herrejon, & Casco, 1988; Costello & Wicoff, 1984; Jones-Saumty, Hochhaus, Dru, & Zeiner, 1983; Distephans, Pryer, & Garrison, 1972; Goss & Morosko, 1970; Gozali & Sloan, 1971). These studies suggest alcoholics are well aware of the contingency between alcohol reinforcement and their behavior and that they believe in their ability to control their drinking. Based on these previous investigations, it was further hypothesized that alcoholics in this study would have internal locus of control scores relative to those of previous alcoholic samples whose responses were measured on Rotter's (1966) I-E Control Scale. METHOD Twenty-two white adult males, ranging in age from 18 to 59 years (M = 33.5 yr.) and receiving primary treatment for alcoholism, participated in this study. Data were collected from three residential treatment facilities for alcohol and substance abuse. All programs were located in rural areas of the midwest and had at least a 28-day residential treatment program. Fourteen subjects reported this was their first time in substance-abuse treatment, while seven reported they had completed prior residential treatment. The Interpersonal Dependency Inventory and the I-E Control Scale were administered to the participants during the first three weeks of their treatment. Hirschfeld, et al.'s (1977) inventory measures three distinct factors of dependency that can be broken down into units reflecting emotional state, social behavior, and level of independence. The inventory is a 48-item self-report composed of three sections that serve as fundamental factors in dependency: Factor 1. Emotional reliance on another person, Factor 2. Lack of social self-confidence, and Factor 3. Assertion of autonomy. Responses to
INTERPERSONAL DEPENDENCY, CONTROL IN ALCOHOLISM
1109
the items give a score for each of the three factors plus a total dependency score. Rotter's (1966) I-E Control Scale assessed the amount of perceived control an individual has over circumstances influencing one's life. The 29-item I-E Scale contains six filler items and is keyed so that high scores indicate greater external control orientation. RESULTS The means and standard deviations for the alcoholic sample on the three scales and total dependency index of the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory were as follows: Factor 1 (M = 40.7, SD = 8.7), Factor 2 (M = 3 1.5, SD = 3.9), Factor 3 (M = 31.3, SD = 5.6), and Total Dependency (M = 185.4, SD = 28.7). No significant differences were noted in dependency between the alcoholic subjects in this study and Hirschfeld, et al.'s (1977) normative sample. The original hypothesis that alcoholics would score higher on dependency than the normative sample was unsupported. TABLE 1 INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL SCALE W N S , STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND t RATIOSCOMPARING PRESENTAND PRIORSTUDIES Study
M
SD
t
MLUs and Taricone
9.9 6.4 5.7
4.4 2.8 3.6
12.45" 4.25*
Gozali, et a[. Distephans, et al.
The means and standard deviations of the I-E Control Scale of the alcoholic sample were compared to those of Gozali and Sloan (1971) and Distephans, et al. (1972); see Table 1. In relation to Gozali and Sloan's sample of 55 male inpatient alcoholics, the present alcoholic sample displayed more external control orientation. A two-tailed t test comparing these groups was statistically significant (t = 12.45, p < .OOI.). In addition, the subjects from this study were also compared with Distephans, et al.'s (1972) sample of 50 male inpatient alcoholics. Results of a two-tailed t test were also statistic d y significant (t = 4.25, p < ,001). Comparatively, this alcoholic sample scored more external in locus of control while the previous alcoholic samples scored more internal. While there were significant differences in control orientation among the samples, the results of this investigation produced findings contrary to those of the original hypothesis. Pearson product-moment correlations were computed between scores on the I-E Control Scale and each of the four factors on the inventory. Locus of control was not correlated significantly with any of the factors including the total dependency index ( r = -.26, p > .05). Perhaps previous participation in
1110
J. K. MILLS & P. F. TARICONE
alcoholism treatment significantly affected control orientation scores and might have contributed to a nonlinear relationship. To test this hypothesis, a two-tailed t test was calculated to compare locus of control scores of 14 subjects in treatment for the first time with those seven who had had previous treatment. While not statistically significant (t = 2.04, p > .06), those in treatment for the first time exhibited somewhat more external control (M= 11.3, SD = 3.8) than participants with prior treatment (M = 7.3, S D = 3.2). Because this difference fell just short of statistical significance, Pearson correlations between locus of control and dependency were recalculated for those in treatment for the first time only. Despite the small number of subjects (n = 14), locus of control was significantly correlated with Factor 1, emotional reliance on another person (r = -.48, p < .05), and total dependency ( r = .51, p < .05). Emotional reliance on others and over-all dependency was significantly negatively correlated with locus of control, indicating a relationship between external locus of control and less dependency.
DISCUSSION These results yielded findings opposite those hypothesized. Participants in this study indicated normal dependency characteristics and external locus of control. These unexpected findings challenge currently held assumptions on dependency and directionAty of control orientation in inpatient alcoholic populations. Alcoholics often maintain the irrational belief that they are in control of their drinking. However, participants in this study seem to be aware of the limitations in their perceived control over factors affecting their lives. Contrary to the results of previous research, findings of this study suggest that external-scoring alcoholics realize they are unable to control many factors in their lives including their drinking behavior. Seeking residential treatment for alcoholism further reflects the subjects' lack of control. Another important finding is the influence of previous treatment on the dependency and control orientation of this alcoholic sample. Alcoholics who were in residential treatment for the first time scored significantly more external than alcoholics who had had previous inpatient treatment. Surprisingly, external-scoring alcoholics indicated less dependency than internal-scoring alcoholics. This finding suggests that external scorers may view consequences as noncontingent on personal actions and feel they are not dependent, maintaining the belief that treatment connotes dependency. External scorers may also largely deny the magnitude of their addiction and the need for help from others. Internal alcoholics appear to feel they are more in control of their lives and actively seek rehabilitation of their problems. The notion of seeking treatment implies that internal scorers assert responsibility over their lives and accept their dependency needs. Internal scorers who actively seek emotional and social support are assuming control over their lives and may view
INTERPERSONAL DEPENDENCY, CONTROL IN ALCOHOLISM
1111
treatment as a means of maintaining control. However, acquiescence may have influenced locus of control scores. Alcoholics with previous inpatient treatment may have learned that it is more socially desirable to show control and responsibility over one's life, thereby explaining their more internal scores. Findings of the present study support the notion that dependency and locus of control must be appreciated w i t h the constellation of personality characteristics of alcohol abusers seeking residential treatment. Treatment programs may capitalize on the internal scorers' sense of personal control and need for emotional and social support to augment treatment strategies and maximize therapeutic success during service delivery. Furthermore, alcoholism treatment approaches may work toward empowering externally scoring individuals to achieve greater perceived control and efficacy during treatment. Although the findings of this study should be viewed with caution because the sample is quite small, the results merit consideration and encourage undertaking further studies of control orientation and dependency in similar populations. REFERENCES CLONINGER, C. R., SIGVIIRDSSON, S., GILLIGAN, S. B., & VON KNORRMG, A. L. (1988) Genetic heterogeneity and the classification of alcoholism. Advances in Alcohol and Substnnce Abuse, 7, 3-16. COHEN,S. (1983) The alcoholism problems, selected issues. New York: Haworth. CORK,R. M. (1987) Alcoholism and probation. Special issue: celebrating 50 years in print: 1937-1987. Federal Probation, 51, 33-39. COSTELLO, R. M., & WICOFF,K. A. (1984) Impression management and testing for control locus in an alcoholic sample. International Journal of the Addictions, 19, 45-56. M. K., PRYER,M. W., & GARRISON, J. L. (1972) Internal-external control among DISTEPHANS, alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychoiofl. 2 8 , 36-37. M. E. (1977) Alcoholism: development, consequences, and interESTES, N. J., & HEINEMANN, ventions. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. EVANS,R. (1984) MMPI de endency scale norms for alcoholics and psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Clinical ~syc!ology, 40, 345-346. Goss, A,, & MOROSKO, T. E. (1970) Relationship between a dimension of internal-external control and the MMPI with an alcoholic population. Journal of Consrrlting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 189-192. GOZALI,J., & SLOAN, J. (1971) Control orientation as a personality dimension among alcoholics. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcoholism, 32, 159-161. HIRSCHFELD,R., KLERMAN, G., GOUGH,H., BARRETT,J., & KORCHIN, S. (1977) A measure of interpersonal dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 610-618. J O N E S - S A ~ TD., Y ,HOCHHAUS, L., DRU,R., & ZEMER,A. R. (1983) Psychological factors of familial alcoholism in American Indians and Caucasians. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 783-790. KIRKPATRICK, M. (1984) Psychological dependency and expressed values of alcoholics. Dissertation Abstracis International, 45(6-B), 1915-1916. MOREY,L. C., & BLASEIFLELD, R. K. (1981) Empirical classifications of alcoholism: a review. Journal of Shrdies on Alcohol, 42, 925-937. NATERA,G., HERREJON,M. E., & CASCO,M. (1988) Locus of control in couples with different patterns of alcohol consumption. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 22, 179-186. R o ~ RJ., B. (1966) Generalized expectancies for internal versus external conrrol of reinforcements. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80, No. 1 (Whole No. 609).
1112
J. K. MILLS
&
F! F. TARICONE
SPERO,M. (1984) Relationships among cognitive field-dependence, emotional dependence, and self-other differentiation in alcoholic, recovered alcoholic, psychiatrically disturbed, and normal males. Dinertation Abstracts International, 44(11-A), 3497.
Accepted May 20, 1991.
@ Psychological Reports 1991
INTERPERSONAL DEPENDENCY AND LOCUS O F CONTROL AS PERSONALITY CORRELATES AMONG ADULT MALE ALCOHOLICS UNDERGOING RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT ' JON K. MILLS
Illinois School of Professional Psychology
AND
PATRICK F. TARICONE
Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Summary.-The Interpersonal Dependency Inventory and the I-E Control Scale were administered to 22 male alcoholics in residential treatment. Contrary to prediction, subjects had normal dependency scores and external locus of control orientation. These findings contradict currently held assumptions about levels of dependence and the directionality of control orientation among inpatient alcoholics. Subjects were further examined for the influence of previous inpatient alcoholism treatment. Significant correlations were found between interpersonal dependency and control orientation scores for 14 alcoholics who were in residential treatment for the first time. Clinical implications for treatment concerning dependency factors and locus of control in inpatient populations are also discussed.
Personality theories have long characterized alcoholics as harboring feelings of dependency which influence emotive and behavioral manifestations of personality. Dependency as a personality characteristic has been explained as conditioned behavior, biological vulnerability, and intrapsychic conflict due to early developmental disturbance (Cohen, 1983; Estes & Heinemann, 1977) while psychological and emotional dependency are seen as prevalent characteristics of alcoholic populations (Spero, 1984; Kirkpatrick, 1984). Alcoholism has also been correlated with passive-dependent personality traits in alcoholic persons (Cloninger, Sigvardsson, Gilligan, & von Knorring, 1988; Cork, 1987; Morey & Blashfield, 1981). Evans (1984) has also indicated that alcoholic and psychiatric populations seem to have similar dependency needs. According to Hirschfeld, Klerman, Gough, Barrett, and Korchin (1977), high interpersonal dependency is strongly associated with the psychogenesis of alcoholism, depression, and other psychiatric disorders. Hirschfeld, et al. devised the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory and explain its constructs refer to a myriad of thoughts, behaviors, beliefs, and feelings concomitant with the need to associate, interact, and rely highly upon valued other people. The concept of interpersonal dependency encompasses social learning theories of dependency, the psychoanalytic theory of object relations, and the ethological theory of attachment. It was hypothesized the present inpatient alcoholic sample would score higher on dependency as measured by this inventory than Hirschfeld, et al.'s (1977) normative sample. 'Address correspondence to Author Jon K. Mills, Illinois School of Professional Psychology, One Quincy Court, 220 South State Street, Chicago, IL 60604.
1108
J. K. MILLS & l? F. TARICONE
Also important are the dynamics of locus of control orientation. The notion of internal-external locus of control can be explicated as the belief individuals have in the amount of perceived control they have over their own destiny. Rotter (1966) contends the more an individual perceives reinforcement to be contingent upon personal actions, the greater belief in internal control one maintains. A belief in external control would be indicative of an individual who sees reinforcement as noncontingent upon personal behavior but rather influenced by luck, chance, or the control of some powerful outside force. A person's control orientation can influence one's emotional state and behavior and also be an important influence in the way one interacts in society. The intrinsic value of a person's perceived control over his life may strongly influence interpersonal dependency and ability to fulfill dependency yearnings. One would typically surmise that, since alcoholics characteristically show dependent behavior, they would have little belief in their ability to govern their own lives. Also, they may exhibit more external locus of control. However, numerous studies indicate that alcoholics manifest an internal control orientation (Natera, Herrejon, & Casco, 1988; Costello & Wicoff, 1984; Jones-Saumty, Hochhaus, Dru, & Zeiner, 1983; Distephans, Pryer, & Garrison, 1972; Goss & Morosko, 1970; Gozali & Sloan, 1971). These studies suggest alcoholics are well aware of the contingency between alcohol reinforcement and their behavior and that they believe in their ability to control their drinking. Based on these previous investigations, it was further hypothesized that alcoholics in this study would have internal locus of control scores relative to those of previous alcoholic samples whose responses were measured on Rotter's (1966) I-E Control Scale. METHOD Twenty-two white adult males, ranging in age from 18 to 59 years (M = 33.5 yr.) and receiving primary treatment for alcoholism, participated in this study. Data were collected from three residential treatment facilities for alcohol and substance abuse. All programs were located in rural areas of the midwest and had at least a 28-day residential treatment program. Fourteen subjects reported this was their first time in substance-abuse treatment, while seven reported they had completed prior residential treatment. The Interpersonal Dependency Inventory and the I-E Control Scale were administered to the participants during the first three weeks of their treatment. Hirschfeld, et al.'s (1977) inventory measures three distinct factors of dependency that can be broken down into units reflecting emotional state, social behavior, and level of independence. The inventory is a 48-item self-report composed of three sections that serve as fundamental factors in dependency: Factor 1. Emotional reliance on another person, Factor 2. Lack of social self-confidence, and Factor 3. Assertion of autonomy. Responses to
INTERPERSONAL DEPENDENCY, CONTROL IN ALCOHOLISM
1109
the items give a score for each of the three factors plus a total dependency score. Rotter's (1966) I-E Control Scale assessed the amount of perceived control an individual has over circumstances influencing one's life. The 29-item I-E Scale contains six filler items and is keyed so that high scores indicate greater external control orientation. RESULTS The means and standard deviations for the alcoholic sample on the three scales and total dependency index of the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory were as follows: Factor 1 (M = 40.7, SD = 8.7), Factor 2 (M = 3 1.5, SD = 3.9), Factor 3 (M = 31.3, SD = 5.6), and Total Dependency (M = 185.4, SD = 28.7). No significant differences were noted in dependency between the alcoholic subjects in this study and Hirschfeld, et al.'s (1977) normative sample. The original hypothesis that alcoholics would score higher on dependency than the normative sample was unsupported. TABLE 1 INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL SCALE W N S , STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND t RATIOSCOMPARING PRESENTAND PRIORSTUDIES Study
M
SD
t
MLUs and Taricone
9.9 6.4 5.7
4.4 2.8 3.6
12.45" 4.25*
Gozali, et a[. Distephans, et al.
The means and standard deviations of the I-E Control Scale of the alcoholic sample were compared to those of Gozali and Sloan (1971) and Distephans, et al. (1972); see Table 1. In relation to Gozali and Sloan's sample of 55 male inpatient alcoholics, the present alcoholic sample displayed more external control orientation. A two-tailed t test comparing these groups was statistically significant (t = 12.45, p < .OOI.). In addition, the subjects from this study were also compared with Distephans, et al.'s (1972) sample of 50 male inpatient alcoholics. Results of a two-tailed t test were also statistic d y significant (t = 4.25, p < ,001). Comparatively, this alcoholic sample scored more external in locus of control while the previous alcoholic samples scored more internal. While there were significant differences in control orientation among the samples, the results of this investigation produced findings contrary to those of the original hypothesis. Pearson product-moment correlations were computed between scores on the I-E Control Scale and each of the four factors on the inventory. Locus of control was not correlated significantly with any of the factors including the total dependency index ( r = -.26, p > .05). Perhaps previous participation in
1110
J. K. MILLS & P. F. TARICONE
alcoholism treatment significantly affected control orientation scores and might have contributed to a nonlinear relationship. To test this hypothesis, a two-tailed t test was calculated to compare locus of control scores of 14 subjects in treatment for the first time with those seven who had had previous treatment. While not statistically significant (t = 2.04, p > .06), those in treatment for the first time exhibited somewhat more external control (M= 11.3, SD = 3.8) than participants with prior treatment (M = 7.3, S D = 3.2). Because this difference fell just short of statistical significance, Pearson correlations between locus of control and dependency were recalculated for those in treatment for the first time only. Despite the small number of subjects (n = 14), locus of control was significantly correlated with Factor 1, emotional reliance on another person (r = -.48, p < .05), and total dependency ( r = .51, p < .05). Emotional reliance on others and over-all dependency was significantly negatively correlated with locus of control, indicating a relationship between external locus of control and less dependency.
DISCUSSION These results yielded findings opposite those hypothesized. Participants in this study indicated normal dependency characteristics and external locus of control. These unexpected findings challenge currently held assumptions on dependency and directionAty of control orientation in inpatient alcoholic populations. Alcoholics often maintain the irrational belief that they are in control of their drinking. However, participants in this study seem to be aware of the limitations in their perceived control over factors affecting their lives. Contrary to the results of previous research, findings of this study suggest that external-scoring alcoholics realize they are unable to control many factors in their lives including their drinking behavior. Seeking residential treatment for alcoholism further reflects the subjects' lack of control. Another important finding is the influence of previous treatment on the dependency and control orientation of this alcoholic sample. Alcoholics who were in residential treatment for the first time scored significantly more external than alcoholics who had had previous inpatient treatment. Surprisingly, external-scoring alcoholics indicated less dependency than internal-scoring alcoholics. This finding suggests that external scorers may view consequences as noncontingent on personal actions and feel they are not dependent, maintaining the belief that treatment connotes dependency. External scorers may also largely deny the magnitude of their addiction and the need for help from others. Internal alcoholics appear to feel they are more in control of their lives and actively seek rehabilitation of their problems. The notion of seeking treatment implies that internal scorers assert responsibility over their lives and accept their dependency needs. Internal scorers who actively seek emotional and social support are assuming control over their lives and may view
INTERPERSONAL DEPENDENCY, CONTROL IN ALCOHOLISM
1111
treatment as a means of maintaining control. However, acquiescence may have influenced locus of control scores. Alcoholics with previous inpatient treatment may have learned that it is more socially desirable to show control and responsibility over one's life, thereby explaining their more internal scores. Findings of the present study support the notion that dependency and locus of control must be appreciated w i t h the constellation of personality characteristics of alcohol abusers seeking residential treatment. Treatment programs may capitalize on the internal scorers' sense of personal control and need for emotional and social support to augment treatment strategies and maximize therapeutic success during service delivery. Furthermore, alcoholism treatment approaches may work toward empowering externally scoring individuals to achieve greater perceived control and efficacy during treatment. Although the findings of this study should be viewed with caution because the sample is quite small, the results merit consideration and encourage undertaking further studies of control orientation and dependency in similar populations. REFERENCES CLONINGER, C. R., SIGVIIRDSSON, S., GILLIGAN, S. B., & VON KNORRMG, A. L. (1988) Genetic heterogeneity and the classification of alcoholism. Advances in Alcohol and Substnnce Abuse, 7, 3-16. COHEN,S. (1983) The alcoholism problems, selected issues. New York: Haworth. CORK,R. M. (1987) Alcoholism and probation. Special issue: celebrating 50 years in print: 1937-1987. Federal Probation, 51, 33-39. COSTELLO, R. M., & WICOFF,K. A. (1984) Impression management and testing for control locus in an alcoholic sample. International Journal of the Addictions, 19, 45-56. M. K., PRYER,M. W., & GARRISON, J. L. (1972) Internal-external control among DISTEPHANS, alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychoiofl. 2 8 , 36-37. M. E. (1977) Alcoholism: development, consequences, and interESTES, N. J., & HEINEMANN, ventions. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. EVANS,R. (1984) MMPI de endency scale norms for alcoholics and psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Clinical ~syc!ology, 40, 345-346. Goss, A,, & MOROSKO, T. E. (1970) Relationship between a dimension of internal-external control and the MMPI with an alcoholic population. Journal of Consrrlting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 189-192. GOZALI,J., & SLOAN, J. (1971) Control orientation as a personality dimension among alcoholics. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcoholism, 32, 159-161. HIRSCHFELD,R., KLERMAN, G., GOUGH,H., BARRETT,J., & KORCHIN, S. (1977) A measure of interpersonal dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 610-618. J O N E S - S A ~ TD., Y ,HOCHHAUS, L., DRU,R., & ZEMER,A. R. (1983) Psychological factors of familial alcoholism in American Indians and Caucasians. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 783-790. KIRKPATRICK, M. (1984) Psychological dependency and expressed values of alcoholics. Dissertation Abstracis International, 45(6-B), 1915-1916. MOREY,L. C., & BLASEIFLELD, R. K. (1981) Empirical classifications of alcoholism: a review. Journal of Shrdies on Alcohol, 42, 925-937. NATERA,G., HERREJON,M. E., & CASCO,M. (1988) Locus of control in couples with different patterns of alcohol consumption. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 22, 179-186. R o ~ RJ., B. (1966) Generalized expectancies for internal versus external conrrol of reinforcements. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80, No. 1 (Whole No. 609).
1112
J. K. MILLS
&
F! F. TARICONE
SPERO,M. (1984) Relationships among cognitive field-dependence, emotional dependence, and self-other differentiation in alcoholic, recovered alcoholic, psychiatrically disturbed, and normal males. Dinertation Abstracts International, 44(11-A), 3497.
Accepted May 20, 1991.
