Biomaterials, Artificial Cells and Immobilization Biotechnology
ISSN: 1055-7172 (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ianb18
Lymphoid Tissue Responses to Concentrated Perfluorochemical Emulsions in Rats P. K. Bentley, O. L. Johnson, C. Washington & K. C. Lowe To cite this article: P. K. Bentley, O. L. Johnson, C. Washington & K. C. Lowe (1992) Lymphoid Tissue Responses to Concentrated Perfluorochemical Emulsions in Rats, Biomaterials, Artificial Cells and Immobilization Biotechnology, 20:2-4, 1033-1036, DOI: 10.3109/10731199209119759 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10731199209119759
Published online: 11 Jul 2009.
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Date: 06 May 2016, At: 19:41
B I O M A T . , A R T . CELLS & IMMOB. BIOTECH.,
2 0 ( 2 - 4 ) , 1033-1036 (1992)
LYMPHOID TISSUE RESPONSES TO CONCENTRATED PERFLUOROCHEMICAL EMULSIONS IN RATS P.K. Bentley, O.L. Johnson*, C. Washington*
&
K.C. Lowe
Departments of Life Science and 'Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
Downloaded by [] at 19:41 06 May 2016
ABSTRACT The effects of injecting perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsions of varying concentrations on lymphoid tissues have been studied in rats. Tissue weights were increased in proportion with quantity of PFC injected, with spleen responses consistently greater than those of the liver. PFC droplets recovered from tissues had mean diameters in the 1 - 1 0 p range, with those from the spleen being larger than from the liver. Recovered droplet diameters were considerably greater than freshlyprepared emulsion mean particle sizes ( 0 . 2 0 - 0 . 2 5 pn). This suggests that coalescence of emulsion droplets following accumulation in tissues is a pre-requisite to the eventual excretion of PFC vapour through the lungs. INTRODUCTION Perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsion particles can accumulate in lymphoid tissues and this uptake depends on composition, dose and route of injection, (Lowe, 1988; Lowe & Bollands, 1988). The droplets are detectable in the liver and spleen as "foamy vesicles" owing to their electron microscopical appearance (Caiazza et a l . , 1984) . PFCs are eventually released into the blood where they are believed to be carried bound to lipoproteins before being excreted by expiration through the lungs (Tsuda et a l . , 1988). However, the relevance of this transient tissue uptake to the overall PFC excretion process is poorly understood. We have therefore examined liver and spleen PFC uptake following injection of a novel series of emulsions of different concentrations into rats, together with changes in PFC droplet sizes following their extraction from these tissues. Some of these results have been published in a preliminary form (Washington et a l . , 1990).
1033 Copyright 0 1992 by Marcel Dekker, Inc
BENTLEY ET AL.
1034
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Downloaded by [] at 19:41 06 May 2016
Male Wistar rats (body weight (b.w.1 150-3OOg; n = 2 4 ) were allocated randomly into groups as follows: Group I (n = 8) controls; Group I1 (n = 3) 2 0 % (w/v) emulsion; Group I11 (n = 3) 30% (w/v) emulsion; Group IV (n = 3 ) 4 0 % (w/v) emulsion; Group V (n = 3) 60% (w/v) emulsion; Group VI (n = 4 ) Fluosol. Animals were initially anaesthetized lightly with ether and then injected intraperitoneally (i.p.1 with 10 ml kg-l b.w. of either novel emulsion or F l u o s o l : control animals received an identical volume of sterile saline (0.9% w/v NaC1). Animals were killed after 7 2 h by cervical dislocation and their livers and spleens removed and weighed. Tissues from Group I11 and Group VI animals were used irrnnediate1.y for extraction of PFC droplets. The novel emulsions contained 2 0 %- 60% (w/v) perfluorodecalin (FDC; Rh6ne-Poulenc, U . K . ) , 2 % (v/v) soya oil (Sainsbury, U . K . ) and 4 % (w/v) purified Pluronic F-68 (ICI/Atochem, U . K ; Bentley et al., 1989)) in 0.9% (w/v) saline. Emulsions were prepared as described by S h a m e t al. (1988); the mean particle diameters of all emulsions used, as measured by photcn correlation (Malvern Instruments, U.K.), were in the range 0 . 2 0 - 0 . 2 5 p. Approximately 0.1 g of spleen or 0.5g of liver was gently macerated in a tissue grinder ( 2 0 0 rpm for 1 min) with 5.0 ml of 4 % (w/v) Pluronic F-68 solution. The resulting homogenate was centrifuged at 3000 rprn for 30 min. The supernatant was discarded and the cell pellet rinsed away with 4 % (w/v) Pluronic F-68 solution to give a 'clean' PFC extract. This was re-suspended in 1.0 ml of 4 % (w/v) Pluronic solution. Droplet diameters were measured by laser diffraction using a Malvern Mastersizer. RESULTS Significant increases (P
ISSN: 1055-7172 (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ianb18
Lymphoid Tissue Responses to Concentrated Perfluorochemical Emulsions in Rats P. K. Bentley, O. L. Johnson, C. Washington & K. C. Lowe To cite this article: P. K. Bentley, O. L. Johnson, C. Washington & K. C. Lowe (1992) Lymphoid Tissue Responses to Concentrated Perfluorochemical Emulsions in Rats, Biomaterials, Artificial Cells and Immobilization Biotechnology, 20:2-4, 1033-1036, DOI: 10.3109/10731199209119759 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10731199209119759
Published online: 11 Jul 2009.
Submit your article to this journal
Article views: 6
View related articles
Citing articles: 1 View citing articles
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ianb18 Download by: [137.189.171.235]
Date: 06 May 2016, At: 19:41
B I O M A T . , A R T . CELLS & IMMOB. BIOTECH.,
2 0 ( 2 - 4 ) , 1033-1036 (1992)
LYMPHOID TISSUE RESPONSES TO CONCENTRATED PERFLUOROCHEMICAL EMULSIONS IN RATS P.K. Bentley, O.L. Johnson*, C. Washington*
&
K.C. Lowe
Departments of Life Science and 'Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
Downloaded by [] at 19:41 06 May 2016
ABSTRACT The effects of injecting perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsions of varying concentrations on lymphoid tissues have been studied in rats. Tissue weights were increased in proportion with quantity of PFC injected, with spleen responses consistently greater than those of the liver. PFC droplets recovered from tissues had mean diameters in the 1 - 1 0 p range, with those from the spleen being larger than from the liver. Recovered droplet diameters were considerably greater than freshlyprepared emulsion mean particle sizes ( 0 . 2 0 - 0 . 2 5 pn). This suggests that coalescence of emulsion droplets following accumulation in tissues is a pre-requisite to the eventual excretion of PFC vapour through the lungs. INTRODUCTION Perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsion particles can accumulate in lymphoid tissues and this uptake depends on composition, dose and route of injection, (Lowe, 1988; Lowe & Bollands, 1988). The droplets are detectable in the liver and spleen as "foamy vesicles" owing to their electron microscopical appearance (Caiazza et a l . , 1984) . PFCs are eventually released into the blood where they are believed to be carried bound to lipoproteins before being excreted by expiration through the lungs (Tsuda et a l . , 1988). However, the relevance of this transient tissue uptake to the overall PFC excretion process is poorly understood. We have therefore examined liver and spleen PFC uptake following injection of a novel series of emulsions of different concentrations into rats, together with changes in PFC droplet sizes following their extraction from these tissues. Some of these results have been published in a preliminary form (Washington et a l . , 1990).
1033 Copyright 0 1992 by Marcel Dekker, Inc
BENTLEY ET AL.
1034
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Downloaded by [] at 19:41 06 May 2016
Male Wistar rats (body weight (b.w.1 150-3OOg; n = 2 4 ) were allocated randomly into groups as follows: Group I (n = 8) controls; Group I1 (n = 3) 2 0 % (w/v) emulsion; Group I11 (n = 3) 30% (w/v) emulsion; Group IV (n = 3 ) 4 0 % (w/v) emulsion; Group V (n = 3) 60% (w/v) emulsion; Group VI (n = 4 ) Fluosol. Animals were initially anaesthetized lightly with ether and then injected intraperitoneally (i.p.1 with 10 ml kg-l b.w. of either novel emulsion or F l u o s o l : control animals received an identical volume of sterile saline (0.9% w/v NaC1). Animals were killed after 7 2 h by cervical dislocation and their livers and spleens removed and weighed. Tissues from Group I11 and Group VI animals were used irrnnediate1.y for extraction of PFC droplets. The novel emulsions contained 2 0 %- 60% (w/v) perfluorodecalin (FDC; Rh6ne-Poulenc, U . K . ) , 2 % (v/v) soya oil (Sainsbury, U . K . ) and 4 % (w/v) purified Pluronic F-68 (ICI/Atochem, U . K ; Bentley et al., 1989)) in 0.9% (w/v) saline. Emulsions were prepared as described by S h a m e t al. (1988); the mean particle diameters of all emulsions used, as measured by photcn correlation (Malvern Instruments, U.K.), were in the range 0 . 2 0 - 0 . 2 5 p. Approximately 0.1 g of spleen or 0.5g of liver was gently macerated in a tissue grinder ( 2 0 0 rpm for 1 min) with 5.0 ml of 4 % (w/v) Pluronic F-68 solution. The resulting homogenate was centrifuged at 3000 rprn for 30 min. The supernatant was discarded and the cell pellet rinsed away with 4 % (w/v) Pluronic F-68 solution to give a 'clean' PFC extract. This was re-suspended in 1.0 ml of 4 % (w/v) Pluronic solution. Droplet diameters were measured by laser diffraction using a Malvern Mastersizer. RESULTS Significant increases (P
