Urolithiasis DOI 10.1007/s00240-014-0657-0
Letter to the Editor
Investigation of composition of kidney stone taken from S¸anlıurfa, Southern of Turkey S¸erife Yalcin · Nihat Dilsiz · Mehmet Gülüm
Received: 10 February 2014 / Accepted: 6 March 2014 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Introduction Kidney stone is a global disease suffered from many people. Many studies were conducted on different elements in the urine, kidney crystallization process, and mineralogy and chemistry of urinary stone [1]. This study contribute to understanding of the nature of urolithiasis and crystallization process, to analyze the chemical components of kidney stones for its etiology, for choosing the correct treatment modality, and to prevent stone recurrence by identifying preventive medical treatment.
Materials and methods In the present work, the kidney stone was surgically extracted from a male patient aged 24 years from the Research Hospital, Harran University, S¸anlıurfa, Turkey. The size of the kidney stone was 3 kg in weight. This stone was crushed in an agate mortar to make a fine mesh suitable powder for X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku D/max 2000), Inductively coupled plasma optical (ICP, Perkin Elmer) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR, Perkin Elmer) measurements. The XRD measurements were performed with a diffractometer, using a CuKα tube. JADE software was used for phase identification. Kidney stone was dissolved by nitric acid in S¸. Yalcin (*) · N. Dilsiz Central Laboratory, Harran University, Osmanbey Campus, 63300 S¸anlıurfa, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] M. Gülüm Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical Science, Harran University, Yenis¸ehir Campus, 63000 S¸anlıurfa, Turkey
microwave oven for ICP analysis (approximately 0.200 g in weight). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed with bulky sample taken from inner part of stone. Surface of this sample was polished with Gold Palladium for 4 min in 30 mA.
Results and discussions The crystal components of this stone were determined as fluorapatite, whewellite, and phosphorous oxide according to X-ray diffraction result (Fig. 1). The grain size of powder was obtained about 7.57 nm (Debye–Scherer) and 10.1 nm (diffractometer, Debye–Scherer), respectively. The vibration spectrum bands were seen at 3210, 1416, 1014, 870, 600 and 560 cm−1 after taken FTIR spectrum of kidney stone. The sharp bands have been seen at 1014 and 560 cm−1. According to the results of mineralogical analysis, all detected elements did not exceed 1 % by weight of the sample as different from calcium. The levels of elements found in this stone showed difference. While content of Zn, Fe, Na, Mg and other elements was lower, Ca was higher. SEM image showed that this stone includes dark and bright contrast zone. According to ICP results, this stone includes oxygen, calcium and phosphor as in high quantity and C, Pt, Na, Mg and K in low quantity, respectively [2].
Conclusion XRD result showed three different phases whewellite, fluorapatite, and phosphorus oxide. Fluorapatite and whewellite structure observed from XRD diffraction pattern was seen in FTIR. It supposed that Ca in brighter region was
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Urolithiasis
results can be correlation with formation of phase composition of whewellite or apatite and growth conditions of the crystalline phases. Acknowledgments Measurements and analysis were performed in Harran University Central Laboratory (HUMEL). This project was supported by Harran University Scientific Research Institute grant (HUBAK, project number 13010). Conflict of interest None.
References
Fig. 1 X-ray diffraction pattern of the kidney stone
seen after SEM–EDS analysis correlated with whewellite structure was seen from XRD pattern. Small difference in
13
1. Zarasvandi A, Heidari M, Sadeghi M, Mousapoor E (2013) Major and trace element composition of urinary stones, Khuzestan province, southwest, Iran. J Geochem Explor 131:52–58 2. Uvarov V, Popov I, Shapur N, Abdin T, GofritO N, Pode D, Duvdevani M (2011) X-ray diffraction and SEM study of kidney stones in Israel: quantitative analysis, crystallite size determination, and statistical characterization. Environ Geochem Health 33:613–622
Letter to the Editor
Investigation of composition of kidney stone taken from S¸anlıurfa, Southern of Turkey S¸erife Yalcin · Nihat Dilsiz · Mehmet Gülüm
Received: 10 February 2014 / Accepted: 6 March 2014 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Introduction Kidney stone is a global disease suffered from many people. Many studies were conducted on different elements in the urine, kidney crystallization process, and mineralogy and chemistry of urinary stone [1]. This study contribute to understanding of the nature of urolithiasis and crystallization process, to analyze the chemical components of kidney stones for its etiology, for choosing the correct treatment modality, and to prevent stone recurrence by identifying preventive medical treatment.
Materials and methods In the present work, the kidney stone was surgically extracted from a male patient aged 24 years from the Research Hospital, Harran University, S¸anlıurfa, Turkey. The size of the kidney stone was 3 kg in weight. This stone was crushed in an agate mortar to make a fine mesh suitable powder for X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku D/max 2000), Inductively coupled plasma optical (ICP, Perkin Elmer) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR, Perkin Elmer) measurements. The XRD measurements were performed with a diffractometer, using a CuKα tube. JADE software was used for phase identification. Kidney stone was dissolved by nitric acid in S¸. Yalcin (*) · N. Dilsiz Central Laboratory, Harran University, Osmanbey Campus, 63300 S¸anlıurfa, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] M. Gülüm Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical Science, Harran University, Yenis¸ehir Campus, 63000 S¸anlıurfa, Turkey
microwave oven for ICP analysis (approximately 0.200 g in weight). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed with bulky sample taken from inner part of stone. Surface of this sample was polished with Gold Palladium for 4 min in 30 mA.
Results and discussions The crystal components of this stone were determined as fluorapatite, whewellite, and phosphorous oxide according to X-ray diffraction result (Fig. 1). The grain size of powder was obtained about 7.57 nm (Debye–Scherer) and 10.1 nm (diffractometer, Debye–Scherer), respectively. The vibration spectrum bands were seen at 3210, 1416, 1014, 870, 600 and 560 cm−1 after taken FTIR spectrum of kidney stone. The sharp bands have been seen at 1014 and 560 cm−1. According to the results of mineralogical analysis, all detected elements did not exceed 1 % by weight of the sample as different from calcium. The levels of elements found in this stone showed difference. While content of Zn, Fe, Na, Mg and other elements was lower, Ca was higher. SEM image showed that this stone includes dark and bright contrast zone. According to ICP results, this stone includes oxygen, calcium and phosphor as in high quantity and C, Pt, Na, Mg and K in low quantity, respectively [2].
Conclusion XRD result showed three different phases whewellite, fluorapatite, and phosphorus oxide. Fluorapatite and whewellite structure observed from XRD diffraction pattern was seen in FTIR. It supposed that Ca in brighter region was
13
Urolithiasis
results can be correlation with formation of phase composition of whewellite or apatite and growth conditions of the crystalline phases. Acknowledgments Measurements and analysis were performed in Harran University Central Laboratory (HUMEL). This project was supported by Harran University Scientific Research Institute grant (HUBAK, project number 13010). Conflict of interest None.
References
Fig. 1 X-ray diffraction pattern of the kidney stone
seen after SEM–EDS analysis correlated with whewellite structure was seen from XRD pattern. Small difference in
13
1. Zarasvandi A, Heidari M, Sadeghi M, Mousapoor E (2013) Major and trace element composition of urinary stones, Khuzestan province, southwest, Iran. J Geochem Explor 131:52–58 2. Uvarov V, Popov I, Shapur N, Abdin T, GofritO N, Pode D, Duvdevani M (2011) X-ray diffraction and SEM study of kidney stones in Israel: quantitative analysis, crystallite size determination, and statistical characterization. Environ Geochem Health 33:613–622
