Aquatic Microbiology
Intracellular biomineralization in bacteria Wei Lin, Karim Benzerara, Damien Faivre and Yongxin Pan
Journal Name:
Frontiers in Microbiology
ISSN:
1664-302X
Article type:
Editorial Article
Received on:
14 May 2014
Accepted on:
28 May 2014
Provisional PDF published on:
28 May 2014
www.frontiersin.org:
www.frontiersin.org
Citation:
Lin W, Benzerara K, Faivre D and Pan Y(2014) Intracellular biomineralization in bacteria. Front. Microbiol. 5:293. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00293
/Journal/FullText.aspx?s=53& /Journal/FullText.aspx?s=53&name=aquatic%20microbiology& name=aquatic%20microbiology& ART_DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2014.00293 ART_DOI=10.3389 /fmicb.2014.00293: (If clicking on the link doesn't work, try copying and pasting it into your browser.)
Copyright statement:
© 2014 Lin, Benzerara, Faivre and Pan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance, after rigorous peer-review. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon.
1
Intracellular biomineralization in bacteria
2 3
Wei Lin1,2*, Karim Benzerara3*, Damien Faivre4* and Yongxin Pan1,2*
4 5
1
6
and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
7
2
8
Beijing 100029, China
9
3
Biogeomagnetism Group, PGL, Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology
France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux, et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC). Sorbonne
10
Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7590, MNHN, IRD UMR 206, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005
11
Paris, France
12
4
13
14424 Potsdam, Germany
Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm,
14 15
*Correspondence: [email protected] (W.L.), [email protected] (K.B.),
16
[email protected] (D.F.), and [email protected] (Y.P.)
17
1
18
Microorganisms have populated the Earth for billions of years and their activities are
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:35
39 19
important forces shaping our planetary environments through biogeochemical cycles.
20
In particular, microbial biomineralization that selectively take up environmental
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:37
40 21
elements and deposit minerals either intracellularly or extracellularly is of great
22
interest, because these processes play vital roles in the global cycles of numerous
23
elements, such as Fe, Mn, Ca, As, O, S, and P, etc. Biominerals, the products of
24
biomineralization, not only serve as important biosignatures for the search of traces of
25
past life and the reconstruction of ancient environments but also have many important
26
commercial applications.
28
已删除: uptake
Wei Lin 14-5-28 9:16
41
27
已删除: . Their activity is an
已删除: considerable
Recent advances in sequencing technologies, molecular analyses and approaches for assaying protein functions pave the way for rapid progress in microbial
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:38
42 29
biomineralization research. The objective of this research topic is to highlight the
30
latest advances in our understanding of intracellular biomineralization in bacteria,
31
with a focus on the magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), a group of phylogenetically
32
diverse microbes synthesizing magnetic minerals of magnetite (Fe3O4) and/or greigite
33
(Fe3S4) magnetosomes in cells. Magnetosomes are generally less than 150 nm in
34
length, covered by lipid bilayer membrane and organized into one or multiple chain
35
structures that act like a compass needle to facilitate the navigation of MTB using the
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:42
43 36
Earth’s magnetic field. The uniform nano sizes, superior magnetic properties and
37
perfect chain arrangement suggest a strict genetic control of magnetosome synthesis
38
in MTB cells, which provides an attractive model system for investigating the
2
已删除: to
已删除: by
44
mechanisms of bacterial intracellular biomineralization. This research topic provides
45
a selection of interesting and challenging topics of research on the diversity, ecology,
46
evolution, genomics and biochemistry of MTB. The applications of magnetosomes in
47
biotechnology and paleoenvironmental reconstruction are also covered here.
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:42
65 48
This research topic begins with a review on the relationship between all known
49
magnetosome crystal habits and the phylogenetic affiliations of MTB (Pósfai et al.,
50
2013), which serves as guide to better understand the evolutionary history of
51
magnetosome formation and magnetotaxis in MTB. Following this review, Morillo et
52
al. (2014) report the first cultivation and genomic characterization of a south-seeking
53
Alphaproteobacteria magnetotactic coccus Magnetofaba australis strain IT-1 from
54
the Southern Hemisphere. The findings of their study provide important clues to the
55
evolution of magnetotactic Alphaproteobacteria. Oestreicher et al. (2013) examine
56
the morphological and phylogenetic diversity of MTB in a freshwater lake containing
57
microbialites. Their results raise the interesting question of whether MTB
58
magnetosomes could be preserved in microbialites and serve as robust biomarkers.
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:45
66
Kong et al. (2014) investigate the swimming behavior of a rod-shaped magnetotactic
60
Nitrospirae, with hundreds bullet-shaped magnetite magnetosomes per cell, under the
61
influence of a magnetic field. The authors have developed the first mathematical
62
model to describe both the magnetotactic motion and orientation of this rod-shaped
63
bacterium.
64
Three articles deal with the mechanisms of magnetosome biomineralization.
3
已删除: an
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:45
67 59
已删除: investigated
已删除: about
68
Rahn-Lee and Komeili (2013) summarize the recent advances in the molecular
69
mechanisms of magnetosome synthesis and discuss their implications for
70
understanding bacterial intracellular biomineralization in general. Arnoux et al. (2014)
71
focus on those magnetosome-associated proteins containing a c-type cytochrome
72
domain. The authors evaluate the evolution of these proteins, and a model is proposed,
73
which offers a different perspective on the evolution of magnetosome formation.
74
Through bioinformatics approaches, Nudelman and Zarivach (2014) perform 3D
75
structural predictions of all known magnetosome-associated proteins in
76
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1. Their results propose a
77
comprehensive review of the functional features of biomineralization proteins.
78
Three papers explore the effects of environmental factors on magnetosome
79
formation and their implications for the ancient environment. Moisescu et al. (2014)
80
review the recent advances in understanding the effects of chemical and physical
81
factors on magnetosome synthesis. They also discuss the potential of magnetosomes
82
as biomarkers for ancient life and the role of MTB in iron cycling. The study by
83
Wang et al. (2013) focuses on the influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on
84
Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1. The authors note that ultraviolet-B
85
radiation could affect both cell growth and magnetite synthesis, and suggest that
86
magnetosomes may have evolutionary benefits for the survival of MTB under
87
extreme environments. A paleo- and rock-magnetic study of marine sediments from
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:52
89 88
the Guadalquivir Basin, Spain by Larrasoaña et al. (2014) reveals dominance of fossil
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:53
90
4
已删除: P
已删除: a
91
magnetosome chains in sediments. Their results indicate that fossil magnetosomes
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:53
117 92
could provide important paleomagnetic and paleoenvironmental information.
93
Finally, the articles by Xu et al. (2014) and Yang et al. (2013) focus on the
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:53
118
94 95
strain MSR-1. Xu et al. (2014) report the expression of staphylococcal protein A on
96
the surface of extracted magnetosomes. These functionalized magnetosomes are
97
capable of efficiently detecting pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Yang et al.
98
(2013) perform experiments with a large-scale culture of M. gryphiswaldense and
99
identify the key time point for cell growth as well as magnetosome formation. The high-yield production achieved in their study suggests great opportunities for further
101
applications of magnetite magnetosomes in various commercial fields.
103
reviewers involved in processing these papers. We hope that this research topic will
104
provide an in-depth exploration of microbial biomineralization and stimulate new
105
investigators and more questions within this fascinating field.
106
References
107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
Arnoux, P., Siponen, M.I., LefèVre, C.T., Ginet, N., and Pignol, D. (2014). Structure and evolution of the magnetochrome domains: no longer alone. Front. Microbiol. 5, 117. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00117. Kong, D., Lin, W., Pan, Y., and Zhang, K. (2014). Swimming motion of rod-shaped magnetotactic bacteria: the effects of shape and growing magnetic moment. Front. Microbiol. 5, 8. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00008. LarrasoañA, J.C., Liu, Q., Hu, P., Roberts, A.P., Mata, P., Civis, J., Sierro, F.J., and PéRez-Asensio, J.N. (2014). Paleomagnetic and paleoenvironmental implications of magnetofossil occurrences in late Miocene marine sediments from the Guadalquivir Basin, SW Spain. Front. Microbiol. 5, 71. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00071.
5
已删除: offers a
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:56
121 We are very grateful to all the authors for their contributions and to all of the
已删除: carriers for
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:56
120
102
已删除: serve as
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:53
119 production and application of magnetosomes from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
100
已删除: studied
已删除: y
122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151
Moisescu, C., Ardelean, I., and Benning, L.G. (2014). The effect and role of environmental conditions on magnetosome synthesis. Front. Microbiol. 5, 49. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00049. Morillo, V., Abreu, F., Araujo, A.C., Almeida, L.G.P.D., Prast, A.E., Farina, M., Vasconcelos, A.T.R.D., Bazylinski, D.A., and Lins, U. (2014). Isolation, cultivation and genomic analysis of magnetosome biomineralization genes of a new genus of South-seeking magnetotactic cocci within the Alphaproteobacteria. Front. Microbiol. 5, 72. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00072. Nudelman, H., and Zarivach, R. (2014). Structure prediction of magnetosome-associated proteins. Front. Microbiol. 5, 9. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00009. Oestreicher, Z., Lower, S.K., Rees, E., Bazylinski, D.A., and Lower, B.H. (2013). Magnetotactic bacteria from Pavilion Lake, British Columbia. Front. Microbiol. 4, 406. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00406. Pósfai, M., Lefèvre, C., Trubitsyn, D., Bazylinski, D.A., and Frankel, R. (2013). Phylogenetic significance of composition and crystal morphology of magnetosome minerals. Front. Microbiol. 4, 344. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00344. Rahn-Lee, L., and Komeili, A. (2013). The magnetosome model: insights into the mechanisms of bacterial biomineralization. Front. Microbiol. 4, 352. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00352. Wang, Y., Lin, W., Li, J., and Pan, Y. (2013). Changes of cell growth and magnetosome biomineralization in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 after ultraviolet-B irradiation. Front. Microbiol. 4, 397. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00397. Xu, J., Hu, J., Liu, L., Li, L., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Jiang, W., Tian, J., Li, Y., and Li, J. (2014). Surface expression of protein A on magnetosomes and capture of pathogenic bacteria by magnetosome/antibody complexes. Front. Microbiol. 5, 136. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00136. Yang, J., Li, S., Huang, X., Tang, T., Jiang, W., Zhang, T., and Li, Y. (2013). A key time point for cell growth and magnetosome synthesis of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense based on real-time analysis of physiological factors. Front. Microbiol. 4, 210. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00210.
152
6
Copyright of Frontiers in Microbiology is the property of Frontiers Media S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
Intracellular biomineralization in bacteria Wei Lin, Karim Benzerara, Damien Faivre and Yongxin Pan
Journal Name:
Frontiers in Microbiology
ISSN:
1664-302X
Article type:
Editorial Article
Received on:
14 May 2014
Accepted on:
28 May 2014
Provisional PDF published on:
28 May 2014
www.frontiersin.org:
www.frontiersin.org
Citation:
Lin W, Benzerara K, Faivre D and Pan Y(2014) Intracellular biomineralization in bacteria. Front. Microbiol. 5:293. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00293
/Journal/FullText.aspx?s=53& /Journal/FullText.aspx?s=53&name=aquatic%20microbiology& name=aquatic%20microbiology& ART_DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2014.00293 ART_DOI=10.3389 /fmicb.2014.00293: (If clicking on the link doesn't work, try copying and pasting it into your browser.)
Copyright statement:
© 2014 Lin, Benzerara, Faivre and Pan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance, after rigorous peer-review. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon.
1
Intracellular biomineralization in bacteria
2 3
Wei Lin1,2*, Karim Benzerara3*, Damien Faivre4* and Yongxin Pan1,2*
4 5
1
6
and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
7
2
8
Beijing 100029, China
9
3
Biogeomagnetism Group, PGL, Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology
France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux, et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC). Sorbonne
10
Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7590, MNHN, IRD UMR 206, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005
11
Paris, France
12
4
13
14424 Potsdam, Germany
Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm,
14 15
*Correspondence: [email protected] (W.L.), [email protected] (K.B.),
16
[email protected] (D.F.), and [email protected] (Y.P.)
17
1
18
Microorganisms have populated the Earth for billions of years and their activities are
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:35
39 19
important forces shaping our planetary environments through biogeochemical cycles.
20
In particular, microbial biomineralization that selectively take up environmental
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:37
40 21
elements and deposit minerals either intracellularly or extracellularly is of great
22
interest, because these processes play vital roles in the global cycles of numerous
23
elements, such as Fe, Mn, Ca, As, O, S, and P, etc. Biominerals, the products of
24
biomineralization, not only serve as important biosignatures for the search of traces of
25
past life and the reconstruction of ancient environments but also have many important
26
commercial applications.
28
已删除: uptake
Wei Lin 14-5-28 9:16
41
27
已删除: . Their activity is an
已删除: considerable
Recent advances in sequencing technologies, molecular analyses and approaches for assaying protein functions pave the way for rapid progress in microbial
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:38
42 29
biomineralization research. The objective of this research topic is to highlight the
30
latest advances in our understanding of intracellular biomineralization in bacteria,
31
with a focus on the magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), a group of phylogenetically
32
diverse microbes synthesizing magnetic minerals of magnetite (Fe3O4) and/or greigite
33
(Fe3S4) magnetosomes in cells. Magnetosomes are generally less than 150 nm in
34
length, covered by lipid bilayer membrane and organized into one or multiple chain
35
structures that act like a compass needle to facilitate the navigation of MTB using the
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:42
43 36
Earth’s magnetic field. The uniform nano sizes, superior magnetic properties and
37
perfect chain arrangement suggest a strict genetic control of magnetosome synthesis
38
in MTB cells, which provides an attractive model system for investigating the
2
已删除: to
已删除: by
44
mechanisms of bacterial intracellular biomineralization. This research topic provides
45
a selection of interesting and challenging topics of research on the diversity, ecology,
46
evolution, genomics and biochemistry of MTB. The applications of magnetosomes in
47
biotechnology and paleoenvironmental reconstruction are also covered here.
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:42
65 48
This research topic begins with a review on the relationship between all known
49
magnetosome crystal habits and the phylogenetic affiliations of MTB (Pósfai et al.,
50
2013), which serves as guide to better understand the evolutionary history of
51
magnetosome formation and magnetotaxis in MTB. Following this review, Morillo et
52
al. (2014) report the first cultivation and genomic characterization of a south-seeking
53
Alphaproteobacteria magnetotactic coccus Magnetofaba australis strain IT-1 from
54
the Southern Hemisphere. The findings of their study provide important clues to the
55
evolution of magnetotactic Alphaproteobacteria. Oestreicher et al. (2013) examine
56
the morphological and phylogenetic diversity of MTB in a freshwater lake containing
57
microbialites. Their results raise the interesting question of whether MTB
58
magnetosomes could be preserved in microbialites and serve as robust biomarkers.
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:45
66
Kong et al. (2014) investigate the swimming behavior of a rod-shaped magnetotactic
60
Nitrospirae, with hundreds bullet-shaped magnetite magnetosomes per cell, under the
61
influence of a magnetic field. The authors have developed the first mathematical
62
model to describe both the magnetotactic motion and orientation of this rod-shaped
63
bacterium.
64
Three articles deal with the mechanisms of magnetosome biomineralization.
3
已删除: an
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:45
67 59
已删除: investigated
已删除: about
68
Rahn-Lee and Komeili (2013) summarize the recent advances in the molecular
69
mechanisms of magnetosome synthesis and discuss their implications for
70
understanding bacterial intracellular biomineralization in general. Arnoux et al. (2014)
71
focus on those magnetosome-associated proteins containing a c-type cytochrome
72
domain. The authors evaluate the evolution of these proteins, and a model is proposed,
73
which offers a different perspective on the evolution of magnetosome formation.
74
Through bioinformatics approaches, Nudelman and Zarivach (2014) perform 3D
75
structural predictions of all known magnetosome-associated proteins in
76
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1. Their results propose a
77
comprehensive review of the functional features of biomineralization proteins.
78
Three papers explore the effects of environmental factors on magnetosome
79
formation and their implications for the ancient environment. Moisescu et al. (2014)
80
review the recent advances in understanding the effects of chemical and physical
81
factors on magnetosome synthesis. They also discuss the potential of magnetosomes
82
as biomarkers for ancient life and the role of MTB in iron cycling. The study by
83
Wang et al. (2013) focuses on the influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on
84
Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1. The authors note that ultraviolet-B
85
radiation could affect both cell growth and magnetite synthesis, and suggest that
86
magnetosomes may have evolutionary benefits for the survival of MTB under
87
extreme environments. A paleo- and rock-magnetic study of marine sediments from
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:52
89 88
the Guadalquivir Basin, Spain by Larrasoaña et al. (2014) reveals dominance of fossil
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:53
90
4
已删除: P
已删除: a
91
magnetosome chains in sediments. Their results indicate that fossil magnetosomes
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:53
117 92
could provide important paleomagnetic and paleoenvironmental information.
93
Finally, the articles by Xu et al. (2014) and Yang et al. (2013) focus on the
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:53
118
94 95
strain MSR-1. Xu et al. (2014) report the expression of staphylococcal protein A on
96
the surface of extracted magnetosomes. These functionalized magnetosomes are
97
capable of efficiently detecting pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Yang et al.
98
(2013) perform experiments with a large-scale culture of M. gryphiswaldense and
99
identify the key time point for cell growth as well as magnetosome formation. The high-yield production achieved in their study suggests great opportunities for further
101
applications of magnetite magnetosomes in various commercial fields.
103
reviewers involved in processing these papers. We hope that this research topic will
104
provide an in-depth exploration of microbial biomineralization and stimulate new
105
investigators and more questions within this fascinating field.
106
References
107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
Arnoux, P., Siponen, M.I., LefèVre, C.T., Ginet, N., and Pignol, D. (2014). Structure and evolution of the magnetochrome domains: no longer alone. Front. Microbiol. 5, 117. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00117. Kong, D., Lin, W., Pan, Y., and Zhang, K. (2014). Swimming motion of rod-shaped magnetotactic bacteria: the effects of shape and growing magnetic moment. Front. Microbiol. 5, 8. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00008. LarrasoañA, J.C., Liu, Q., Hu, P., Roberts, A.P., Mata, P., Civis, J., Sierro, F.J., and PéRez-Asensio, J.N. (2014). Paleomagnetic and paleoenvironmental implications of magnetofossil occurrences in late Miocene marine sediments from the Guadalquivir Basin, SW Spain. Front. Microbiol. 5, 71. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00071.
5
已删除: offers a
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:56
121 We are very grateful to all the authors for their contributions and to all of the
已删除: carriers for
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:56
120
102
已删除: serve as
Wei Lin 14-5-28 8:53
119 production and application of magnetosomes from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
100
已删除: studied
已删除: y
122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151
Moisescu, C., Ardelean, I., and Benning, L.G. (2014). The effect and role of environmental conditions on magnetosome synthesis. Front. Microbiol. 5, 49. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00049. Morillo, V., Abreu, F., Araujo, A.C., Almeida, L.G.P.D., Prast, A.E., Farina, M., Vasconcelos, A.T.R.D., Bazylinski, D.A., and Lins, U. (2014). Isolation, cultivation and genomic analysis of magnetosome biomineralization genes of a new genus of South-seeking magnetotactic cocci within the Alphaproteobacteria. Front. Microbiol. 5, 72. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00072. Nudelman, H., and Zarivach, R. (2014). Structure prediction of magnetosome-associated proteins. Front. Microbiol. 5, 9. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00009. Oestreicher, Z., Lower, S.K., Rees, E., Bazylinski, D.A., and Lower, B.H. (2013). Magnetotactic bacteria from Pavilion Lake, British Columbia. Front. Microbiol. 4, 406. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00406. Pósfai, M., Lefèvre, C., Trubitsyn, D., Bazylinski, D.A., and Frankel, R. (2013). Phylogenetic significance of composition and crystal morphology of magnetosome minerals. Front. Microbiol. 4, 344. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00344. Rahn-Lee, L., and Komeili, A. (2013). The magnetosome model: insights into the mechanisms of bacterial biomineralization. Front. Microbiol. 4, 352. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00352. Wang, Y., Lin, W., Li, J., and Pan, Y. (2013). Changes of cell growth and magnetosome biomineralization in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 after ultraviolet-B irradiation. Front. Microbiol. 4, 397. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00397. Xu, J., Hu, J., Liu, L., Li, L., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Jiang, W., Tian, J., Li, Y., and Li, J. (2014). Surface expression of protein A on magnetosomes and capture of pathogenic bacteria by magnetosome/antibody complexes. Front. Microbiol. 5, 136. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00136. Yang, J., Li, S., Huang, X., Tang, T., Jiang, W., Zhang, T., and Li, Y. (2013). A key time point for cell growth and magnetosome synthesis of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense based on real-time analysis of physiological factors. Front. Microbiol. 4, 210. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00210.
152
6
Copyright of Frontiers in Microbiology is the property of Frontiers Media S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
