Nutritional

evaluation

R Manorama

and

ABSTRACT Elaeis

Edible-grade

crude

is one

of the

carotene making

(7500 umol/L) it a promising

ulation.

Nutritional

studies

of the

Wistar/NIN

rats

contained palm-olein No

rate,

and source

10% ofeither oil (RPO)

trients.

adverse

comparable

CPO

of the

higher

amounts

did

with

paper.

oils, pop-

weanling

al-

ONO

although however,

control

balance,

enzymes, with

28-d

and blood

control

study

values.

indicated

that

of cholesterol tissue

were

tricom-

concentrations

These

quality

and

lipids

lipid

values.

net protein

nitrogen

comparable

study,

by growth

ratio,

were

results

suggest

that

compared

with

GNO

nutritional J Clin Nutr

1991;53:1031S-3S.

Crude

oil,

The

results

Materials

90 d. Diets

asjudged

serum

animals

90-d

study.

of /3-

for 28 and

absorption,

had

has adequate RPO. Am

and

fat

retention,

of the

In the

from

on

observed

were

than

parable.

strain

which RPO

glycerides

conducted

were

digestibility,

profiles

were

(CPO;

than other edible A in a deficient

protein-efficiency

and calcium

and

is cheaper ofvitamin

ratio,

phosphorus

CPO

oil in rats1’2

sources

oil

natural

effects

utilization,

Lipid

palm

richest

CPO, groundnut oil (GNO), or refined and adequate amounts of all other nu-

feed-efficiency

hematology,

palm

C Rukmini

guineensis)

bino

of crude

of the

first

two

are

reported

in this

and methods

A sample

ofedible-grade

from

at Trivandrum. oil (RPO) were

both having been purchased ported by India from Malaysia distribution

was obtained

CPO

Research Laboratories, CSIR, nut oil (ONO) and palm-olein

The

studies

from and

the local distributed

the Regional

Refined groundused as controls,

market. through

RPO is imthe public

system.

oils were

analyzed

for their

of Official

Association

(4) and (Varian

fatty acids were estimated A 3700) using a DEGS

80-100,

with

centage

of total

RD.

Nutritional

physicochemical

Analytical

Fatty

acid

fatty

acids.

studies

were

variables

Chemists

(AOAC)

by

methods

by gas-liquid chromatography column on chromosorb W mesh composition

carried

of the Wistar strain for 28 and Council’s guide for the care and

was

out

expressed

in weanling

as per-

albino

rats

90 d. The National Research use of laboratory animals was

followed.

KEY oil,

WORDS nutritional

palm

groundnut

oil,

palm-olein

studies

Twenty-eight-day Four used

Introduction

study

groups

and

of

II, 10% cascin The

acute

edible-oil

cultivation duced

in India. by indigenous

oratories

of the

natural

sources

1cm

in the

cheap ments

country

palm

at the

Regional

of /3-carotene population.

is a major can

serve

for meeting

public

as an the

for use in supplementary

be recommended

is used as an edible (3), there are no

Food

and water

Lab-

intake

prob-

A requireand toxundertaken feeding

oil in Nigeria and Southreports available on flu-

safety evaluation. Hence, the following studies 1) chemical analysis; 2) nutritional experiments-

for 28 and

90 d; and

3) toxicological

study

reproductive

toxicology

for

pro-

relatively

vitamin

before

tritional and undertaken:

was

health

ideal,

of CPO, a nutritional safety of CPO was

trials. Though CPO east Asian countries

10%

Research

Considering these advantages icological study to evaluate the it could

with

and Industrial Research CPO is one ofthe richest is cheaper than other edible

( 1) and CPO

oil(CPO)

Am J C/in Nuir

l99l;53:lO3lS-3S.

studies-a and

Printed

an

and

in USA.

© 1991

American

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/53/4/1031S/4715084 by guest on 01 March 2018

with IV,

10% ONO; 10%

were given

weekly

body

(5 males,

as follows:

phosphorus

protein

ad libitum

by AOAC

were

methods

(6). Protein-efficiency

ratio

dry-matter digestibility in each group (6).

The

remaining

timation

From

Society

variables.

phosphatase

the National

Address

2

trition,

four animals

of other

as alkaline

with

protein

10%

reprint

(7),

requests

Nutrition

protein

were

food

monitored.

days

Three

individual calcium,

group

6 animals

glutamic

ofNutrition, to C Rukmini,

nitrogen (NPU)

digestibility

calculated

in each

RPO.

for 28 d and daily

(5). In each

Amounts

Institute

Hyderabad-500007,

for Clinical

(PER),

(DMD)

were group;

III, 10% cascin

casein

weights

5 females)

I, protein-free

(3 males, 3 females) were killed and the whole-carcass was estimated for calculation of net protein utilization

were

mutagenicity

and

each

divided

before the rats were killed feces were collected from animals. Diet and feces were analyzed for nitrogen,

multigcneration Ames

CPO;

and

were

protein

oil-palm

State.

A deficiency (2),

encouraged

crude

of Scientific

in Kerala

of /3-carotene vitamin

source of the

Edible-grade

Council

at Trivandrum

Because

in India

technology

(CSIR) oils.

shortage

10 animals

the groups

group

were

of serum oxalic

(PD),

and

for all 10 animals

used

enzymes

transaminase,

Hyderabad, National

for essuch and

India. Institute

of Nu-

India.

lO3lS

10325

MANORAMA

TABLE

AND

1

RUKMINI

TABLE

Physicochemical

viables

and

fatty

acid

composition

of the

three

oils

3

Retention

of nutrients

in rats

fed

10%

of different

oils

for 4 wk’

studied

GNO Refined

Refined

groundnut

Crude palm oil (CPO)

oil (GNO) Physicochemical Acid number Saponification Iodine number Unsaponifiable

0.39 203 90 0.0009

number matter

(%)

Groups

palm-olein oil (RPO)

2.36 196 47 0.0105

0.39 189 55 0.0006

Palmitic acid Stearic acid Oleic acid Linoleicacid Archidic acid Behenic acid Lignoceric acid *

Expressed

0.144 0.03 1 0.426 0.359 0.027 0.010 0.003

as fraction

of the unit

0.420 0.05 1 0.425 0.104

according

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

to SI unit specifications

± 0.01

0.94

± 0.01

0.94

± 0.04

0.86

± 0.05

0.87

± 0.03

0.86

± 0.04

Calcium

retention

0.91

± 0.01

0.91

± 0.02

0.90

± 0.02

0.96

±

0.01

0.95

± 0.02

0.94

± 0.01

retention

I ± SD; n ofthe

ofthe

pyruvic

apparent

abnormalities

lipids

[cholesterol

gross

pathology

imals

were

groups

transaminase

(8) were

in heart (9) and

and

killed.

liver.

triglycerides

organ

ofall

were

were

were

and

when

compared

groups

RPO-fed

animals

than

the GNO-fed

Three

groups

fed a diet

of 30 animals

containing

diet adequate in all nutrients given ad libitum, and weekly recorded.

At the end

erides ofserum, and statistically

( 1 5 males,

each

10% ONO,

RPO,

for body

ofthe

15 wk. weights

experiment,

liver, and compared

1 5 females)

or CPO

cholesterol

heart ofall the animals among the groups.

were

water intake and

were

they

TABLE 2 Effect of the three

physicochemical

ofCPO,

oils on the utilization

RPO,

and GNO.

were were

and

of the

organs.

triglyc-

groups

in body

weight

Dry-matter Protein Net

Gain Feed *

digestibility protein

(n

10)

10)

=

(%)(n (%) (n

=

(%) (n

utilization

in body weight efficiency ratio

I ± SD; n refers

=

10) ratio

=

10)

10) =

10)

in 90 d (g) (n = 30) over 90 d (n = 30)

to number

only

the

Both

the

concentrations though

of

these

significant.

differ-

However,

ofthe

CPO-

than

those

were

comparable

triglyceride

in

and

RN)-

of the

ONOamong

concentrations

RPO groups still remained higher, whereas all had comparable values among different groups.

weights

The

data

ofanimals were

pathology

found

indicated

in the 28-d comparable no

study among

abnormalities

when the in any

Discussion study

indicates

that

urated position

fat, is comparable and nutritional

on the appeared

higher side in the to have stabilized.

variables

Results

GNO in 28 d (g) (n

digestibility

study,

and

liver,

CPO,

which

is predominantly

to GNO and RPO quality. Even though 28-d

study,

a sat-

in chemical serum lipids

in the

90-d

study

of protein’

Proteinintakein28d(g)(n= Protein-efficiency

gross

higher

higher lipids

serum,

studies.

analyzed

Variable

Gain

90-d

the

90-d

animals,

liver

indicated are not pre-

retention of phoswere comparable in

concentrations and

in Table

hematology the data

and

showed

significantly heart

killed.

28-

to be statistically

5 lists the organ were

This

of the

but

In the

Table

Results Table 1 presents the values and the fatty acid composition

were

of the CPO and other parameters

in a 20%-protein

Diet and and food

found

the

triglyceride

fed animals,

study

did

not

study,

animals

of both

as frac-

(12).

are summarized

blood hence,

4 presents

and

groups. Ninety-day

3). Table

CPO-

fed

among

of variance.

(Table

profiles

were

are expressed

data on fat absorption, and nitrogen balance

lipid

the 28-d

an-

Values

specifications

studies

heart

ences

and the

nutritional

Similarly, calcium

cholesterol

heart

analyzed,

recorded

variables

analysis

liver,

any

90-d

of rats.

to SI unit

serum enzymes and between the groups;

no differences

to detect

Serum, (10)]

weights

Values

by use of the

and

estimated

and

here. and

number

1 according

on

all three glutamic

indicates

=

unit

28-d

sented phorus,

1).

10)

=

0.97

2. Studies

(I

(n

10)

=

retention

*

0.424 0.042 0.432 0.102

(n

Nitrogen

tions

16:0 18:0 18: 1 18:2 20:0 22:0 24:0

RPO

CPO 10)

=

Fat absorption

Phosphorus

Fatty acid composition’

(n

CPO

RPO

64.4

±

6.4

66.0

±

6.6

67.5

±

5.2

21.1

±

2.6

21.6

±

2.8

21.1

±

2.7

3.02 93.5 94.6 70.9 215.6

±

0.50

±

0.42

±

0.33

±

0.21

92.6

±

0.19

92.5

±

0.20

±

4.7

95.5

±

3.3

95.0

±

8.4

±

4.9

69.1

±

4.3

67.7

±

3.9

± 14.8

196.5

± 14.8

196.2

19.8

of rats.

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/53/4/1031S/4715084 by guest on 01 March 2018

3.02

18.5

3.20

± 13.8 18.9

comwere they

NUTRITIONAL TABLE

EVALUATION

OF

CRUDE

PALM

1033S

OIL

4

Lipid

profile

of serum,

liver,

and

heart

of rats

fed different

oils

for 28 and

90 d’ Triglycerides

Cholesterol 28 d (n

Groups

Serum (mmol/L) GNO

2.39

± 0.18

1.25

± 0.10

1.08

± 0.18

0.40

2.38

± 0.46

2.55

± 0.l4t

1.43

± 0.23

RPO

4.03

±

0.33

2.15

± 0.53

2.96

± 0.14t

1.39

± 0.24

(mmol/L

of total

lipid)

GNO CPO

136.0

±

8.28

1 14.8

± 2.84

60.1

± 3.27

19.8

± 2.03

137.8

± 10.86

132.4

± 5.l7

59.0

± 3.50

20.8

± 2.60

RPO

126.5

±

8.79

173.8

± 2.84

58.4

± 3.27

20.8

± 2.82

66.2

±

1.81

60.3

± 0.78

29.2

±

1.02

25.4

±

52.7

±

0.52

68.0

± 0.52t

23.8

± 1.35

29.0

± 0.90

59.5

±

0.78

44.9

± 0.26

23.5

± 1.81

25.5

± 0.79

of total

SD; n refers

±

lipid)

to number

different different

oils did

safety

that

not

ofCPO

variables

study and

up

both

show

results to

(GNO,

evaluate

at 6,

samples

thereby (12).

assay

RPO)

heated

mutagenicity,

not

second

and

and

consumption

to

bacterial

CPO,

unheated

any

has

the

in the Ames

oils

for human

three-generation

tested.

potential heated

18, 24 h showed

malities

of samples

1.02

GNO value, P < 0.05. RPO value, P < 0.05.

from from

ofmutagenic

of repeatedly

all three

of

indicating

An in-progress

reproductive-toxicology

indicated

any

generation

food prepared oping countries

abnor-

(unpublished

in CPO. CPO has a very high potential to combat vitamin A deficiency.

in devel-

II

We are sincerely grateful to Dr Damodaran, director of the Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Trivandrum, for the supply of CPO and to Indian Council for Medical Research for providing the research fellowship. The director of the National Institute of Nutrition, Vinodini Reddy,

apparent

has been

encouragement

ofgreat

help

for the

studies

with

her

valuable

advice,

suggestions,

and

on CPO.

observa-

References

tions).

On the basis could

of the above

be considered

now

in progress

in CPO; odor.

to evaluate viscosity,

/3-carotene

content

of heat

The

safe

it has high

The

methods

should

for

results,

which

human

consumption,

the acceptability

treatment

bioavailability

children

ofproducts

a deep

orange

color,

after

processing

is being

that

CPO

studies

ofCPO

of/3-carotene be studied

indicate

a specific

estimated.

4.

by supplementary

and

trials

Reddy

V. Vitamin

Association

of

analysis,

preschool

feeding

TABLE 5 Organ weights of rats fed different of body weight’

Liver

(n

A deficiency

of

5.

12th

Association

Official

of 14th

Analytical

Official

oils for 4 wk, expressed

Clin

as percent 8.

CPO

RPO

Chem

Reitman

0.041

± 0.006

0.040

± 0.0020

± 0.0008

0.004

± 0.0003

± 0.0006

0.005 0.008

± 0.001 3

0.008

± 0.00 14

Ovary

4)

0.003

± 0.0002

0.003

± 0.0001

0.004

± 0.0002

4)

0.015

± 0.0008

0.013

± 0.0007

0.013

± 0.0006

10. Foster LB, Dunn RT. Stable triglycerides by a colorimetric Chem 1973;19:338-41.

4)

0.002

± 0.0007

0.003

± 0.0006

0.002

± 0.0004

1 1. Young

0.005

± 0.0005

0.006

± 0.0009

0.006

± 0.0005

=

(n

Lung

(n

= =

4)

its specificity.

Ann 12.

.

± SD;

1 according

n refers

to number

of rats.

to SI unit specifications

blindness

AOAC,

in Indian

Official

AOAC,

children.

publication methods

of

methods

of

1975.

Chemists. DC:

S. A colorimetric

± 0.0009

Testes(n

Oil

Official 1984.

Values

are expressed

as fractions

of the

(12).

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/53/4/1031S/4715084 by guest on 01 March 2018

method

for the determination

of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. I Lab Clin Med l957;48:56-63. 9. Abell L, Levy BB, Brodie BB, Kendall FE. A simplified method for the estimation of total cholesterol in serum and demonstration of

± 0.003

=

I Am

1958;2:122-3l. 5, Frankel

0.004 0.008

(n

tocotrienols.

Chemists. DC:

Analytical

ed. Washington,

0.040

=

and

and

ed. Washington,

Heart (n = 4) Kidney (n = 4)

Spleen

4)

tocopherols

6. Campbell JA. Methodology of protein evaluation. Nut document. R.6/Add.l PAG; PAG Compendium. Rame: WHO/FAO/UNICEF, Vol D. 1963:649-91. 7. Kaser MM and Baker I. Alkaline and acid phosphatase. Stand Meth

GNO

Organs

carotenoids,

Soc 1989;66:770-6.

Ind J Med Res 1978;68:26-37. 3. Chong YH. New facts and findings on palm oil. (PORIM ISBN 967-961-018-7) 1988. Kuala Lumpur: PORIM.

by different

in school-going

B. Palm

Chem 2.

prepared and

1 . Tan

are

analysis,

unit

30)

=

0.24

Evaluation

‘

90 d (n

4)

±

system

the

28 d (n

±

Significantly Significantly

12,

30)

=

3.39

CPO RPO I

90 d (n

3.23

Heart (mmol/L GNO

t

4)

CPO Liver

*

=

DS.

Intern

Manorama studies

Assoc

J Biol

Chem

reagents for the determination of serum Hantzsch condensation method. Clin

Implementation

ofSI

Med

14-29.

1987;106:1

R, Harishanker on repeatedly India

1952;195:357-66.

heated

l989;21:29-30.

units

N, Polasa

for clinical K, Rukmini

crude and refined

palm

laboratory

data.

C. Mutagenicity

oil. J Oil Toxicol