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Journal of the ICRU Vol 6 No 2 (2006) Report 76 Oxford University Press
doi:10.1093/jicru/ndl022
MEASUREMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR IONIZING RADIATION DOSIMETRY
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE QUALITY SYSTEM AND QUALITY MANUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1 2.2
Principal concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Calibration quantities and concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elements of the quality system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Elements of the quality system for accredited calibration laboratories and SSDLs 2.2.2 Elements of the quality system for facilities performing measurements . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Elements of the quality system for manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 Elements of the quality system for end users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 13 13 13 14 15 15
3 MEASUREMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.1 3.2 3.3
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Specification of measurement quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effects of influence quantities on measurement quality . . . . . . . . . . . Methods for the evaluation of uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 Type A methods to evaluate the uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Type B methods to evaluate the uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 Calculation of the standard uncertainty of the output estimate . . . . . . 3.3.4 Expanded uncertainty and coverage factor k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 Confirmation, calibration, and verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2 Determination of lower limit of detection or minimal detectable amount 3.4.3 Corrections to measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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17 17 17 18 19 20 22 23 23 24 25
4 MEASUREMENT ANALYSIS METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6
Control charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term statistical analysis of data . . . . . . . Treatment of outliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Error (quality anomaly) correction procedures Review and approval of records . . . . . . . . . . . Quality audit and quality system review . . . . .
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27 27 27 28 29 29
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PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
MEASUREMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR IONIZING RADIATION DOSIMETRY
5
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.1 5.2
5.3 5.4 5.5
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31 31 31 31 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 37 38 38
DEFINITIONS AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 APPENDIX A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 APPENDIX B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
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5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9
Examples of recorded and reported information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Practical considerations for measurement providers . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 Primary laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 Secondary laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.3 Dosimetry service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.4 Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.5 End user . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer handling of data and measurement control . . . . . . . . . . . . Environmental factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Characteristics of calibration procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5.1 Determining the dosimetric quantity at a point in the radiation field . . 5.5.2 Determining the dosimetric quantity from a radiation source calibration Materials and equipment control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interactions between manufacturers and calibration laboratories . . . Incorrect use of devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Source encapsulation problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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