Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 49 (2016) 1
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/semcdb
Preface
Introduction to the Special Issue on Bone
The manuscripts contained in this special issue are not focused on the detailed study of bone. Rather, the intent of the issue is to summarize recent developments concerning the integration of bone into the functions of the whole body. While each organ system continues to be studied in great depth down to the level of the gene, when each is placed in the context of a whole organism these organ systems interact in ways that could not have been predicted by the isolated study of each. I have chosen to devote this issue to the juxtaposition of recent developments in inflammation and recent developments in the calcium sensing receptor and how these may affect bone and immunity. The first manuscript, by Shaw and Gravallese, is devoted to the current status of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. This is followed by an overall review by Santa Maria et al. on the calcium sensing receptor in parathyroid and kidney and its role in growth plate development, endochondral bone formation, and skeletal metabolism. From there we review some of the newer involvements of inflammation with the musculoskeletal system, that by Regan et al., which highlights the effects of inflammation-mediated release of transforming growth factor beta (TGF) by bone following breast and prostate cancer skeletal metastases, and the effects of the TGF so released on the production of oxidative stress and disruption of skeletal muscle calcium handling, leading to cachexia, and that by Kaplan et al. discussing the role of inflammation and innate immune mechanisms as triggers to the pathogenesis of heterotopic endochondral bone
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.039 1084-9521/© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
formation in the rare genetic condition of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, or FOP. The paper by Hendy and Canaff, which follows, describes the development of the association of the extracellular calcium sensing receptor with pro-inflammatory cytokines, with emphasis of their own work on IL-6. The next paper, by Owens et al. carries this concept further and describes recent developments in identifying the role of the calcium sensing receptor in gastrointestinal inflammation, whereby knockout of the CaSR in mice altered gut microflora, decreased intestinal wall thickness, and altered innate immune responses from regulatory to stimulatory. The CaSR may therefore be a potential immunotherapeutic target. The final manuscript by Klein et al. is an attempt to bring together the relationship between the inflammatory process and the extracellular calcium sensing receptor in a human model of burn injury in order to provide evidence as to how each may influence the other. Thus, these seven papers focus on how the inflammatory process may affect bone by acting as a precipitating factor for either pathologic bone accretion or for bone loss as well as how bone affects the inflammatory process by releasing cytokines that may damage muscle or up-regulate the parathyroid calcium sensing receptor in an attempt to modulate the inflammatory response. Thus, these seven articles describe the interactions between inflammation and the extracellular calcium sensing receptor with bone playing a central role in these interactions.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/semcdb
Preface
Introduction to the Special Issue on Bone
The manuscripts contained in this special issue are not focused on the detailed study of bone. Rather, the intent of the issue is to summarize recent developments concerning the integration of bone into the functions of the whole body. While each organ system continues to be studied in great depth down to the level of the gene, when each is placed in the context of a whole organism these organ systems interact in ways that could not have been predicted by the isolated study of each. I have chosen to devote this issue to the juxtaposition of recent developments in inflammation and recent developments in the calcium sensing receptor and how these may affect bone and immunity. The first manuscript, by Shaw and Gravallese, is devoted to the current status of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. This is followed by an overall review by Santa Maria et al. on the calcium sensing receptor in parathyroid and kidney and its role in growth plate development, endochondral bone formation, and skeletal metabolism. From there we review some of the newer involvements of inflammation with the musculoskeletal system, that by Regan et al., which highlights the effects of inflammation-mediated release of transforming growth factor beta (TGF) by bone following breast and prostate cancer skeletal metastases, and the effects of the TGF so released on the production of oxidative stress and disruption of skeletal muscle calcium handling, leading to cachexia, and that by Kaplan et al. discussing the role of inflammation and innate immune mechanisms as triggers to the pathogenesis of heterotopic endochondral bone
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.039 1084-9521/© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
formation in the rare genetic condition of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, or FOP. The paper by Hendy and Canaff, which follows, describes the development of the association of the extracellular calcium sensing receptor with pro-inflammatory cytokines, with emphasis of their own work on IL-6. The next paper, by Owens et al. carries this concept further and describes recent developments in identifying the role of the calcium sensing receptor in gastrointestinal inflammation, whereby knockout of the CaSR in mice altered gut microflora, decreased intestinal wall thickness, and altered innate immune responses from regulatory to stimulatory. The CaSR may therefore be a potential immunotherapeutic target. The final manuscript by Klein et al. is an attempt to bring together the relationship between the inflammatory process and the extracellular calcium sensing receptor in a human model of burn injury in order to provide evidence as to how each may influence the other. Thus, these seven papers focus on how the inflammatory process may affect bone by acting as a precipitating factor for either pathologic bone accretion or for bone loss as well as how bone affects the inflammatory process by releasing cytokines that may damage muscle or up-regulate the parathyroid calcium sensing receptor in an attempt to modulate the inflammatory response. Thus, these seven articles describe the interactions between inflammation and the extracellular calcium sensing receptor with bone playing a central role in these interactions.
