Neurological Research A Journal of Progress in Neurosurgery, Neurology and Neurosciences
ISSN: 0161-6412 (Print) 1743-1328 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/yner20
Introduction of high definition television system to neurosurgical documentation Hiroshi Okudera, Shigeaki Kobayashi, Toshiki Takemae, Kazuhiko Kyoshima, Hirohiko Gibo, Masato Shibuya & Kenichiro Sugita To cite this article: Hiroshi Okudera, Shigeaki Kobayashi, Toshiki Takemae, Kazuhiko Kyoshima, Hirohiko Gibo, Masato Shibuya & Kenichiro Sugita (1992) Introduction of high definition television system to neurosurgical documentation, Neurological Research, 14:5, 386-388, DOI: 10.1080/01616412.1992.11740090 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01616412.1992.11740090
Published online: 20 Jul 2016.
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Citing articles: 4 View citing articles
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=yner20 Download by: [University of Calgary]
Date: 04 August 2017, At: 20:07
Introduction of high definition television system to neurosurgical docume ntation Hiroshi Okudera, Shigeaki Kobayashi, Toshiki Takemae, Kazuhiko Kyoshima, Hirohiko Gibo, Masato Shibuya and Kenichiro Sugita Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto and Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
Downloaded by [University of Calgary] at 20:07 04 August 2017
The high definition television (HOTV) system is introduced to microneurosurgery. Five cases with intracranial lesions: three cerebral aneurysms (giant aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery and internal carotid artery, aneurysm of the basilar artery), one acoustic neurinoma and one skull base meningioma, were operated on under the microscope using the HOTV system. The surgical procedures of each case were relayed and recorded by the system. In two of the five cases, we used two sets of HOTV system to produce stereoscopic projection. The HOTV system provided us with images of superior quality with a distinctly greater resolution than ordinary video systems. Keywords :High-definition TV, Hi-vision, neurosurgery, surgical documentary, education
INTRODUCTIO N High-definition television (HDTV) is a developing technology which will come into general use within a few years . The HDTV used in this study is Hi-vision system and it provides high quality pictures produced by 1125 scanning lines and excellent picture quality comparable to 35 mm movie film 2 . It may be useful for recording visual data requiring high quality imaging; its application to medical imaging has been eagerly awaited. We first introduced the HDTV system to the medical field for relaying and recording neurosurgical procedures under the operating microscope and presented the results at the Japanese Congress of Neurosurgeons meeting in March 1987. The stereoscopic recordings of the HDTV were first presented at the 2nd International Workshop on Intracranial Aneurysm in April 1988 in Nagoya. Here, technical details of the method and quality comparison with an ordinary video system are reported .
and recorded by the HDTV system. The recorded operative material was projected by a videoprojector at surgical conferences. In two cases, stereoscopic recording was made using a set of two HDTV cameras and recorders . Stereoscopic projection was performed using a new HDTV projector with 6 tubes consisting of 2 sets of red-, green- and blue-phototube s with deflecting filtres. At the start of the projection of two images, the two recorders were synchronized precisely by the video synchronizer. The recorded material was converted to photographic prints and slides by a commercially available video printer system. The image qualities on the monitor screen and in photographic prints were studied with reference to the pictures produced by an ordinary video system.
CLINICAL MATERIAL AND METHODS A HDTV camera is installed on the output of the beam splitter of a standard operating microscope in place of an ordinary NTSC (National Television System Committee) television camera. The HDTV camera is a prototype for com'tnercial use and weighs about 6 kg, which requires a ceiling suspension system to reduce the load on the microscope. For stereoscopic recording, a set of two HDTV cameras were used. Five cases with various intracranial lesions were operated on under the microscope using the HDTV system. A clinical summary of the cases is shown in Table 1. All the cases were deep-seated lesions and required meticulous attention to preserve important adjacent structures under high magnification. All the surgical procedures in each case were relayed
RESULTS The HDTV system relayed surgical procedures under the operating microscope in the form of excellent high quality images on the HDTV monitor. The brightness and resolution of the picture on the monitor were far superior to those of any video system being used today. When presented on the screen by the HDTV video projector, pictures were as fine as those on 35 mm movie film. The three-dimensional images obtained by the stereoscopic HDTV projection system were dramatic and realistic. The brightness and resolution on the screen were as good as on the display monitor. No deterioration of colour tone and brightness was encountered from the deflecting filtres. The converted photographic prints produced by a video printer also showed the same quality as a 35 mm still camera (Figure 1 ). There were no scanning lines on the photographic prints from the HDTV system, in contrast to the ordinary system.
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Prof Shigeaki Kobayashi, Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University, School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, 390 japan. Accepted for publication April 1991.
DISCUSSION It is common knowledge that the video system is useful for the education of medical students and the training of residents l,4,s,7. In modem neurosurgery, the video
© 1992 Forefront Publishing Group 01 61-6412 / 92 / 050386-03 386
Neurological Research, 1992, Volume 14, December
High definition television for microneurosur gery: H. Okudera et al. Table 1:
Clinical summary of 5 patients operated with high definition television system
Case no.
Age, Sex 58, 34, 61, 59, 61,
2 3 4 5
Downloaded by [University of Calgary] at 20:07 04 August 2017
BA
=
basilar artery; JC
M F M M M
=
Diagnosis
Operation
Approach
Recording mode
BA aneurysm Convexity meningioma Acoustic neurinoma Giant aneurysm (IC-opthalmic) Giant aneurysm (Acorn)
Clipping Removal Removal Clipping Clipping aneurysmectom y
Pterional Parietal Suboccipital Pterional Subfrontal
Plane Plane Plane Stereoscopic Stereoscopic
internal carotid artery; Acorn
= anterior communicating
artery.
A
B Figure 1: Photographs converted from high-definition television (HDTV) images using Hi-vision system under the microscope. A case with huge aneurysm at anterior communicatin g artery. A : Exposure of aneurysmal neck with preoperative magnetic resonance
images (MRI). B: Successful clipping preserving parent artery using four clips and post-operative angiograms. The images of MRI and angiograms are inserted on HDTV monitor directly
camera system is essential equipment in the surgical operating theatre 9 . It is also useful for surgical recording and technical discussion at conferences4 • However, the quality of pictures produced by ·an ordinary video system is not always satisfactory to neurosurgeons, especially when enlarged projection is used or photographi c prints are made.
The HDTV system has been developed to improve the picture quality of the ordinary video system and provides resolution equal to 35 mm movie film 2 . r . Several methods of the HDTV system have been designed and i~troduced3,6. Whatever methods are standardized, it seems very suitable for relaying and recording neurosurgical procedures conducted under
Neurological Research, 1992, Volume 14, December
3B7
High definition television for microneurosurgery : H. Okudera et al.
the operating microscope. Our trial for the application of HDTV to neurosurgery has proved that the system is of practical use and is likely to replace the video systems used today in the future. When it comes to the photo processing of freeze frames and enlarged stereoscopic projection, HDTV is far superior to the ordinary video system. Furthermore, the quality of photo processing by HDTV provides the potential for developing an educational picture data base of surgical records 8 . The disadvantages of the new system at present are the following: (1) The HDTV camera is still heavy (6 kg). (2) The cost for a HDTV camera and recorder exceeds $100,000. However, these problems are likely to be solved within a few years by technological innovations and popularization. REFERENCES
Downloaded by [University of Calgary] at 20:07 04 August 2017
Cannon CR. Video documentation of endoscopic sinus surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989; 101: 629-632
388
Neurological Research, 1992, Volume 14, December
2 3 4
5
6 7 8
9
Fujio T. High-definition television systems. Proc IEEE 1985; 73: 646-655 jurgen RK. High-definition television update. IEEE Spectrum 1988; 25: 56-66 Kalisman M, Wendorff ER, Millendorf jB. Video conferencing and real-time communication. C/(n P/ast Surg 1986; 13: 497-507 Katzenberg B, Hirsch B, Piela P, Faett j, Durrant JD. Development of an educational module for surgical training: a case study. 1 Audiov Media Med 1989; 12: 147-152 Nickelson RL. The evolution of HDTV in the work of the CCIR. IEEE Trans ( Broadcast) 1989; 35: 250-259 Satava RM and Gooden SM. The impact of video endoscopy on surgical training. Am Surg 1989; 55: 263-266 Tachibana K, Kashiwagi T, Momiyama H, Yamamoto M, Takahashi H. Optical disc system for wideband high definition video signal. IEEE Trans (Consumer Electron) 1989; 35:208-215 Sugita K, Ohohigashi Y, Kobayashi S. Stereoscopic television system for use with the operating microscope. Technical note. 1 Neurosurg 1985; 62: 610-611
ISSN: 0161-6412 (Print) 1743-1328 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/yner20
Introduction of high definition television system to neurosurgical documentation Hiroshi Okudera, Shigeaki Kobayashi, Toshiki Takemae, Kazuhiko Kyoshima, Hirohiko Gibo, Masato Shibuya & Kenichiro Sugita To cite this article: Hiroshi Okudera, Shigeaki Kobayashi, Toshiki Takemae, Kazuhiko Kyoshima, Hirohiko Gibo, Masato Shibuya & Kenichiro Sugita (1992) Introduction of high definition television system to neurosurgical documentation, Neurological Research, 14:5, 386-388, DOI: 10.1080/01616412.1992.11740090 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01616412.1992.11740090
Published online: 20 Jul 2016.
Submit your article to this journal
View related articles
Citing articles: 4 View citing articles
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=yner20 Download by: [University of Calgary]
Date: 04 August 2017, At: 20:07
Introduction of high definition television system to neurosurgical docume ntation Hiroshi Okudera, Shigeaki Kobayashi, Toshiki Takemae, Kazuhiko Kyoshima, Hirohiko Gibo, Masato Shibuya and Kenichiro Sugita Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto and Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
Downloaded by [University of Calgary] at 20:07 04 August 2017
The high definition television (HOTV) system is introduced to microneurosurgery. Five cases with intracranial lesions: three cerebral aneurysms (giant aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery and internal carotid artery, aneurysm of the basilar artery), one acoustic neurinoma and one skull base meningioma, were operated on under the microscope using the HOTV system. The surgical procedures of each case were relayed and recorded by the system. In two of the five cases, we used two sets of HOTV system to produce stereoscopic projection. The HOTV system provided us with images of superior quality with a distinctly greater resolution than ordinary video systems. Keywords :High-definition TV, Hi-vision, neurosurgery, surgical documentary, education
INTRODUCTIO N High-definition television (HDTV) is a developing technology which will come into general use within a few years . The HDTV used in this study is Hi-vision system and it provides high quality pictures produced by 1125 scanning lines and excellent picture quality comparable to 35 mm movie film 2 . It may be useful for recording visual data requiring high quality imaging; its application to medical imaging has been eagerly awaited. We first introduced the HDTV system to the medical field for relaying and recording neurosurgical procedures under the operating microscope and presented the results at the Japanese Congress of Neurosurgeons meeting in March 1987. The stereoscopic recordings of the HDTV were first presented at the 2nd International Workshop on Intracranial Aneurysm in April 1988 in Nagoya. Here, technical details of the method and quality comparison with an ordinary video system are reported .
and recorded by the HDTV system. The recorded operative material was projected by a videoprojector at surgical conferences. In two cases, stereoscopic recording was made using a set of two HDTV cameras and recorders . Stereoscopic projection was performed using a new HDTV projector with 6 tubes consisting of 2 sets of red-, green- and blue-phototube s with deflecting filtres. At the start of the projection of two images, the two recorders were synchronized precisely by the video synchronizer. The recorded material was converted to photographic prints and slides by a commercially available video printer system. The image qualities on the monitor screen and in photographic prints were studied with reference to the pictures produced by an ordinary video system.
CLINICAL MATERIAL AND METHODS A HDTV camera is installed on the output of the beam splitter of a standard operating microscope in place of an ordinary NTSC (National Television System Committee) television camera. The HDTV camera is a prototype for com'tnercial use and weighs about 6 kg, which requires a ceiling suspension system to reduce the load on the microscope. For stereoscopic recording, a set of two HDTV cameras were used. Five cases with various intracranial lesions were operated on under the microscope using the HDTV system. A clinical summary of the cases is shown in Table 1. All the cases were deep-seated lesions and required meticulous attention to preserve important adjacent structures under high magnification. All the surgical procedures in each case were relayed
RESULTS The HDTV system relayed surgical procedures under the operating microscope in the form of excellent high quality images on the HDTV monitor. The brightness and resolution of the picture on the monitor were far superior to those of any video system being used today. When presented on the screen by the HDTV video projector, pictures were as fine as those on 35 mm movie film. The three-dimensional images obtained by the stereoscopic HDTV projection system were dramatic and realistic. The brightness and resolution on the screen were as good as on the display monitor. No deterioration of colour tone and brightness was encountered from the deflecting filtres. The converted photographic prints produced by a video printer also showed the same quality as a 35 mm still camera (Figure 1 ). There were no scanning lines on the photographic prints from the HDTV system, in contrast to the ordinary system.
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Prof Shigeaki Kobayashi, Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University, School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, 390 japan. Accepted for publication April 1991.
DISCUSSION It is common knowledge that the video system is useful for the education of medical students and the training of residents l,4,s,7. In modem neurosurgery, the video
© 1992 Forefront Publishing Group 01 61-6412 / 92 / 050386-03 386
Neurological Research, 1992, Volume 14, December
High definition television for microneurosur gery: H. Okudera et al. Table 1:
Clinical summary of 5 patients operated with high definition television system
Case no.
Age, Sex 58, 34, 61, 59, 61,
2 3 4 5
Downloaded by [University of Calgary] at 20:07 04 August 2017
BA
=
basilar artery; JC
M F M M M
=
Diagnosis
Operation
Approach
Recording mode
BA aneurysm Convexity meningioma Acoustic neurinoma Giant aneurysm (IC-opthalmic) Giant aneurysm (Acorn)
Clipping Removal Removal Clipping Clipping aneurysmectom y
Pterional Parietal Suboccipital Pterional Subfrontal
Plane Plane Plane Stereoscopic Stereoscopic
internal carotid artery; Acorn
= anterior communicating
artery.
A
B Figure 1: Photographs converted from high-definition television (HDTV) images using Hi-vision system under the microscope. A case with huge aneurysm at anterior communicatin g artery. A : Exposure of aneurysmal neck with preoperative magnetic resonance
images (MRI). B: Successful clipping preserving parent artery using four clips and post-operative angiograms. The images of MRI and angiograms are inserted on HDTV monitor directly
camera system is essential equipment in the surgical operating theatre 9 . It is also useful for surgical recording and technical discussion at conferences4 • However, the quality of pictures produced by ·an ordinary video system is not always satisfactory to neurosurgeons, especially when enlarged projection is used or photographi c prints are made.
The HDTV system has been developed to improve the picture quality of the ordinary video system and provides resolution equal to 35 mm movie film 2 . r . Several methods of the HDTV system have been designed and i~troduced3,6. Whatever methods are standardized, it seems very suitable for relaying and recording neurosurgical procedures conducted under
Neurological Research, 1992, Volume 14, December
3B7
High definition television for microneurosurgery : H. Okudera et al.
the operating microscope. Our trial for the application of HDTV to neurosurgery has proved that the system is of practical use and is likely to replace the video systems used today in the future. When it comes to the photo processing of freeze frames and enlarged stereoscopic projection, HDTV is far superior to the ordinary video system. Furthermore, the quality of photo processing by HDTV provides the potential for developing an educational picture data base of surgical records 8 . The disadvantages of the new system at present are the following: (1) The HDTV camera is still heavy (6 kg). (2) The cost for a HDTV camera and recorder exceeds $100,000. However, these problems are likely to be solved within a few years by technological innovations and popularization. REFERENCES
Downloaded by [University of Calgary] at 20:07 04 August 2017
Cannon CR. Video documentation of endoscopic sinus surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989; 101: 629-632
388
Neurological Research, 1992, Volume 14, December
2 3 4
5
6 7 8
9
Fujio T. High-definition television systems. Proc IEEE 1985; 73: 646-655 jurgen RK. High-definition television update. IEEE Spectrum 1988; 25: 56-66 Kalisman M, Wendorff ER, Millendorf jB. Video conferencing and real-time communication. C/(n P/ast Surg 1986; 13: 497-507 Katzenberg B, Hirsch B, Piela P, Faett j, Durrant JD. Development of an educational module for surgical training: a case study. 1 Audiov Media Med 1989; 12: 147-152 Nickelson RL. The evolution of HDTV in the work of the CCIR. IEEE Trans ( Broadcast) 1989; 35: 250-259 Satava RM and Gooden SM. The impact of video endoscopy on surgical training. Am Surg 1989; 55: 263-266 Tachibana K, Kashiwagi T, Momiyama H, Yamamoto M, Takahashi H. Optical disc system for wideband high definition video signal. IEEE Trans (Consumer Electron) 1989; 35:208-215 Sugita K, Ohohigashi Y, Kobayashi S. Stereoscopic television system for use with the operating microscope. Technical note. 1 Neurosurg 1985; 62: 610-611
